市场学习能力、技术复杂性与新产品开发绩效关系研究

在开放式创新背景下,市场学习能力与新产品开发绩效的关系越来越受到关注。基于动态能力理论的“市场学习能力-产品开发流程能力-新产品开发绩效”理论框架展开实证分析,结果表明：产品开发流程能力在市场学习能力与新产品开发绩效间发挥中介作用;技术复杂性提高会强化市场学习能力对产品开发流程效率的促进作用、抑制市场知识探索对产品开发流程反应性的促进作用。     

The sources of use knowledge: Towards integrating the dynamics of technology use and design in the articulation of societal challenges

This paper reviews three strands of the innovation literature that have presented innovation as a distributed process that combines knowledge of designers and users: user innovations, Science and Technology Studies (STS), and domestication research. These literatures have explored different aspects of the micro-processes through which use and design knowledge are locally embedded. This paper pulls together insights from the literatures, and identifies an important gap: the connections between the local embedding of use and design knowledge, and the meso dynamics of industrial and technological change. The paper then develops a number of integrating concepts and propositions for a framework to study the co-evolution of use and design in innovation processes. It also demonstrates that this framework is most valuable in researching how societal challenges become articulated over time in processes of technological change and innovation.     

团队跨边界行为与新产品开发绩效：设计创新能力的中介效应

设计驱动创新逐渐成为企业竞争中除市场创新和技术创新之外的第三种致胜方式，设计创新能力较强企业往往在市场上占据独特优势地位。基于团队学习理论，构建一个“行为-能力-绩效”双调节模型，探讨团队跨边界行为对于新产品开发绩效的作用机制和边界条件。结果表明：①团队跨边界行为对新产品开发绩效具有正向影响；②设计创新能力在跨边界行为对新产品开发绩效间起中介作用；③团队知识共享在跨边界行为和设计创新能力间起调节作用，团队知识共享越强，跨边界行为对创新设计能力的正向影响越大；④团队监督在设计创新能力与新产品开发绩效间起到调节作用，团队监督越强，设计创新能力对新产品开发绩效的正向影响越大。     

Analyzing the innovation process for environmental performance improvement

This paper elaborates the concept of demand articulation in product innovation to analyze innovation for environmental improvement. A conceptual framework has been developed that allows analysis of social demand articulation, the process that stimulates firms toward environmental innovation. Knowledge and information flows that raise the technological capability and awareness level of firms and consumers for environmental improvement are discerned. Their indicators have been developed based on the number of research papers and newspaper articles on environmental issues, respectively. Statistically significant results have been obtained on the role of knowledge and information flows on environmental innovations. Use of the framework on case studies revealed knowledge and information flows on local air quality and global warming led to the development of high-efficiency, low-emission automobiles. In conclusion, social demand articulation is an effective process by which knowledge and information flows mobilize the requisites needed for a successful environmental innovation.     

数字化情境下用户参与产品创新组态效应研究——基于TOE框架的fsQCA分析

在颇具挑战性的数字化时代,用户成为企业获取持续创新优势的重要源泉,如何激发用户参与产品创新成为企业创新管理亟待解决的重要问题。基于TOE框架,采用fsQCA方法,分析数字技术应用、产品技术创新、组织职能协调、用户创新能力、同侪竞争效应和用户参与产品创新的组态效应及相互关系。通过对93家用户参与产品创新企业数据的分析,结果表明：存在市场驱动型、驱动市场型和数字驱动型3种高用户参与产品创新条件组态,具有多重并发性,遵循殊途同归原则;在企业开展用户参与产品创新过程中,用户创新能力、数字技术应用两个前因条件相对重要;高用户参与产品创新的条件组态与非高用户参与产品创新的条件组态存在因果非对称性。     

知识密集型服务业创新影响因素研究

从服务创新和知识管理的视角,提出知识密集型服务业创新影响因素的分析框架。针对知识密集型服务业进行抽样调查以获取数据,利用因子分析法、回归分析方法对影响知识密集型服务业创新的因素进行实证研究。结果显示:外部资源、内部资源、共享环境、隐性知识、创新保护措施和技术组织缺陷是影响知识密集型服务业产品创新的主要因素;而影响过程创新的因素除了包括上述六类因素外,成本风险也是重要的影响因素。最后,提出了提高知识密集型服务业创新能力的相关建议。     

