论国土空间生态修复基本逻辑

研究目的:阐释国土空间生态修复的基本逻辑,支撑新时期国土空间生态修复从区域自主治理向全域空间设计的战略转型。研究方法:文献综述分析法,逻辑推理法,系统回顾法。研究结果:基于国土空间"要素—格局—过程—服务"级联框架及全域耦合关联,针对目标、对象、区位及途径厘清国土空间生态修复的基本逻辑:以提升人类生态福祉而非生态系统服务潜在供给增长为核心修复目标,国土空间社会—生态要素为基本修复对象,构建多尺度协同的生态安全格局识别重点修复地域,秉承多层级协同次优而非单层级最优的主导修复途径。研究结论:国土空间生态修复的本质在于修复人地冲突、强化人地协同,"修"的是人与自然不和谐的相处方式,"复"的是生态系统退化或受损的结构、过程、功能及服务;国土空间生态修复的对象、区位及途径均以修复目标为导向。     

生态保护红线研究评述及框架体系构建

研究目的:系统梳理生态保护红线的研究成果,探讨生态保护红线研究的框架体系,进一步推进生态保护红线的理论与应用研究。研究方法:文献研究法,归纳分析法。研究结果:当前生态保护红线的研究主要聚焦在"概念界定—划定方法—管控策略"这三大方面。然而从理论发展的角度看,已有研究较为分散且缺乏关联互动,仍有深入探索的必要性。在对生态保护红线的研究范畴进行拓展的基础上,按照"理论—方法—实践"相统一的研究脉络,构建"定性—定量—定位—定策"的四位一体生态保护红线研究框架体系。研究结论:未来应从强化自然资源监测技术在生态保护红线监管中的应用、构建生态保护红线区生态修复技术体系、建立生态保护红线实施评价机制、探索生态保护红线区生态补偿的运作机理等方面对生态保护红线展开进一步探索。     

耕地休耕研究进展与评述

研究目的:系统总结耕地休耕的国内外研究成果,探讨未来休耕研究的重点方向,促进耕地资源的可持续利用。研究方法:文献研究法。研究结果:按照"概念基础—目标模式—实施要点—保障机制"的框架进行梳理,现有研究在休耕内涵及其效益、休耕政策目标与实施模式、休耕规模与空间布局、农户休耕意愿与补偿、休耕存在问题与对策等方面取得了一定的研究进展,但总体而言,目前休耕研究存在缺乏基础理论研究、缺乏深度与系统性、缺乏学科交叉研究等不足。研究结论:未来应重点加强休耕制度基础理论研究、休耕各领域的系统性研究以及自然科学和社会科学的交叉研究等方面。     

国土空间生态保护和修复研究路径：科学到决策

研究目的：探索走向可持续生态系统综合管理的国土空间生态保护和修复的研究路径与应用实践。研究方法：综合分析法,案例分析法等。研究结果：（1）以生态系统管理等理论为支撑,基于国土空间生态安全格局整体保护理念,关注中观—宏观尺度的国土空间生态保护和修复关键区域识别与诊断,从生态系统和社会系统维度提出国土空间生态保护和修复科学认知、价值重塑与政策引导的研究路径,构建 “本底调查测度—多维认知—科学识别—价值重塑—规划调控—政策引导—技术支撑”从科学到决策的国土空间生态保护和修复研究路径;（2）以山东省烟台市为例,围绕重焕蓝色海洋、连通生态廊道、牢筑生态屏障、优化生态格局和彰显绿色宜居策略,探索国土空间生态保护和修复应用实践。研究结论：生态文明背景下国土空间生态保护和修复走向可持续生态系统综合管理成为必然,所提出的研究路径和应用实践为国土空间生态保护和修复研究提供了新的思路与方法。     

土地退化中性研究的国际进展及其中国路径

研究目的:系统论述"土地退化中性"的概念内涵、理论框架、实践探索与潜在风险,为中国生态文明框架下的国土空间生态修复、国土综合整治和美丽国土建设提供参考依据.研究方法:文献研究法、案例分析法.研究结果:(1)土地退化中性理论围绕平衡机制构建,基于土地数量与质量"无净损失"这一具体目标,多措并举阻碍、减少与修复自然环境恶化,继而实现保障粮食安全、协调生态系统与人类健康发展的目标;(2)来自国外的经验证明,土地退化中性理论在实践中仍存在评价指标及参数选择标准化、土地规划与中性目标的有效衔接、政策法规与部门职能界限模糊、各类要素供给滞后、多方主体间利益协调等问题;(3)土地退化中性研究的国际经验,对于中国正在推进的国土空间规划、国土空间生态修复、国土综合整治以及耕地占补平衡机制创新等都有重要启示.研究结论:面对中国日趋复杂的区域性生态问题,可以借鉴土地退化中性理论和思想,统筹国土空间的整体保护、系统修复和综合治理,优化国土空间整治修复结构布局,促进建立更加完善的国土空间生态修复制度.     

