我国上市公司治理结构对盈余管理的影响研究

本文以公司治理结构为出发点,主要考察存在于上市公司内部使盈余管理现象得以发生的机理.首先阐述了公司治理结构和置余管理的涵义及其相关理论,在此基础上以上市公司治理结构作为框架,探讨了我国上市公司治理结构对盈余管理的影响.分析发现,不同类型的公司内部治理机制对盈余管理的影响存在差异.因此,解决我国上市公司盈余管理问题的关键在于不断完善公司内部治理机制,从根本上防范盈余管理问题的发生.最后,本文提出了完善上市公司治理结构的建议.     

我国上市公司盈余管理实证研究

盈余管理是困扰上市公司信息质量的一个主要问题.过度的盈余管理,必然造成会计信息失真,影响资本市场的资源配置.从上市公司盈余管理的配股动机出发,采用Fama-French三因素模型分析配股政策对上市公司盈余管理行为的影响,结果表明:配股政策对上市公司盈余管理行为有显著影响,我国上市公司的盈余管理行为是政策诱导型的.因此,加强证券市场监管是治理盈余管理问题的根本出路.     

上市公司盈余管理行为探析

盈余管理是目前会计信息失真问题的重要原因之一。通过盈余管理来操纵业绩具有隐蔽性和复杂性。本文从盈余管理的涵义入手,详细分析了盈余管理产生的原因以及我国上市公司进行盈余管理的主要手段,并提出规范上市公司盈余管理的治理对策。     

浅谈我国上市公司盈余管理

以盈余管理的动机、形式为切入点对盈余管理问题展开研究,有助于规范上市公司的会计行为,有利于我国证券市场的健康发展。文章揭示中国上市公司盈余管理的现状和问题,并提出治理盈余管理的措施,即通过不断提高上市公司管理当局的素质、加强会计准则体系建设、加强上市公司内外监管力度等方面的协同努力,创造良好的投资环境,促进我国市场经济的健康发展。     

公司治理与盈余管理:国内研究综述

由于我国市场监管制度的不完善,我国上市公司普遍存在盈余管理行为,国内学者对上市公司公司治理与盈余管理做了大量的研究,但是缺乏对我国上市公司治理结构进行全面整体多角度的论述。本文从股权结构、董事会特征和管理层激励三个方面对国内现有公司治理与盈余管理的研究成果进行梳理,以期寻求研究公司治理与盈余管理的新视角。     

新会计准则下上市公司的盈余管理

上市公司的盈余管理是公司治理的重要组成部分。本文研究上市公司盈余管理的概念、目的和方法,有助于管理层合理地进行盈余管理,也有利于上市公司的利益相关者根据公司盈余作出合理的决策。     

新会计准则下上市公司的盈余管理

上市公司的盈余管理是公司治理的重要组成部分.本文研究上市公司盈余管理的概念、目的和方法,有助于管理层合理地进行盈余管理,也有利于上市公司的利益相关者根据公司盈余作出合理的决策.     

浅析我国上市公司中的盈余管理问题

随着资本市场的发展和上市公司的数量增多,我国上市公司的盈余管理问题逐渐凸现,并成为我国会计理论与实务界研究的新课题。盈余管理有着正反两方面的作用,但由于被上市公司所滥用,它的负面影响远远大于其正面影响,进而成为我国目前会计信息失真问题的重要原因之一。要解决我国目前的会计信息失真问题并促进我国资本市场的发展,就必须对上市公司的盈余管理问题进行研究和治理。     

公司治理结构下的盈余管理问题探讨

本文着重从公司内部治理结构和外部治理结构两个方面考察了盈余管理与公司治理结构之间的联系;并在分析中国目前的公司治理结构存在的问题后,提出了在中国目前资本市场环境下治理上市公司盈余管理行为的对策和建议。     

产品市场竞争、竞争态势与上市公司盈余管理

本文以2000～2009年沪深A股上市公司为样本,实证检验了产品市场竞争对公司盈余管理的治理效应。研究发现,产品市场竞争度越高,公司盈余管理的程度越高;在区分盈余管理的方向后发现,产品市场竞争迫使上市公司进行正向盈余管理;在行业中处于竞争优势的公司其盈余管理程度更高,且倾向于负向盈余管理。这表明,在我国产品市场竞争存在负面治理效应,从而可能激化经理人与股东之间的代理问题。     

Linear Information Dynamics,Dividend Irrelevance,Corporate Valuation and the Clean Surplus Relationship