Knowledge investments, business R&D and innovativeness of countries: A qualitative meta-analytic comparison

The relationship between knowledge investments, innovation and competitiveness is an important topic in both academic research and economic policy and has been studied extensively over the past decades. Nowadays, investments in private and public R&D are believed to make up the heart of a modern knowledge economy. The present paper adopts an evolutionary economics perspective and investigates whether, in addition to private R&D activities, also institutional support systems and policy interventions play a role in inducing innovation initiatives and creating impacts on the performance and competitiveness of industries. We aim to find support for the hypothesis that the competitiveness of industries in the international arena is sustained by the dynamic interaction between national, regional and sectoral innovation systems. This may provide stakeholders with a better understanding of the context in which they operate. Since according to the evolutionary metaphor, the growth of an innovation system follows complex dynamics that cannot simply be analysed within a static quantitative equilibrium framework, we use here an alternative approach based on qualitative pattern recognition analysis originating from artificial intelligence analysis. Besides R&D expenditures, human capital expenditures are regarded as the major input in the knowledge creation process in our analytical framework. To this end, in our paper a qualitative causal model that maps out conditional relations between key factors in national innovation systems will be described. The focus of our investigation is on systematic patterns in the competitiveness of the EU Member States, using statistical information on innovation input and output data from the European Innovation Scoreboard. In our analysis we find support for the hypothesis that there are indeed significant interactions between distinct institutional levels, which may provide guidance to the strategic orientation of nations and the European Union in terms of the emphasis on competitiveness vis-à-vis cohesion.     

国内外合作创新研究述评

合作创新作为一种重要的技术创新模式和一个新兴的研究领域 ,日益受到企业管理理论界与实践界的关注。 90年代以来 ,国内外关于企业合作创新的研究大量涌现。本文从合作创新的概念界定、动机和优势、冲突、经济学分析以及合作创新过程中的技术学习与核心能力等几个方面评述了国内外合作创新的研究进展 ,为该领域的研究建立了一个理论框架 ,并提出深入研究的若干设想     

BIG data – BIG gains? Understanding the link between big data analytics and innovation

ABSTRACT

This paper analyzes the relationship between firms' use of big data analytics and their innovative performance in terms of product innovations. Since big data technologies provide new data information practices, they create novel decision-making possibilities, which are widely believed to support firms' innovation process. Applying German firm-level data within a knowledge production function framework we find suggestive evidence that big data analytics is a relevant determinant for the likelihood of a firm becoming a product innovator as well as for the market success of product innovations. These results hold for the manufacturing as well as for the service sector but are contingent on firms' investment in IT-specific skills. Overall, the results support the view that big data analytics have the potential to enable innovation.     

The innovation process as a complex structure with multilevel rules

Increasingly, innovation is conceived in a context of conventions or rules and complexity. However, there is a need for a theoretical basis that describes the innovation process based on complexity. In this essay, we propose a multilevel micro-meso-macro framework that aims to meet this need and further the discussion on complexity. In this framework, the rule is adopted as an analytical concept and used to establish a bridge between the several theories employed. Two gaps are identified in the innovation process: the first is related to the simplicity with which complexity is generally treated, and the second refers to a lack of focus on the rules embedded in the theories used in innovation. The goal of this theoretical essay is to propose a multilevel micro-meso-macro framework, based on the rules and principles of complexity, which can be used to analyze the innovation process. As a result, we propose a new framework in which the innovation rules and the interactions between those rules are detailed and based on principles of complexity.     