再论矿区生态系统恢复重建

研究目的:基于"山水林田湖草生命共同体"的理念,剖析国土空间矿区生态系统恢复重建的目标、对象、方法、途径。研究方法:"理论方法—工程技术—试验示范—标准规程—监测监管—推广应用"互逆研究范式。研究结果:(1)从生态系统结构与功能角度,将矿区生态系统演变划分为三个阶段、四种类型、三个过程,以及不同恢复重建方案对效益的影响;(2)从技术经济角度佐证原脆弱生态系统、极度退化生态系统、不可逆转生态系统、重建生态系统正向演替与逆向演替的可能;(3)从地上光温资源、地表水土资源和地下矿产资源变化角度,将矿区生态系统演变划分为极不稳定生态系统、不稳定生态系统、低稳定生态系统、高稳定生态系统4种模式;(4)通过大量的实践,在系统诊断矿区生态系统受损特征与恢复重建的学科支撑基础上,提出并验证了矿区"地貌重塑、土壤重构、植被重建、景观重现、生物多样性重组与保护"的土地复垦与生态修复实现途径;(5)讨论了矿区生态恢复重建研究具有普适意义、提供中国方案的国情差异认知、学科交叉认知、规划决策认知和环境规制认知。研究结论:为国土空间矿区生态系统恢复重建提供理论依据和指导。     

新时代中国土地生态学发展的思考

研究目的:总结中国土地生态学研究进展,思考中国土地生态学发展方向。研究方法:文献检索与综合分析法。研究结果:土地生态学在土地生态系统结构与变化、土地生态评价、土地生态规划与设计、土地生态恢复与重建和土地生态管护等方面都取得了长足进展。研究结论:推进土地生态学发展要加快构建土地生态学知识体系,加快提升土地生态评价技术方法,加快推进面向国家战略和决策需求的土地生态学实践应用等。     

中国土地生态学的基本问题、研究进展与发展建议

研究目的阐述中国土地生态学的某些基本问题,总结土地生态学最新研究进展,分析学科发展方向,提出发展建议,为推动土地生态学学科发展提供参考.研究方法文献检索与综合分析法.研究结果(1)土地生态学在土地科学体系中处于基础地位,并展现出良好的发展前景,与景观生态学相比,土地生态学更强调理论与实践的紧密结合.(2)中国土地生态学的研究主要集中在土地生态结构与变化、土地生态评价等领域,在土地生态规划与设计、土地生态恢复与重建、土地生态管护等应用领域研究较少.(3)土地生态学发展要进一步完善学科体系建设,加强重要基础理论研究并逐步建立土地生态管护体系.     

全生命周期视角下流域国土空间生态保护修复研究

研究目的：基于全生命周期理念,结合流域生态系统典型特征,提出流域国土空间生态保护修复基本体系、重点任务、实施难点、解决途径及亟待研究方向,为流域国土综合治理提供参考。研究方法：文献综述法,逻辑推理法。研究结果：（1）流域国土空间生态保护修复应以水为核心开展,全生命周期视角下可分为“识水—治水—管水”三个修复阶段。（2）流域国土空间生态保护修复重点任务在于以水梯度为基础开展流域生态系统特征与胁迫识别,以水连通为主线开展“山水林田湖草沙”系统修复以及以水健康为重点实施修复成效评估及可持续监管。（3）生态胁迫的复杂性、修复模式的精准性以及跨区域协同管理的困难性为流域生态修复实施带来了困难。（4）提升流域生态系统监测的精度和广度,注重多要素、多层级协同的修复目标与模式制定,构建生态修复跨区域全周期协同机制等举措可为解决生态修复难点提供可行路径。研究结论：从“识水—治水—管水”全生命周期视角实施流域国土空间生态保护修复,可为流域国土综合治理提供科学借鉴。     

