Power, Property Rights and the Issue of Land Reform: A General Case Illustrated with Reference to Bangladesh

The argument for land reform is most persuasive when the proposed land reform promises not only to improve distribution but also to increase growth and efficiency. Such is the promise in the GKI advocacy of radical redistributive land reform. In this paper, first (a) the Griffin, Khan and Ickowitz (GKI) and (b) World Bank positions on land reform are compared, and their points of agreement and disagreement identified. Secondly, the political economy of Bangladesh is examined to evaluate the appropriateness of these two competing neoclassical approaches for understanding the constraints in the agrarian sector. Thirdly, it is argued that the anomalous evidence on land transactions and productivity in Bangladesh cannot be easily accommodated within purely economic models of markets in the way that the neoclassical approach attempts. Paradoxically, both the World Bank's focus on institutional reform and GKI's focus on radical land reform are derived from such attempts and both suffer from similar empirical and theoretical problems. There is a strong case for going back to Brenner-type political economy approaches for understanding the dynamism and constraints facing agrarian transitions. Such an approach puts the analysis of class and power at the centre stage of an analysis of structure and change in the agrarian economy, and focuses on the distribution of power that prevents primitive accumulation in some countries leading to a capitalist transformation.     

集体建设用地使用制度改革中的几个问题

在法律上确定集体建设用地进入市场是集体建设用地使用制度改革的中心任务。在市场配置集体建设用地过程中 ,集体建设用地只需符合规划并合法取得。集体土地产权界定是搞好土地市场配置的基本前提 ,而依产权关系和引致土地增值的投资所有者关系分配建设用地收益是集体建设用地使用制度改革的关键。     

Land Reform for Peace? Rwanda's 2005 Land Law in Context

A decade ago, Rwanda embarked on a major land reform programme. The government envisaged a new land law, supported by a land policy, and claimed that the new tenure system would contribute to enhancing food production, social equity and the prevention of conflict. The Land Law was finally passed in the summer of 2005. The UK Department for International Development (DFID) has taken on significant responsibility for monitoring the reform programme. This article provides a contextualized reading of the new Law. It argues that its emphasis on the obligation to consolidate fragmented family plots and register them will exacerbate social tension, but that some of the potential for social strife may be reduced because the state will allow flexibility in how the Land Law is implemented.     

The Politics of Land Reform: Tenure and Political Authority in Rural Kwazulu-Natal

When South Africa's land reform programme finally reached rural Umbumbulu, a potential for conflict over land emerged unexpectedly. Strategically located near a major urban centre, residents of this region have long relied on wages and social welfare grants. Land was valued primarily for residential security and as a symbolic representation of community membership, rather than for productive purposes. This emphasis on community membership, however, created the potential for conflict when a local chief challenged a civil society group over their authority to claim land. With the government's continued hesitancy to challenge the authority of chiefs, land reform provided an opportunity for local chiefs to reinforce their position and potentially to expand the amount of land under their jurisdiction. This agenda conflicted both with the government's interest in developing commercial agriculture and local residents' desire for rural land as security in the context of high levels of unemployment.     

保障性住房用地方式比较及改革思路探索

研究目的:探讨新时期城市土地使用制度的改革思路,满足日益发展的保障性住房建设对土地使用制度的新要求。研究方法:理论分析和实证分析相结合。研究结果:不同保障性住房的土地权属特征及可能产生的影响,提出完善土地使用制度以适应住房保障体系的建议,并以北京市为例进行分析。研究结论:深化城市土地使用制度改革对于保障性住房建设具有重要意义。     

改革开放后我国农地制度改革与创新

改革开放以来,我国农地制度出现多次变迁,对社会经济产生了深刻影响。以改革开放后通过制度变迁而形成的家庭联产承包责任制、两田制、规模经营制、四荒地拍卖制、股份合作制等5种农地制度为研究对象,利用制度经济学、政治经济学、产权经济学的方法和理论,分析和探讨这5种农地制度变迁的方式、背景、条件,总结和梳理农地制度变迁所产生的绩效及启示,并针对中国现行农地制度存在的诸多缺陷,提出进一步改革及创新的方向和建议。     

我国征地制度改革路径探寻

文章简要回顾了我国征地制度改革的历程、总结改革经验、评价当前改革的主流方向,提出解决非公共利益用地增量供应问题是征地制度改革必不可少的一个环节。在此基础上,结合征地制度改革所要遵循的原则提出我国征地制度改革应该从三个层面逐步深入开展:首先,解决征地中显现的问题和矛盾;其次,解决非公共利益用地增量供应问题;最后,严格界定公共利益,限制征地权行使范围。     

土地征用制度改革的模式选择

从现行土地征用制度存在的问题和原因,论述土地征用制度改革的目标、指导思想和原则,重点探讨改革的模式和方案的选择,提出了建立基于市场经济原则的新的土地征购制度。     

论征地权过度使用的防止与中国征地制度改革——国际经验对中国征地制度改革的启示

研究目的:分析当前中国征地权过度使用的直接诱因。研究方法:比较研究。研究结果:征地制度缺陷,特别是现行征地制度中缺乏规范严格的征地程序,是征地权经常被过度使用的直接原因。研究结论:防止征地权过度使用的主要措施是,明确限定公共利益的范围,设定规范严格的征地程序。建立健全征地程序应当成为中国当前征地制度改革的核心内容,也是防止征地权过度使用的有效途径。     

