透视国债规模防范国债风险

改革开放以来,我国国债的发行方式逐步实现市场化,品种和期限趋于多样化,认购主体也由企业单位为主转向以个人和金融机构为主。最为突出的是,近年来国债发挥着货币工具、信用工具及调控工具等多重功能,国债的发行规模越来越大。而国债规模的大小直接关系到政府运用国债调控经济运行的净效果,关系到利率的稳定、金融秩序的维护和金融风险的降低,所以适度的国债规模对经济发展起着     

我国国债规模及其风险防范

自恢复国债发行以来，国债规模日益扩大。国债政策在拉动投资、扩大内需方面起到了积极作用，对我国经济快速增长做出了极大贡献。同时，国债规模的迅速扩大引起了各方面的关注和担忧。本文以国际上通用的指标来衡量国债规模，认为目前我国国债规模已经偏大，对目前国债规模应持谨慎态度。文章最后提出一些措施，以防范国债规模风险。     

对于我国当前国债发行规模的探讨

本文通过对我国国债发行规模的阐述 ,并通过对具体的国债规模指标分析及国际比较 ,提出了如何解决我国财务债务重负同国民经济应债能力强大的矛盾以及我国国债发行规模偏大与国债的累积规模不大之间的矛盾等问题的政策建议     

对我国国债应债能力的比较分析

为了刺激经济增长，我国实施了积极的财政政策，但同时也带来了国债规模的快速增长。结合我国国债发行的实际情况，通过一系列指标，分析我国的应债能力，对确定合理的国债规模，化解财政风险具有重要的现实意义。     

我国国债规模的现状及趋势分析

积极财政政策的实施促使我国国债规模急剧扩张，引起了社会各方面的关注。国债规模的扩张，是建立社会主义市场经济体制过程中国债职能拓展和完善的必然要求，有其内在的客观必然性，因而分析国债规模在监控一般指标的基础上，应着重提高经济增长质量和财政收入手段的互换来控制和防范国债风险。     

合理国债规模别议

从经济学——资源配置和经济稳定的角度研究合理国债规模的前提是市场经济制度安排的相对规范；从管理学——财政风险和国家信用、借鉴《马约》指标的角度研究合理国债规模的前提是财政收支调度安排的相对规范。当满足这两个前提时，合理国债规模的确定就是一个技术问题。但我国目前的情况是：这两个前提都不满足，因而目前我国合理国债规模的确定就不是一个技术问题，而是一个制度构建问题。在比较税收和国债功能的基础上，本文从财政收支制度构建出发提出确定合理国债规模的途径。     

浅析中国国债发行规模和趋势

本根据对国债发行现状(规模、结构)的分析，并结合回归方程的预测及国债依存度较高的政策因素，论述我国当前乃至今后国债发行规模的扩大趋势。     

国债负担率的实证分析

近年来随着我国国债发行额和国债余额的急剧增长,国债负担率引起了人们的高度关注,但是从国际比较角度看,我国的国债负担率还较低,财政扩张空间较大。本文依据一定的理论基础和试验模型,就国债依存度对国债负担率的变化进行分析。     

Government debt,national income and causality

The concept of Granger causality is applied to assess the validity of the Ricardian Equivalence Hypothesis. The analysis is conducted using a multivariate approach with a US data set consisting of annual observations for the 1919–1981 period. The empirical evidence generated by this investigation does not support the strict debt neutrality position.     

Public investment,national debt,and economic growth: The role of debt finance under dynamic inefficiency

Public investment is a central issue in the dynamic analyses of fiscal policy and economic growth. Debt financing for public investment and its effects have recently received great attention because interest rates have been low, almost invariably remaining below economic growth rates. This paper presents examination of the effects of debt-financed public investment subject to a simple fiscal rule in an overlapping generations model with public capital. This topic includes capital budgeting and the debt–deficit criterion of the Maastricht treaty. We show herein that debt financing for public investment enhances economic growth if an economy is dynamically inefficient and if public capital has a sufficiently large productivity effect. Moreover, it reduces economic growth rates in a dynamically efficient economy. Debt and growth can have a monotonic or non-monotonic relation, depending on the steady-state interest rate, growth rate, and productivity effect of public investment. The findings indicate that debt–growth relations match with controversial empirical evidence. Furthermore, existing generations choose perfect debt finance if dynamic inefficiency exists. In contrast, a balanced budget is preferred in a dynamically efficient economy with low productivity effects of public capital. However, an economy with high productivity effects of public capital might cho ose debt financing. This paper contributes to the elucidation of currently emphasized issues of public investment.     