中小河流水利工程生态经济评价现状与展望

水利是社会经济发展的基础支撑,水利工程的建设与生态、经济、社会的协调关系影响到区域经济、社会与生态发展,水利工程的建设与运行关系着我国生态环境的发展与变化,需要遵循人与自然和谐共生的基本方针,大力加强生态文明建设。因此探讨生态经济评价在中小河流水利工程中的应用性,结合相关研究成果、基于生态学、经济学、生态经济学理论对各类水利工程的生态经济评价进行梳理,科学分析水利工程建设与生态经济间的关系;以现有的水利工程生态经济评价认知为出发点,了解国内外水利工程生态经济评价的研究与应用现状;总结了当前水利工程生态经济评价的相关理论、评价方法以及水利工程生态经济评价中存在的问题。从评价指标体系、评价方法两方面提出了未来中小河流水利工程生态经济评价的研究与展望,为水利工程生态经济评价的研究与应用提供科学指导。     

Price transmission between products at different stages of manufacturing in forest industries

The theory of demand and supply implies a positive relationship, or “price transmission” between the prices of products at different stages of manufacturing. This relationship was investigated with quarterly prices of softwood stumpage in the US South, and national prices of forest products, from 1977 to 2002. All prices, net of inflation, were found to be nonstationary and there was no evidence of co-integration between prices. Vector autogressive models, augmented by Granger causality tests and multiplier analysis showed that there was a one-to-one permanent positive response of the southern sawtimber stumpage price to a permanent change in the national lumber price. There was also a one-third permanent positive response of the national paper price to a permanent change in the national pulp price. There was no relation between regional pulpwood prices and national pulp or paper prices. When price transmission was significant, the full adjustment took about 2 years.     

Application of an ecosystem function framework to perceptions of community woodlands

Owners, local residents, government, and conservation organisations can express divergent preferences in the development and management of local woodlands. The perceptions of these four groups were examined, in the context of three community woodlands in Eastern England, using an ecosystem function framework. In a pilot study, residents were able to allocate a relative importance to woodland ecosystem services which were then related to “regulation”, “habitat”, and “production” or “information” functions. However residents also placed importance on negative services or “dis-services” associated with the woodland ecosystem. Therefore a fifth category of “dis-services” was included in the main survey which included 84 local residents, three woodland owners, three government institutions, and six representatives from conservation groups. Each of the four groups placed greatest importance on services associated with habitat (16–39% of the total importance) and information (30–50%) functions suggesting, in this example, mutual interest in the use of woodlands as a habitat or recreational resource. By contrast a potential area of difference was the particularly high importance placed by one owner on dis-services such as fly tipping. In addition the woodland owners placed higher importance (10–20%), than local residents and conservation groups (7–9%), on the productive services of the wood. This suggests a need for communication when production-related operations affect recreation. The ecosystem function framework appears to be a useful approach for highlighting potential tensions and areas of mutual interest in the management of semi-natural ecosystems.     

In Vino ‘No’ Veritas: impacts of fraud on wine imports in China

China is one of the largest wine importing countries in the world and is poised for continued import growth in the future. Increased wine purchases throughout China have given rise to persistent fraud where fake wines are packaged and sold with counterfeit contents and labels. For exporting countries like France, counterfeit wines displace market share, damage foreign brand reputation, and cause distrust in consumers who are aware of counterfeiting problems throughout the country. We examine the impact of fraudulent wine events (as measured by negative media reports) on Chinese wine demand differentiated by supplying country. We employ the Rotterdam demand system and a switching regression procedure to estimate import demand and compare results across different media variable specifications. Results consistently show that negative reports disproportionately affect French wine regardless of how the media variable is specified. This is not surprising because most fraudulent events involve French wine counterfeits.     

An evaluation framework for earthquake-responsive land administration

In recent years earthquakes and their secondary hazards have claimed the largest number of lives of all large natural disasters. Some of the world’s most earthquake-prone zones are also areas of high population density. The impact is magnified by vulnerability factors including non-enforcement of building codes, knowledge gaps, urban poverty and poor governance capacity to manage and reduce earthquake risks. Poor security of land tenure and property rights increases the vulnerability of people and affects their ability to respond to natural disasters.Earthquake recovery and reconstruction provides very significant challenges for land agencies, with these challenges differing from one country to the next due to differences in the local context. Drawing on contrasting case studies in Haiti, Nepal and New Zealand this paper identifies the common post-earthquake land administration functions and challenges that may apply to many contexts. These lessons provide land agencies and other key stakeholders with a summary of the challenges an earthquake poses for land administration at different post-disaster stages. We also discuss the policy and regulatory, institutional, operational and preparedness lessons for land administration. From these lessons we propose a framework for evaluating the earthquake-responsiveness of a land administration system. This framework can be used by a land agency in an earthquake prone region, or where an earthquake has recently occurred, to assess what challenges to land administration might occur in the event of an earthquake, and the preparedness of their land administration system.     

