空间治理现代化下中国国土空间规划面临的挑战与改革导向——基于国土空间治理重点问题系列研讨的思考

研究目的:梳理中国规划体系存在问题及原因,分析空间治理体系现代化下国土空间规划面临的转型挑战与改革导向,提出国土空间规划体系重构需解决的核心问题。研究方法:文献梳理法与综合分析法。研究结果:(1)国土空间规划是当前中国空间规划体系的整合重塑,是社会经济发展阶段的需求,更是当前空间治理现代化的时代要求。(2)中国空间规划体系存在的问题具有体制、制度和认知根源。(3)当前中国国土空间规划体系重构面临的转型挑战为:规划理念向"以人为本"与"生态文明"转变、战略地位向"宏观指导"与"战略引领"转变、结构体系向"整体布局"与"分级管理"转变。研究结论:空间治理体系现代化下国土空间规划应具备战略性和管控性、权威性与法律性、系统性与科学性等特征;国土空间规划体系重构亟需妥善解决法律法规体系完善、规程标准体系制定、学科建设和理论方法体系支撑等核心问题。     

乡村振兴背景下村域尺度国土空间规划：认知、职能与构建

研究目的:在乡村振兴背景下,以国土空间规划体系重构为契机,科学认知村域尺度国土空间规划内涵,明确其基本职能,并提出构建路径。研究方法:文献研究法,综合分析法。研究结果:当前乡村面临转型,而村域规划存在理论认知不深入、技术支撑不足、实施管理困难等问题,新时期村域国土空间规划应依据外部社会背景及村庄内在条件,在全面认知乡村价值前提下,通过空间资源要素配置与用途管制来干预乡村空间重构并服务于乡村治理。研究结论:乡村振兴背景下村域国土空间规划应当具备指明乡村振兴路径、强化乡村空间治理、行使自然资源监管、尊重多元价值诉求等基本职能,并基于问题、需求、目标、行动四维导向进行构建。     

走向可持续城市生态系统管理的国土空间规划方法与实践——以烟台市为例

研究目的:探索走向可持续城市生态系统管理的城市国土空间规划编制方法和应用实践。研究方法:综合分析与实证分析方法,空间分析与大数据分析方法,综合评价与生境质量模型、生境风险评估模型结合方法等。研究结果:(1)明确了走向可持续城市生态系统管理的国土空间规划目标与编制方法,以及规划编制的空间边界;(2)构建了"底线约束—区域协同—多目标优化—空间管制—功能提升"的国土空间规划编制技术架构;(3)以烟台市为例,探索了走向可持续城市生态系统管理的国土空间规划方法应用与实践。研究结论:生态文明背景下的国土空间规划走向可持续城市生态系统管理成为必然,研究提出的国土空间规划方法和应用实践,可为市级国土空间规划编制提供新的思路与方法。     

国土空间规划的现代法治：良法与善治

研究目的:立足国土空间治理体系和治理能力现代化的目标,探索国土空间规划法治化的基本内涵、总体思路与逻辑框架,为国土空间规划现代法治的研究和实施提供参考。研究方法:文献研究法,综合分析法。研究结果:(1)国土空间规划法治化的本质就是国土空间规划的"良法"和"善治",应当遵循"良"的价值理念与"法"的完整体系、"善"的思维意识与"治"的秩序机制的总体思路来构建国土空间规划法治化框架;(2)国土空间规划治理的"良法"体系包括规划法律法规体系、地方法规规章体系、技术标准体系和规划成果体系,"善治"平台则包括规划编制审批、规划实施监督、规划信息平台和规划工作平台。研究结论:构建国土空间规划法治化的逻辑框架,提出完善和健全规划治理体系的具体路径,有助于对国土空间规划的现代法治进行顶层设计,以及推进国土空间规划法治体系与治理能力的现代化。     