土地资源配置方式改革与公共政策转变

研究目的:通过考察我国土地资源配置方式改革进程以及现有的公共政策体系,明确土地资源配置方式改革的目标取向和与之相对应的公共政策转变。研究方法:文献资料法和归纳分析法。研究结果:土地资源低效利用以及伴随的生态环境问题是落后的土地资源配置方式与低效公共政策作用的必然结果。研究结论:通过结合公共政策转变可能遇到的难点进行分析认为,明晰土地财产权权利、培育市场竞争主体以及依据公共政策的制定基础变化调整政策目标等方面的改革是改善土地资源配置效率及增进社会福利必须突破的3点。     

谈土地管理法修订中的集体土地征收与配套改革问题

结合多年从事基层国土工作的体会,运用系统分析方法,重新审视土地管理法修订中的集体土地征收问题,结果表明：（1）从集体土地征收的角度看法律制度设计,首要的问题是统筹处理好“保增长、保红线、保权益”的相互关系,而不是界定征收范围;（2）从修订土地管理法的背景看征地审批制度,重要的问题是理顺“会计”与“出纳”的关系,而不是由谁行使征地审批权;（j）从被征地农民的“现实需要”、“生计保障”和“持续发展”三个层次看补偿安置,重要的问题是在法定征地成本项目中锁定相关费用,而不是征地程序性;（4）从可行性的角度看法律的生命力,重要的问题是配套改革干部管理体制,而不是查处系统内干部的执行力。     

Chinese Land Reform in Long-Run Perspective and in the Wider East Asian Context

The claims made by Griffin et al. for the impact of land reform in China are unconvincing. The land reform of 1947–52 did not lead to a pronounced increase in agricultural output. Nor was it egalitarian; indeed, but for the deliberate preservation of the rich peasant economy, growth might have been non-existent. The second land reform of 1981–3 was equally ineffectual. Agricultural growth had shifted on to a faster growth path before decol-lectivization, and the surge of 1980–4 was little more than a temporary response to decent weather, procurement price rises, the abandonment of the Dazhai system and a reduction in output under-reporting. Rural income inequality has been held in check since 1984 because of local government intervention, not because family farming is intrinsically egalitarian. China's experience of land reform is mirrored by those of other East Asian countries. A century of land reform has not resolved Japan's deep-seated agricultural problems, nor those of Taiwan and South Korea.     

我国土地征用制度改革及其支撑体系探讨

在分析我国目前土地征用制度的现状及存在问题的同时,总结土地征用制度改革的成功经验和不足,从征地范围、征地补偿和征地程序三个方面提出了土地征用制度改革的构想,探讨了以农村集体土地产权制度、农地流转市场、农地定级估价等为基础的征地制度改革的支撑体系。     

20世纪50年代初关中农村的土地改革

20世纪50年代初，陕西关中地区41县（市）的农村按照《中华人民共和国土地改革法》进行了土地改革。本文通过对土改前后关中农村各阶层土地占有状况和权力组成结构的分析，论证了在关中这个自耕农占绝对优势的小农社会中，土改表现出明显的“政治土改”的特征，虽然土改后地权变动对多数农民来说意义不大，但是土改彻底打破了农村传统的权力的文化网络，按照中共意识形态重建了乡村社会结构，重构了乡村权力的文化网络。     

国土资源管理改革的总体趋势与若干思考

当前国土资源管理改革的总体趋势是:管理模式向综合型和协调型转变,管理职能向透明型和服务型政府转变,管理方式向贴近宏观经济和社会发展转变,管理手段向政府调控和市场配置型转变,管理理念向资源、资产、资本三位一体转变.国土资源管理的难点问题体现在:大综合的管理趋势与系统内部的条块混合体制,民众参政热情与低效的社会舆论应对机制,传统的资源管理与参与宏观调控的职能要求,权力的垂直上收与调动地方积极性,资源资产化和收益分配制度问题等五对矛盾.建议在国土资源管理改革中树立建设综合协调的大国土资源体制目标,建立健全宣传应对机制,明确参与宏观调控的站位和抓手,建立有效调控与市场机制相结合的高效管理方式,探索建立资源、资产、资本三位一体的管理模式.     

“修宪”后新的“土地征用”范畴初探

文章在对“土地征用”和“土地征收”特征对比的基础上,对第四次“修宪”后处于“空白”状态的新的“土地征用”适用范畴做了初步探讨;阐明了“土地征用”目标和“土地征用”权属变更特征;并总结出“修宪”后的“土地征用”的适用范围,即“紧急状态”下的土地征用、正常状态的临时土地征用和建设勘测中的“临时用地”。     

苏南“土改”中一田两主地权结构的变动

明清以来江南地区形成了相当灵活的地权流转机制,租佃制尤其是一田两主呈现出土地利用的多层次性及权益分配的多样性。而建国初期的土地改革促使这一流转机制发生了重要转变,其关键是地权结构的简约化,尤其在商品经济发达的苏南,土改中的租田处理、地权再造与地权观念的变化,影响着农村的资源配置、财富分配和权力构成,奠定了新中国土地产权结构的基础,其经验对处理当前农地改革具有重要借鉴意义。     

浅议股份制改革中国有企业土地资产的法律界定

从法律角度,结合我国企业土地资产的发展,存在形式和权利状况,本文就股份制改革中国有企业土地资产的法律问题,亦即：在土地公有制条件下,股份制企业使用的国有土地能否成为企业资产,其权利和如何依法界定作了较系统的探讨。