Making tourism work for the poor: Strategies and challenges in southern Africa

This article analyses strategies for 'pro-poor tourism' (PPT), ie strategies that increase the benefits to poor people from tourism development. Based on an international review of six pro-poor tourism case studies, it outlines the wide range of pro-poor tourism strategies used and their impacts to date, with particular focus on southern African case studies. By analysing their progress, problems and the critical factors influencing them, the article identifies implications for the way forward. This review underpins four propositions. First, despite commercial constraints, much can be done to enhance the contribution of tourism to poverty reduction, and a 'PPT' perspective assists in this endeavour. Secondly, PPT strategies can, and should be, incorporated by all actors in tourism, whether in government or business, at local or policy level. Thirdly, a wide range of impacts on poor people, going well beyond jobs, need to be recognised and enhanced. Finally, PPT strategies are difficult, but particularly relevant in southern Africa given the challenges of economic and political transformation, as well as the opportunity to influence international discussions on 'sustainable tourism' at the World Summit on Sustainable Development in Johannesburg in 2002.     

Local tourism value chain linkages as pro-poor tools for regional development in western Uganda

Building on the model of Meyer [(2007). Pro-Poor tourism: from leakages to linkages. A conceptual framework for creating linkages between the accommodation sector and ‘poor’ neighbouring communities. Current Issues in Tourism 10(6), 558–83], this paper focuses on the regional development potential of local linkages with the supply chain and community partnerships of established tourism businesses in western Uganda. Results show that supply-related inconsistencies of local produce undermine the existence of supply chain linkages with local farmers, and favour business linkages with local intermediary suppliers, dominantly shaping the regional development potential of supply chain linkages in western Uganda. Yet, this research found several ‘windows of opportunity’ for local suppliers to connect to the tourism value chain. Results on community partnerships suggest that most businesses do not move beyond the absolute minimum partnership intensity that is required to be able to strategically use for marketing purposes and obtain a unique selling proposition. Finally, our research exposes the complexity of locating responsibility among different stakeholders of the value chain in suggested paths for (regional) development.     

自然资源会计制度设计及研究

自然资源会计制度的设计是健全我国自然资源资产审计制度的必要举措,有利于健全我国自然资源管理制度,对于约束企业或行政部门的权力和改善生态环境具有一定的意义。自然资源会计制度目前已经成为国内外学者的研究热点之一,文章从自然资源会计要素的确认与计量、自然资源会计核算方法、自然资源会计信息披露等方面为我国自然资源会计制度的具体内容进行了全面系统的设计,并对会计制度设计的环境营造提出了几点建议。     

The challenges of globalisation for development in southern Africa

The world is currently engaged in a process of globalisation, as is reflected in the growth of world trade, unification of capital markets, internationalisation of production, distribution networks and the mega-revolution in information, communications and technology. Globalisation presents both opportunities and challenges for developing countries, especially the southern African region. It also demands that the region becomes competitive in attracting investment, applying new technology, and producing goods and services that can compete efficiently on the global market. The main purpose of this article is therefore to consider whether southern Africa is likely to enter a global community successfully, and be prosperous in the process.     

商丘古城的文化旅游资源及开发策略

商丘古城拥有丰富的文物景观与文化名人资源,多样的民间艺术、习俗资源与饮食文化资源。本文论述了有效开发商丘古城的文化旅游资源,促进商丘文化旅游业的发展应遵循的几点策略。     

星子与庐山旅游资源整合研究

目前,我国的旅游业正从规模经济向系统经济转轨,旅游资源整合成为旅游业发展的客观趋势。本文分析了“大庐山”旅游资源的分割现状,并提出资源整合的现实可能性,认为星子与庐山在今后的发展中应从打破行政界线、树立市场开发战略、改善服务质量和健全法制环境四方面进行深度开发和整合,最后指出该地区旅游资源整合过程中应注意的问题。     

基于公地悲剧理论的共生旅游资源开发研究——以环太湖旅游区为例

共生旅游资源在开发利用中,由于产权未界定,各方在获得收益时都将成本最大化地外化到公共领域,从而造成资源浪费、过度开发、资源使用效率低下、环境恶化的悲剧后果。在资源共生的相邻行政区划土地产权不可能明确界定的刚性约束下,消除公地悲剧主要通过建立开发联合体实现,依托联合体,统一规划,加强开发分工,实施整体营销,保护核心共生产品从而保证共生资源开发的市场绩效,实现共生资源开发的竞合有序化。     

The impact of tourism on poverty in South Africa

This paper evaluates the potential impact of tourism on poverty in South Africa on the basis of recent survey data on international tourism spending patterns. It looks at three scenarios, using an applied general equilibrium model. The main finding is that the poor benefit very little in the short term from additional tourism income. A further finding is that domestic and international tourist expenditure affect the economy differently; both markets are therefore important. In essence, the research confirms that tourism receipts can be used as a tool to alleviate poverty, but in South Africa this must be supported by policies that focus on the labour market and human resource development.     