融合精准扶贫诉求的“多规合一”规划结构耦合模型研究：以昆明市寻甸县为例

研究目的:针对当前"多规合一"面临障碍和精准扶贫诉求,探索融合精准扶贫诉求的县域"多规合一"规划结构耦合路径,为国土空间规划的编制提供参考和依据。研究方法:文献研究法,多目标优化模型。研究结果:"多规合一"规划结构耦合模型可基于战略、数量、空间和治理结构耦合建立规划结构耦合目标框架,战略结构耦合需梳理各个规划"轻重缓急"战略导向,理顺厘清战略主次关系;数量结构耦合要求明确规划底数"存量",统筹分配确定自然资源"底量"、"流量"和"变量",并依据"价值量"寻求耦合最优解;空间结构耦合应基于"线—面—点"的空间逻辑,形成优先保证底线、合理安排分区、优化配置项目的耦合思路;治理结构耦合要求对各个规划的实施保障措施进行整合、创新和择优,优化解决治理机制矛盾和强化规划实施保障。研究结论:本文尝试构建的"战略—数量—空间—治理"规划耦合模型能够实现多个规划间战略结构层级化、数量结构五量化、空间结构多维化和治理结构择优化,尤能彰显治国理政重大战略导向和迫切发展诉求,能够为破解规划融合障碍、构建规划结构耦合系统框架和支撑国土空间规划的编制提供参考。     

空间治理视域下乡村地区国土空间详细规划：逻辑 重塑、体系解构与策略构想

研究目的：基于空间治理视域,系统检视乡村地区空间规划实践困境,厘清新时期规划转型逻辑与理性、效率、公平协同的治理思路,进而提出乡村地区国土空间详细规划的策略构想,为丰富国土空间管控底层逻辑提供科学依据。研究方法：理论分析法和归纳演绎法。研究结果：（1）乡村地区国土空间详细规划服务于新时期空间治理需求,是重塑国土空间规划体系的时代要求,也是乡村治理现代化的重要抓手;（2）多规并行背景下乡村地区各类规划存在治理逻辑混沌、规划与实践脱节等问题,不利于乡村空间的全域全要素统筹;（3）“多规合一”要求下,乡村地区国土空间详细规划在角色定位、价值目标、规划思路和管控视域等方面发生了根本性变化,需要促进空间治理理性化、资源配置高效化与主体权益公平化。研究结论：乡村地区国土空间详细规划应注重实现规划理性与实践理性的互动融合、全域综合管控与单元精细化治理相结合、完善多规合一与双向结合的规划传导体系、实现规划体系与土地产权关系相衔接、构建多元主体公平参与机制,助力乡村空间精细化治理和乡村格局优化重构。     

完善新时期国土空间规划体系的几点思考

建立新时期国土空间规划体系是党中央、国务院的重大决策部署,是全面落实国家战略、体现国家意志,实现空间治理的首要任务。在系统梳理新时期国土空间规划体系建构逻辑的基础上,研究发现:健全完善国土空间规划体系仍需处理好"发展规划"与"空间规划"的体系博弈、"空间规划"与"非空间规划"的地位博弈、"长期规划"与"短期发展"的错位衔接、"发展弹性"与"空间刚性"的双向博弈、"三维管理"与"二维控制"的管控思维博弈等五个问题。进而提出对策建议:(1)进一步强化顶层设计,理清各类规划定位与分工;(2)强化法规支撑,尽快出台法律法规依据;(3)统一时序安排,强化规划技术和工作方法创新;(4)创新管控方式,强化开发建设管理方式转变;(5)创建"三会一机构"协调议事机制,促进规划方式多维参与。     

低碳国土空间规划：机理、方法与路径

研究目的：以碳循环过程与国土空间要素的耦合关系为切入点,提出面向全域全要素的低碳国土空间规划机理、多尺度规划方法与全过程规划路径,以期为双碳目标下的国土空间治理提供思路。研究方法：文献研究法和系统分析法。研究结果：（1）基于对“碳循环—空间要素”耦合关系的剖析,提出了低碳国土空间规划的“起点—原则—工具”机理;（2）构建了面向全域全要素的低碳国土空间规划方法,通过“三区—地类—地块—单元”的多尺度规划,实现对碳源汇“总量—结构—格局—强度”的多维度优化;（3）设计了全过程碳管制的低碳国土空间规划路径,通过“低碳目标引导—碳核算支撑—碳约束管控”,推动国土空间规划履行碳治理职能。研究结论：低碳导向的国土空间规划理论尚处于探索阶段,其指标体系、支撑技术及实证效果等仍需进一步深化,以实现从低碳理念的深入认知向规划设计的实用方法转变,助力我国实现?“碳达峰、碳中和”目标。     