Agrarian Poverty,Nutrition and Economic Class – A Study of Gujarat,India

This paper analyses poverty and calorific undernourishment in the Indian state of Gujarat, where high and market‐led industrial growth has resulted in rapid economic improvement. The study is carried out through a combination of secondary and survey‐based data. We conclude that the neoliberal agenda of uncontrolled, outward‐looking growth has not resulted in significant reduction of poverty or malnourishment in rural areas. Furthermore, while land ownership is officially used as a proxy for wealth distribution, class position appears a better predictor of poverty status in the rural areas than landownership per se. At the policy level, there is a need to revive the agrarian economy and create new non‐agricultural assets, and the primary focus in the state must shift to the distribution of created assets rather than a single‐minded focus on growth.     

Does sustainable agricultural growth require a system of innovation? Evidence from Ghana and Burkina Faso

This paper tests the ‘systems of innovation’ hypothesis for a selection of crops in Ghana and Burkina Faso that have shown significant growth in production over an approximately 20-year period. The question is whether such growth can only occur if supported by a system of innovation. Using two indicators (a common understanding on objectives and priorities, and a high level of interactivity), we find little evidence for the existence of anything that might be considered a high functioning system of innovation.     

Local impacts of industrial tree plantations: An empirical analysis in Indonesia across plantation types

The values ascribed to industrial tree plantations are often controversial. Hence knowledge of their perceived impacts is important for improving their integration in rural landscapes. In 2016 we conducted household surveys with 606 respondents living in villages adjacent to acacia, teak and pine plantations across three islands in Indonesia (Java, Borneo, Sumatra). Results show that perceptions toward pine and teak plantations tend to differ from those toward acacia pulpwood plantations in several ways. Pine and teak plantations are perceived to have a higher number and variety of benefits and services, a higher number of positive impacts, a better environmental record, and to present more opportunities to local people for use of plantation land and products for improving rural livelihoods. In addition, we find that villagers around acacia pulpwood plantations tend to seek economic development and infrastructure to open up remote areas, yet their expectations were often only partially met. Recommendations from our analysis include: the role of the State in plantations must be clarified and potentially reinforced; the role of institutions as intermediaries is fundamental; and contributions by communities to design of management plans should be accommodated.     

土地学科的建设和发展——"土地学科发展规划研讨会"综述

中国土地科学学科发展已取得很大成就,表现为专业教育和人才培养成绩突出、初步形成学科体系、取得大批研究成果.而存在的问题主要是基础理论研究欠缺、独特的土地科学研究方法体系尚未形成、研究角度单一、学术交流质量不高和学科带头人的影响力不足.土地科学学科发展目前面临着巨大的机遇和挑战,应明确土地科学学科发展的基本思路、发展目标及2010-2020年的主要建设任务和保障措施.     

Upstream demand for water use by new tree plantations imposes externalities on downstream irrigated agriculture and wetlands*

Large‐scale tree plantations in high rainfall upstream areas can reduce fresh water inflows to river systems, thereby imposing external costs on downstream irrigation, stock and domestic water users and wetland interests. We take the novel approach of expressing all benefits and costs of establishing plantations in terms of $ per gigalitre (GL) of water removed annually from river flows, setting upstream demands on the same basis as downstream demands. For the Macquarie Valley, a New South Wales sub‐catchment of Australia’s Murray‐Darling Basin, we project changes in land and water use and changes in economic surpluses under two policy settings: without and with a policy requiring permanent water entitlements to be purchased from downstream parties, before plantation establishment. Without the policy, and given a high stumpage value for trees ($70/m³), upstream gains in economic surplus projected from expanding plantations are $639 million; balanced against $233 million in economic losses by downstream irrigators and stock and domestic water users for a net gain of $406 million, but 345 GL lower mean annual environmental flows. With the policy, smaller gains in upstream economic surplus from trees ($192 million), added to net downstream gains ($138 million) from sale of water, result in gains of $330 million with no reduction in environmental flows. Sustaining the 345 GL flow for a $76 million (406–330) reduction in gains to economic surplus may be seen to cost only $0.22 million/GL; but this is much lower than the market value of the first units of that water to agriculture and forestry.     

Underpayment of Small Producers of Coffee and Cocoa in Sierra Leone

Fieldwork shows that many Sierra Leonean producers do not receive the official producer price for their coffee and cocoa, due to the concentration of buying stations, credit relations, the small quantities offered for sale, and the lack of marketing knowledge of the numerous and unorganized farmers. To the traders underpayment may seem economically justifiable to a certain extent, but to the farmers it means poverty and debt. A new village marketing centre project aims at remedying this situation and has already led to higher prices. Although no longer allowed to take their "just" share from the producers, traders are still willing to deal with the new centres.