Money,national debt,and economic growth

This paper develops a dynamic model which allows for government spending, taxation, and the endogeneity of the money supply. As an example of an application of our framework, we consider the well known stability problem of the two asset (money and physical assets) neoclassical “money-and-growth” literature. We conclude, among other things, that the usual saddle-point instability result under myopic perfect foresight with proportional savings behavior can be reversed by introducing a third asset (securities). It is further argued that this result is “robust” as it holds under various policy rules (including the traditional case of national debt growing at a constant rate).     

对中国国债管理目标的探讨

对国债管理目标的探讨对完善国债管理体制至关重要。文章通过对国内学者观点的综述和一些国家国债管理目标的对比、分析,提出当前中国的国债管理应该是一个目标+三个条件。一个目标是实现长期筹资成本的最小化,三个条件是风险最小化、效率最大化和法规完善化。     

On the relationship between fertility and public national debt

Public debt and fertility are two issues of major concern in the current economic policy debate, especially in countries with below-replacement-fertility and large debt (which appears further enlarged as a consequence of the recent world financial distress 2008–2009). In this paper we show that, at the steady state, public debt is in general harmful for fertility, in that debt issuing almost ever crowds fertility. The relationship is however reversed if debt is sufficiently low and the share of capital (labor) in the economy is sufficiently low (high). Hence, our analysis would recommend that developed, capital intensive economies (such as OECD countries) aiming at a fertility recovery should reduce national debt, while developing, labor intensive economies, aiming at reducing fertility, should increase (reduce) national debt only if they are debt virtuous (vicious).     

构建我国国有资产管理新体制的理论思考

通过对我国国有资产管理体制中现存的“政企分开”、“统一所有，分级管理”、“分类管理”等问题的分析，提出构建国有资产管理新体制的设想：从纵向上看，应实行分级所有的国有资产管理体制；从横向上看，国有资产应实行分类管理，从总体上看，应建立有中国特色的“三层次”国有资产管理体制。     

对我国外贸发展规模与质量问题几点思考

改革开放二十多年来，我国对外贸易已具有了相当规模，对我国经济增长做出了巨大的贡献。但同发达国家相比还存在着很大的差距。召集世界经济陷入低迷状态，我国还要履行入世承诺。在这种“内外双紧”的环境下，我国对外贸易保持适度的发展规模，同时改善外贸质量显得尤为重要。     

The political economy of public debt

Public debt (as opposed to current taxation) alters the inter-temporal pattern of tax rates??it reduces current rates and increases future rates. Accordingly, whether the share of the cost of a given public expenditure is reduced or increased by debt for a given individual depends on the time profile of that individual??s income (tax base) vis-à-vis others?? incomes. Therefore, given the age-profile of income in virtually all Western countries, individuals will tend to be better off under current taxes the younger they are. If (as most standard models of political economy assume) individuals vote according to their economic interests, and if they are tolerably well-informed, then the pattern of support for public debt will track age. And increases in the median age of the population will lead to larger public debt. In other words, public debt policy collapses to a kind of demographic politics. This explanation may, however, be sensitive to assumptions about motives for bequest. Specifically, if bequestors seek to leave positive bequests and are motivated exclusively by the lifetime consumption of their heirs (as well as themselves) then the aged may, under plausible assumptions about the age of their heirs, prefer current taxes over debt.     

The consequences of an unknown debt target

Several proposals to reduce U.S. debt reveal large differences in their targets. We examine how an unknown debt target affects economic activity using a real business cycle model in which Bayesian households learn about a state-dependent debt target in an endogenous tax rule. Recent papers use stochastic volatility shocks to study fiscal uncertainty. In our setup, the fiscal rule is time-varying due to unknown changes in the debt target. Households infer the current debt target from a noisy tax rule and jointly estimate the transition probabilities. Three key findings emerge from our analysis: (1) limited information about the debt target amplifies the effect of tax shocks through changes in expected tax rates; (2) the welfare losses are an order of magnitude larger when both the debt target state and transition matrix are unknown than when only the debt target state is unknown to households; (3) an unknown debt target likely reduced the stimulative effect of the ARRA and uncertainty about the sunset provision in the Bush tax cuts may have slowed the recovery and led to welfare losses.