国土空间规划与土地要素市场化配置：互动机制与融合路径

研究目的：深化国土空间规划体系下土地要素市场化改革的理论认识,揭示国土空间规划与土地要素市场化配置之间的融合机制与路径,助推国土空间治理能力与治理体系现代化。研究方法：文献研究法,归纳演绎法,综合分析法。研究结果：（1）国土空间规划体系与土地要素市场化机制均在中央与地方博弈过程中实现发展变迁,其中还伴随着土地发展权配置方式的变化。（2）国土空间规划与土地要素市场化配置之间存在着密切的互动关系,这种互动关系持续运转的过程就是两者有效融合的过程,可以促进“区域—要素”的互联互动,并增强国土空间可持续发展能力。（3）激发土地要素市场活力,构建全国统一的土地要素市场并优化土地收益分配格局,加强规划引领和数字化协同治理,完善“权—责—法”管理制度是规划与市场融合的有效路径。研究结论：实现土地要素高效配置和区域协调发展是国土空间规划与土地要素市场有效融合的最终目的,通过产权放活、多效供给、市场整合、收益共享、规划引导、智能管控以及权责法治的完善可以统筹规划与市场的作用,进而促进国土空间治理能力和治理体系的现代化。     

国土空间规划中的刚性管控与柔性治理 ——基于领地空间与关系空间双重视角的再审视

研究目的：从领地空间与关系空间双重视角审视中国国土空间规划管控实施中的新问题,提出若干柔性治理的技术路径,为国土空间治理能力提升提供理论依据和实践参考。研究方法：文献综述法、归纳法、演绎法。研究结果：（1）国土空间规划体系中的刚性管控特征主要体现在制度刚性、空间刚性、地类刚性与指标刚性等方面;（2）刚性管控制度下国土空间规划实践存在着底层反馈机制难以保障、面向地域特色的指引性偏弱、面向发展的弹性不足、面向管理的实用性不足等问题;（3）解决上述问题需要重新审视“国土空间”的内涵,空间具有领地空间与关系空间的双重内涵,在国土空间规划中,需要重视关系空间,并探讨柔性空间与模糊边界等柔性治理方式;（4）柔性治理的可能实现路径包括建立多层级、跨地域的府际合作以提升规划传导效能;探索设立有限度、严审批的“三线”转化机制,凸显地域功能特色发展;塑造可变边界、可动指标的空间管控制度,增强对发展需求的响应能力;推行动态、柔性的跨界规划,提升规划对区域发展的引导与管控。研究结论：在国土空间规划中引入柔性治理思维,可以积极应对柔性空间的运作。统筹柔性治理与刚性管控手段,契合国土空间治理能力提升的战略目标,也为相关指南的修订提供参考。     

Price transmission between products at different stages of manufacturing in forest industries

The theory of demand and supply implies a positive relationship, or “price transmission” between the prices of products at different stages of manufacturing. This relationship was investigated with quarterly prices of softwood stumpage in the US South, and national prices of forest products, from 1977 to 2002. All prices, net of inflation, were found to be nonstationary and there was no evidence of co-integration between prices. Vector autogressive models, augmented by Granger causality tests and multiplier analysis showed that there was a one-to-one permanent positive response of the southern sawtimber stumpage price to a permanent change in the national lumber price. There was also a one-third permanent positive response of the national paper price to a permanent change in the national pulp price. There was no relation between regional pulpwood prices and national pulp or paper prices. When price transmission was significant, the full adjustment took about 2 years.     