校企合作创新网络特征对知识转移绩效的影响机制——基于河南省的实证分析

以组织学习为中介变量,构建了校企合作创新网络特征与知识转移绩效间关系的概念模型,并引入潜在吸收能力作为组织学习与知识转移绩效间关系的调节变量。以河南省为例进行实证分析,验证了概念模型中的研究假设。得出如下结论:不同的校企合作创新网络的结构特征维度和关系特征维度对知识转移绩效的影响是不同的;校企合作创新网络特征对知识转移绩效有显著的正向影响,企业的组织学习能力在整个知识转移过程中起到部分中介作用;企业的潜在吸收能力在组织学习对知识转移绩效的影响中起到部分调节作用。     

企业组织知性资本、知识管理能力与开放式创新绩效

开放式创新是企业在共享经济与全球经济背景下落实创新驱动发展战略的有效途径,但是开放式创新对于很多企业而言是一种挑战,因此探索开放式创新绩效提升路径具有重要意义。基于306份企业调查问卷数据,采用结构方程模型方法,检验组织知性资本、知识管理能力与开放式创新绩效关系。研究结果表明,企业组织知性资本显著正向影响开放式创新绩效,知识管理能力在其中发挥显著中介效应,且在网络嵌入性调节组织性格与知识管理能力关系的过程中知识管理能力的中介效应仍然显著。     

Measuring innovation in long product development cycle industries: an insight in biotechnology

This paper examines and measures innovation in the context of biotechnology firms by analysing the link between R&D, innovation performance and organisational growth. We conceptualise innovation performance as a latent construct with two dimensions: innovation efficacy and innovation efficiency. We use structural equations modelling to test the hypotheses on a data set from the biotechnology industry. Results support our innovation performance conceptualisation which is found to be especially useful to measure innovation in industries with long product development cycles. Findings also underline the importance of R&D knowledge creation for biotechnology firms.     

平台研究：前沿演进与理论框架——基于CiteSpace Ⅴ知识图谱分析

数字化技术驱动商业社会进入平台经济时代,而平台被认为是企业管理的基础写照，且越来越成为企业转型升维之道和竞争优势之源。利用CiteSpaceV科学计量工具，通过绘制可视化知识图谱，采用计量综述和系统综述相结合的方法，探寻了平台研究的关键文献，展示了研究热点演进轨迹，搭建了平台研究整体理论框架，最后展望了中国情境下的平台研究。研究发现，平台研究主题经历了从技术管理平台产品创新、架构创新，到产业组织经济学的平台定价、双边市场，再到战略管理平台设计、商业模式的演变，并且交叉融合趋势明显。此外，平台理论框架可分为核心特征、理论基础和研究方法三大层次。     

平台研究：前沿演进与理论框架——基于CiteSpace Ⅴ知识图谱分析

数字化技术驱动商业社会进入平台经济时代,而平台被认为是企业管理的基础写照，且越来越成为企业转型升维之道和竞争优势之源。利用CiteSpaceV科学计量工具，通过绘制可视化知识图谱，采用计量综述和系统综述相结合的方法，探寻了平台研究的关键文献，展示了研究热点演进轨迹，搭建了平台研究整体理论框架，最后展望了中国情境下的平台研究。研究发现，平台研究主题经历了从技术管理平台产品创新、架构创新，到产业组织经济学的平台定价、双边市场，再到战略管理平台设计、商业模式的演变，并且交叉融合趋势明显。此外，平台理论框架可分为核心特征、理论基础和研究方法三大层次。     

Trends and opportunities framing innovation for sustainability in the learning society

Innovation, a broad social and economic activity within emerging societies, transcends any specific technology, even if revolutionary, and is tied to attitudes and behaviours oriented towards the exploitation of change by adding value. In this context, we analyse on-going paths towards innovative societies taking into consideration their sustainable development. The solution-space for innovation for sustainability is characterised by three dimensions: 1) the entire lifespan of a product; 2) the entire socio-technic network of which a particular plant is part of, or from which a particular product emerges; and 3) stakeholders and decision processes, including business organisations and strategies; and public institutions, policy and regulatory frameworks. All theses three dimensions are shown to be critically related with the social appropriation of a broad knowledge base, which calls our special attention to the systems of innovation and competence building shaping our societies.Societies and their organisations differ in their approach to sustainability. Distinguishing between different types of stakeholders helps to elucidate barriers to change, and to exploit the solution-space for innovation. The contributions in this Special Issue illustrate various dimensions of the innovation-space and their related knowledge base. The examples addressed support the conclusion that the framework presented has general applicability to analyse and foster innovation for sustainability.     