This paper adopts the linear information dynamics framework pioneered in Ohlson (1979) and Garman and Ohlson (1980) (and subsequently used in, in particular, Ohlson, 1989, 1995 and Feltham and Ohlson, 1995) for thinking about desirable properties of earnings numbers in the context of the market valuation of firms, where such valuations are fundamentally based on expected future dividends. The first purpose of this paper is to consider the valuation-relevance of clean surplus earnings when there are two distinct components of clean surplus earnings whose evolutions are governed, along with book value and dividends, by a system of linear information dynamics, and dividend irrelevancy holds. The system of linear information dynamics assumed ensures that corporate value is a linear combination of the two components of clean surplus earnings, book value and dividends. One question becomes—under what circumstances are clean surplus earnings (combined with book value and dividends) sufficient for corporate valuation without a knowledge of the breakdown of clean surplus earnings into its separate components? This paper develops the conditions defining these circumstances. At the other extreme, another question can be asked—under what circumstances is one component of clean surplus earnings irrelevant to corporate valuation? This paper identifies some conditions that identify these latter circumstances. The second purpose of the paper is to identify implications of these results for both the traditional arguments about the desirability of measuring earnings on a clean surplus basis and also the more contemporary issues surrounding FRS3. A third purpose is to discuss the implications of the overall analysis for the empirical testing of the relationship between market prices and earnings numbers, and for empirically-justified definitions of maintainable earnings.     

Share repurchases of initial public offerings: motives,valuation effects,and the impact of market regulation

This study investigates the motives and valuation effects of share repurchase announcements of German firms during the 1998–2008 period, addressing the question why initial public offering (IPO) firms repurchase shares soon after going public. While our focus is on IPO firms, we also examine the impact of firm size by differentiating between IPO and established DAX/MDAX firms and by analyzing the source of surplus cash holdings, that is, either from equity issuances or from operating cash flows. We further explore the impact of the regulatory environment. Our empirical analysis reveals significant differences between the IPO and DAX/MDAX subsamples regarding their repurchase motives, stock price performance, and explanatory factors. Standard corporate payout theories are essential in explaining the different valuation effects. Our empirical analysis suggests agency costs of free cash flow as the main reason for the observed valuation effects of both IPO and DAX/MDAX firms, yet for different reasons. While DAX/MDAX firms continuously generate high operating cash flows before and after repurchasing shares, IPO firms exhibit low operating cash flows during the entire period but large surplus cash holdings due to the mandatory equity issuance at their public offering. Overall, the repurchase decisions of IPO firms are best explained by the agency costs of cash holdings and the unique rules and regulations of the German stock exchange.     

我国上市公司控制权形态及治理规则多样化研究——以银行类上市公司为视角

主流理论认为,我国上市公司股权结构呈现一股独大特别是国有股一股独大的控制权形态,我国上市公司治理理论研究及规则设计多围绕此种股权结构和控制权形态展开。笔者以我国银行类上市公司为视角进行研究,得出我国上市公司已经不能以一股独大型的控制权形态来概括的结论,相应的,公司治理理论及规则制定也应该围绕多样化的股权结构和控制权形态展开。     

股权再融资、盈余管理与资本配置效率

本文建立了一个模型来分析股权再融资过程中盈余管理产生的机理，分析了盈余管理与配股后运营业绩和股票长期收益的关系。研究表明：上市公司在配股过程中存在系统的盈余管理行为；上市公司配股后的经营业绩出现滑坡，配股前3个年度和配股当年的异常应计利润与配股后的经营业绩具有负相关关系；上市公司配股后的股票长期收益和异常收益下降，配股前3个年度和配股当年的异常应计利润与配股后的股票收益具有负相关关系。本文认为，上市公司配股过程中的盈余管理误导了投资者的决策，造成了股票价值的高估和资本配置效率的下降。     

On the Value of Transparency in Agencies with Renegotiation

In this paper we study when it is advantageous to improve corporate transparency by allowing shareholders direct access to corporate information and when it is preferable to rely on a reporting system in which shareholders only gain access to information that management chooses to disclose. We show that in an agency model that allows for contract renegotiation, the desirability of a fully transparent reporting regime hinges on the stewardship properties of the information in question. Specifically, information that is mainly useful for predicting future events and of little use for evaluating past actions should only be made available to the public through management's self‐interested disclosures. Only if the information is useful for making inference about managerial actions can it be optimal to have full corporate transparency, so that outsiders have independent access to the same information as management.     