Application of an ecosystem function framework to perceptions of community woodlands

Owners, local residents, government, and conservation organisations can express divergent preferences in the development and management of local woodlands. The perceptions of these four groups were examined, in the context of three community woodlands in Eastern England, using an ecosystem function framework. In a pilot study, residents were able to allocate a relative importance to woodland ecosystem services which were then related to “regulation”, “habitat”, and “production” or “information” functions. However residents also placed importance on negative services or “dis-services” associated with the woodland ecosystem. Therefore a fifth category of “dis-services” was included in the main survey which included 84 local residents, three woodland owners, three government institutions, and six representatives from conservation groups. Each of the four groups placed greatest importance on services associated with habitat (16–39% of the total importance) and information (30–50%) functions suggesting, in this example, mutual interest in the use of woodlands as a habitat or recreational resource. By contrast a potential area of difference was the particularly high importance placed by one owner on dis-services such as fly tipping. In addition the woodland owners placed higher importance (10–20%), than local residents and conservation groups (7–9%), on the productive services of the wood. This suggests a need for communication when production-related operations affect recreation. The ecosystem function framework appears to be a useful approach for highlighting potential tensions and areas of mutual interest in the management of semi-natural ecosystems.     

In Vino ‘No’ Veritas: impacts of fraud on wine imports in China

China is one of the largest wine importing countries in the world and is poised for continued import growth in the future. Increased wine purchases throughout China have given rise to persistent fraud where fake wines are packaged and sold with counterfeit contents and labels. For exporting countries like France, counterfeit wines displace market share, damage foreign brand reputation, and cause distrust in consumers who are aware of counterfeiting problems throughout the country. We examine the impact of fraudulent wine events (as measured by negative media reports) on Chinese wine demand differentiated by supplying country. We employ the Rotterdam demand system and a switching regression procedure to estimate import demand and compare results across different media variable specifications. Results consistently show that negative reports disproportionately affect French wine regardless of how the media variable is specified. This is not surprising because most fraudulent events involve French wine counterfeits.     

An evaluation framework for earthquake-responsive land administration

In recent years earthquakes and their secondary hazards have claimed the largest number of lives of all large natural disasters. Some of the world’s most earthquake-prone zones are also areas of high population density. The impact is magnified by vulnerability factors including non-enforcement of building codes, knowledge gaps, urban poverty and poor governance capacity to manage and reduce earthquake risks. Poor security of land tenure and property rights increases the vulnerability of people and affects their ability to respond to natural disasters.Earthquake recovery and reconstruction provides very significant challenges for land agencies, with these challenges differing from one country to the next due to differences in the local context. Drawing on contrasting case studies in Haiti, Nepal and New Zealand this paper identifies the common post-earthquake land administration functions and challenges that may apply to many contexts. These lessons provide land agencies and other key stakeholders with a summary of the challenges an earthquake poses for land administration at different post-disaster stages. We also discuss the policy and regulatory, institutional, operational and preparedness lessons for land administration. From these lessons we propose a framework for evaluating the earthquake-responsiveness of a land administration system. This framework can be used by a land agency in an earthquake prone region, or where an earthquake has recently occurred, to assess what challenges to land administration might occur in the event of an earthquake, and the preparedness of their land administration system.     

Agrarian Poverty,Nutrition and Economic Class – A Study of Gujarat,India

This paper analyses poverty and calorific undernourishment in the Indian state of Gujarat, where high and market‐led industrial growth has resulted in rapid economic improvement. The study is carried out through a combination of secondary and survey‐based data. We conclude that the neoliberal agenda of uncontrolled, outward‐looking growth has not resulted in significant reduction of poverty or malnourishment in rural areas. Furthermore, while land ownership is officially used as a proxy for wealth distribution, class position appears a better predictor of poverty status in the rural areas than landownership per se. At the policy level, there is a need to revive the agrarian economy and create new non‐agricultural assets, and the primary focus in the state must shift to the distribution of created assets rather than a single‐minded focus on growth.     

Does sustainable agricultural growth require a system of innovation? Evidence from Ghana and Burkina Faso

This paper tests the ‘systems of innovation’ hypothesis for a selection of crops in Ghana and Burkina Faso that have shown significant growth in production over an approximately 20-year period. The question is whether such growth can only occur if supported by a system of innovation. Using two indicators (a common understanding on objectives and priorities, and a high level of interactivity), we find little evidence for the existence of anything that might be considered a high functioning system of innovation.     