Why study national systems and national styles of innovation?

Many consider that product specialization reflects variations in factor proportions rather than in the knowledge base, but to focus purely on resource allocations would result in stagnant economic development. Therefore a vibrant economy is one where innovation takes place. This shifts the focus of attention away from rational decision-making to learning and recognition that the future has an uncertain outcome. Learning involves four institutional components: the time horizon of the agents, the role of trust, the actual mix of rationality, and the way authority is expressed. Research shows a strong correlation between specialization in trade and specialization in the knowledge base. The National Systems of Innovation approach concludes that important parts of the knowledge base are tacit and emerge from routine basic learning-by-doing, using and -interacting rather than from science and technology search activities. A sociological system approach is functional and deterministic, whereas an innovation style approach refers to patterns of behaviour. To understand the style of innovation better a four-fold taxonomy of knowledge is proposed: knowledge about facts, knowledge about principles and laws of nature, the skills and capability to do something, and knowledge about who knows how to do what. The mix of these four knowledge factors will characterize the style of innovation.     

Understanding the dynamics of technological configurations: A conceptual framework and the case of Smart Homes

This paper explores the innovation dynamics of technological configurations using one particular case study. Technological configurations have been defined in the literature as technical systems with no generic identity, i.e. they are the subset of technical systems for which the pattern of how to arrange the components (architectural knowledge) is defined during implementation. While the implementation of configurations is relatively well understood, knowledge about how configurational technologies evolve as a whole is still underdeveloped. This paper closes this gap and introduces a conceptual framework to understand the dynamics of technological configurations. In particular, the framework introduces the notions of technological field and field learning to add a diachronic and cumulative dimension to the original idea.I apply the framework to the empirical case of Smart Home systems in order to provide a systematic analysis of the underlying innovation dynamics. In particular, I show how the configurational nature of Smart Home systems, and its acknowledgement to various degrees in the corresponding technological field, relates to the emerging innovation dynamics. I conclude with two sets of results. First, I identify a number of conditions on which the future stabilization of the field into cumulative forms of learning depends. Secondly, I draw a range of conclusions with regard to the dynamics of configurational technologies in general.     

考虑吸收能力的区域创新多维溢出效应

合理利用区域创新的空间溢出效应和价值链溢出效应,有助于区域创新发展与创新效率提升,而对区域创新溢出效应的利用程度则受其吸收能力影响。将创新过程分为知识创新阶段和产品创新阶段,利用Network Slacks-based Measure模型计算全国内地30个省域两阶段创新效率,将吸收能力引入空间溢出效应和价值链溢出效应对创新效率影响的研究中,并构建空间计量模型,检验吸收能力对知识创新效率和产品创新效率的影响。结果发现,空间溢出效应在部分年份显著,省域间没有形成稳定的空间关联关系;空间溢出效应显著时,提升吸收能力对知识创新效率和产品创新效率均有促进作用;价值链溢出效应不显著或者存在负向影响,创新过程两阶段相对独立,此时提高吸收能力对知识创新效率和产品创新效率提高没有显著作用,甚至具有负向影响。     

The innovation performance of MNE subsidiaries and local embeddedness: evidence from an emerging economy

We examine the innovation performance of MNE subsidiaries and their embeddedness in sources of local knowledge in a policy framework within the context of an emerging economy. Based on first-hand evidence from multiple case studies, we found that: (1) there was variability between the subsidiaries in terms of the cumulative manner and speed at which they improved their innovation performance over time, using progressively levels of accumulated capability as a proxy; (2) these differences in innovation performance improvement reflected heterogeneity between the subsidiaries in terms of the learning efforts made to acquire knowledge from local organizations; (3) the varied frequency in which the subsidiaries developed such local relationships reflects their differing responses to a common industrial policy that makes use of tax incentives to stimulate such links. The paper reveals the limitations of this conventional type of industrial policy in stimulating industrial development and the embeddedness of MNEs. It also suggests that a new direction for policy, which incorporates public–private negotiations and a focus on the firm-centred building of innovation capabilities, should be pursued in order to accelerate the innovation performance progress of latecomer firms.