WHEN SHAREHOLDERS CHOOSE NOT TO MAXIMIZE VALUE: THE UNION BANK OF SWITZERLAND'S 1994 PROXY FIGHT

This paper examines the fight over a share reunification plan that pitted Swiss financier Martin Ebner against Union Bank of Switzerland (UBS), once the largest Swiss bank and a global leader in asset management. In the U.S. corporate governance debate, large shareholders are often held up as a possible solution to corporate governance problems. But this examination of the UBS proxy fight shows why some large shareholders can themselves be a source of governance problems. The share reunification plan was designed to combine the firm's two classes of stock: registered (voting) shares and bearer (non-voting) shares. As its motive for the plan, the UBS board cited a desire both to increase liquidity and to prevent a control change. The majority of the holders of the company's registered stock—many of whom had other financial ties to the bank—ended up voting for a proposal that caused them to lose 11% of the value of their shares during the three trading days following its announcement, and eventually almost twice as much. Moreover, even the holders of the bearer stock hurt themselves by approving the reunification plan. Although the plan clearly transferred value from the registered to the bearer shares, the redistribution benefits from the plan for the bearer shareholders were not sufficient to offset their losses from the reduced probability of a control change. Although it did not succeed in accomplishing its immediate goal, the UBS proxy fight is today recognized as a watershed event in Swiss corporate governance. Until recently, Switzerland's economy has been dominated by cartels, with closely overlapping boards of directors. Hostile takeovers were essentially unheard of, and criticism of management by shareholders was highly unusual. Ebner's activities have had the effect of stimulating public debate about shareholders' rights and shareholder activism. In so doing, they have made it more acceptable for shareholders to criticize management and established shareholder value as a “politically correct” goal for Swiss corporations.     

The Icahn Manifesto

The title of this opening chapter in the author's new book on activist investors refers to Carl Icahn's solution to the “agency” problem faced by the shareholders of public companies in motivating corporate managers and boards to maximize firm value. During the 1960s and '70s, U.S. public companies tended to be run in ways designed to increase their size while minimizing their financial risk, with heavy emphasis on corporate diversification. Icahn successfully challenged corporate managers throughout the 1970s and 1980s by buying blocks of shares in companies he believed were undervalued and then demanding board seats and other changes in corporate governance and management. This article describes the evolution of Icahn as an investor. Starting by investing in undervalued, closed‐end mutual funds and then shorting shares of the stocks in the underlying portfolio, Icahn was able to get fund managers either to liquidate their funds (giving Icahn an arbitrage profit on his long mutual fund/short underlying stocks position) or take other steps to eliminate the “value gap.” After closing the value gaps within the limited universe of closed‐end mutual funds, Icahn turned his attention to the shares of companies trading for less than his perception of the value of their assets. As the author goes on to point out, the strategy that Icahn used with such powerful effect can be traced to the influence of the great value investor Benjamin Graham. Graham was a forceful advocate for the use of shareholder activism to bring about change in underperforming—and in that sense undervalued—companies. The first edition of Graham's investing classic, Security Analysis, published in 1934, devoted an entire chapter to the relationship between shareholders and management, which Graham described as “one of the strangest phenomena of American finance.”     

Founders,heirs, and corporate opacity in the United States

We argue that information about firm activities can vary substantially in the presence of founder or heir ownership, thereby influencing the risks borne by minority investors. We explore two hypotheses with regard to these controlling shareholders and corporate transparency, focusing on their role as monitor in-place and their potential to exploit firm opacity to accrue private benefits of control. To test these notions, we create an opacity index that ranks the relative transparency of the two thousand largest industrial US firms and find founder and heir ownership in 22% and 25% of these firms, respectively. Our analysis indicates that, in large, publicly traded companies, both founder and heir firms are significantly more opaque than diffuse shareholder firms. We also find that founder and heir-controlled firms exhibit a negative relation to performance in all but the most transparent firms. Surprisingly, additional tests reveal that concerns about divergences in ownership versus control (management type, dual class shares, and board influence) appear to be substantially less important than corporate opacity in explaining the performance impacts of founder and heir control. Finally, we decompose corporate opacity into disclosure and market scrutiny components, finding that the disclosure quality component appears to be of greater importance to investors. However, irrespective of whether these controlling shareholders create or stay in the firm because of corporate opacity, our analysis suggests that founders and heirs in large, publicly traded firms exploit opacity to extract private benefits at the expense of minority investors.     

Corporate ownership and the value of a vote in an emerging market

Empirical evidence suggests that the voting premium in the Korean securities market is strongly related to the structure of corporate ownership. We find that the premium attached to voting stock is positively and significantly associated with the control value of a block of shares held by minority shareholders. We also find that the premium is negatively related to both the fraction of shares that are voting shares and the market value of equity. Empirical results indicate that private benefits of control in Korea are worth about 10% of the value of equity.     

基于分位回归的资本结构与高新技术企业绩效相关性研究

资本结构通过作用于企业的治理效率对企业绩效产生影响,向投资者传递有关企业经营状况的有效信息。高新技术上市公司在任何一个生命周期,都需要各种渠道的资金投入,其资本结构的合理与否直接关系到公司资本成本的高低和市场价值的大小。我们通过对沪深两市341家高新技术上市公司2006年～2009年的相关数据进行分位回归分析发现,国有股比例、流通股比例、长、短期资产负债率对企业绩效有着显著的负向效应,在50％-75％的分位点上企业绩效与股权集中度呈显著正相关,高管持股比例对企业绩效的敏感性缺失。基于该回归结果,我们提出了企业人力资本股权化、建立知识产权保护体系、加速发展风险投资业等优化高新技术企业资本结构,提高企业绩效的相关建议。