Local impacts of industrial tree plantations: An empirical analysis in Indonesia across plantation types

The values ascribed to industrial tree plantations are often controversial. Hence knowledge of their perceived impacts is important for improving their integration in rural landscapes. In 2016 we conducted household surveys with 606 respondents living in villages adjacent to acacia, teak and pine plantations across three islands in Indonesia (Java, Borneo, Sumatra). Results show that perceptions toward pine and teak plantations tend to differ from those toward acacia pulpwood plantations in several ways. Pine and teak plantations are perceived to have a higher number and variety of benefits and services, a higher number of positive impacts, a better environmental record, and to present more opportunities to local people for use of plantation land and products for improving rural livelihoods. In addition, we find that villagers around acacia pulpwood plantations tend to seek economic development and infrastructure to open up remote areas, yet their expectations were often only partially met. Recommendations from our analysis include: the role of the State in plantations must be clarified and potentially reinforced; the role of institutions as intermediaries is fundamental; and contributions by communities to design of management plans should be accommodated.     

Underpayment of Small Producers of Coffee and Cocoa in Sierra Leone

Fieldwork shows that many Sierra Leonean producers do not receive the official producer price for their coffee and cocoa, due to the concentration of buying stations, credit relations, the small quantities offered for sale, and the lack of marketing knowledge of the numerous and unorganized farmers. To the traders underpayment may seem economically justifiable to a certain extent, but to the farmers it means poverty and debt. A new village marketing centre project aims at remedying this situation and has already led to higher prices. Although no longer allowed to take their "just" share from the producers, traders are still willing to deal with the new centres.     

Upstream demand for water use by new tree plantations imposes externalities on downstream irrigated agriculture and wetlands*

Large‐scale tree plantations in high rainfall upstream areas can reduce fresh water inflows to river systems, thereby imposing external costs on downstream irrigation, stock and domestic water users and wetland interests. We take the novel approach of expressing all benefits and costs of establishing plantations in terms of $ per gigalitre (GL) of water removed annually from river flows, setting upstream demands on the same basis as downstream demands. For the Macquarie Valley, a New South Wales sub‐catchment of Australia’s Murray‐Darling Basin, we project changes in land and water use and changes in economic surpluses under two policy settings: without and with a policy requiring permanent water entitlements to be purchased from downstream parties, before plantation establishment. Without the policy, and given a high stumpage value for trees ($70/m³), upstream gains in economic surplus projected from expanding plantations are $639 million; balanced against $233 million in economic losses by downstream irrigators and stock and domestic water users for a net gain of $406 million, but 345 GL lower mean annual environmental flows. With the policy, smaller gains in upstream economic surplus from trees ($192 million), added to net downstream gains ($138 million) from sale of water, result in gains of $330 million with no reduction in environmental flows. Sustaining the 345 GL flow for a $76 million (406–330) reduction in gains to economic surplus may be seen to cost only $0.22 million/GL; but this is much lower than the market value of the first units of that water to agriculture and forestry.     

Malaria incidence and agricultural efficiency in Uganda

The cost of accessing healthcare can be a major determinant of disease prevalence, which in turn has short‐ and long‐term welfare implications on poor households. In response, governments in developing countries often resort to subsidizing the cost of drugs, which, while perhaps easier to administer, may not always be the most effective way of addressing healthcare cost. In this regard, we analyze the impact of different types of household level health expenses on disease incidence and agricultural production efficiency. We use data from the 2006 Uganda National Household Survey, which covered approximately 7,400 households. The results suggest that a 10% increase in consultation, medicine, and hospitalization expenses would reduce malaria incidence respectively by 35.6%, 20.5%, and 21.3 %, which translates into a 1.1%, 0.6%, and 0.6 % decrease in agricultural inefficiency, respectively. The results indicate that helping poor households meet expenses for consultation through subsidies or eliminating consultation fees has a larger impact on malaria incidence and agricultural productivity among poor rural households than subsidizing the cost of medical drugs, the most common avenue chosen by developing country governments in the fight against the disease.