Financial,corporate and tax harmonisation for capital market development in southern Africa

An integrated capital market can significantly improve prospects for a region which seeks to accelerate its development but is critically short of the requisite capital The function of a capital market is the transformation of savings by private individuals into investment capital required by business concerns. However, the processing of transformation requires mediation between their respective interests through an effective mechanism for facilitating access to the market for capital It also requires allocational efficiency so that capital investment is directed where it is most useful and provides the best yield.

This article considers the measures that should be adopted to facilitate harmonisation leading to the growth of a regional capital market which is necessary for regional integration. It reviews trends in capital controls, corporate and financial regulatory practices and tax regimes and discusses the implications for capital mobilisation and investment. The regionalisation of capital would call for considerable convergence and coordination of policy and practice in capital control, regulatory requirements and fiscal systems.     

Integrating tourism to rural development and planning in the developing world

In the past few decades, rural areas have experienced major socioeconomic changes. Due to modernisation and deepening globalisation, the economic and employment potential of many traditional livelihoods has decreased. Currently tourism is increasingly seen as a relevant tool for addressing rural problems in developing countries and tourism is actively used for economic diversification and opening up new ways to generate income and employment. However, many development models, such as integrated rural tourism (IRT) with emphasis on co-planning, learning and participation, originate from the Global North. This calls for careful considerations when such models are applied to the Global South's rural contexts. This research note discusses some of the key challenges of rural tourism development, especially related to the integration of the tourism industry and rural communities in developing countries, and overviews the applicability and conditions of the IRT framework as a potential approach for rural tourism development in the developing world.     

三峡库区生态旅游资源整合进展及对策建议

本文阐述了三峡库区旅游资源整合的理论研究和实践情况,探究了阻碍三峡库区旅游资源整合的因素,提出了库区旅游资源整合的发展建议。     

四川省国际旅游客源市场的特点与开发

进一步开发四川省国际旅游客源市场,需要对其体系构成、年际变化、旅游动机和消费结构特点加以详细分析,并依据其特点从目标市场选择、国际旅游品牌塑造、消费结构优化和宣传营销创新等4个方面构建四川省国际旅游客源市场开发体系。     

深圳导游人力资源管理问题及对策

旅游业是典型的劳动密集型产业。服务质量来源于第一线直接面对旅游者的服务人员提供服务、创造价值的过程。对于旅行社而言，导游人员的服务质量是旅行社可持续经营的生命线。因此，导游人员的人力资源管理对于旅行社长久发展有着重要的保证作用。     

The implications for suppliers of the spread of supermarkets in southern Africa

ABSTRACT

The growth of supermarkets in southern Africa opens local and regional markets to suppliers through participation in supermarket supply chains. Supermarkets in the region provide an important route to market for processed foods and household consumable products. Through a regional value chain lens, this article provides an assessment of the implications of the growth of supermarkets for the participation of suppliers in Botswana, South Africa, Zambia and Zimbabwe. The research finds that, while supermarkets provide important opportunities for suppliers, they also exert considerable buyer power that limits supplier development and upgrading. High private standards, onerous requirements and costly trading terms negatively affect supplier participation in value chains. Long-term investments are required to build the capabilities of suppliers to meet supermarket requirements in terms of quality, consistency, volume and cost-competitiveness.     

A simple accounting framework for the effect of resource misallocation on aggregate productivity

This paper develops a simple accounting framework that measures the effect of resource misallocation on aggregate productivity. This framework is based on a multi-sector equilibrium model with sector-specific frictions in the form of taxes on sectoral factor inputs. Our framework is flexible for the assumption on preferences or aggregate production functions. Moreover, this framework is consistent with that commonly used in productivity analysis. I apply this framework to measure the extent to which resource misallocation explains the difference in aggregate productivity across developed countries. I find that around 9 percentage points of the difference in the measured aggregate productivity between Japan and the US can be accounted for by resource misallocation. Using the framework, I also decompose the causes of the misallocation effect.