The Heterodox Economics of "The Most Orthodox of Orthodox Economists"

A bstract The prevailing view of Frank Knight is that he was a defender of neoclassical economics and the free market system While this view has validity, it tends to obscure the presence of significant heterodox elements in his thought Knight was, in fact, one of the most perceptive critics of economic orthodoxy and the market system The question thus arises as to how Knight could combine advocacy and criticism of the market system Knight reconciled the two by separating questions of policy from the evaluation of ideals. Thus while his criticism of the market system proceeded on the basis of regarding it as ideal, in contrast his judgments on policy were based upon comparisons of the available alternatives. Knight found the alternatives to the imperfect market order even less appealing     

光与影的交织——光影艺术在室内空间中的演绎与表达

室内空间是人们生活环境的主体,光影艺术是在人们认知和体验室内空间过程中最重要的介质之一。光与影是并存的,光影艺术可以为诗意浪漫的空间塑造起到烘托与推动作用,也影响和体现着人们对室内空间与环境关系的认识与感触,是联系人、室内空间、环境并使之融为一体的重要催化剂。因而,如何处理好光影效果,并且最终达到照明效果及具有审美价值的光影艺术,已然成为空间视觉设计中不得不重视的问题。     

The Economists of Tomorrow: The Case for Assertive Pluralism in Economics Education

This article presents the case for “assertive pluralism” in economics education and proposes how to achieve it, illustrating the point with reference to the U.K. Subject Benchmark Statement in Economics (SBSE). It proposes a revision of the benchmark, prioritizing the role of controversy in the teaching of economics, combined with pluralistic principles that uphold and guarantee critical and independent thinking. This reform is a necessary response to what Colander et al. (2009 ) term the “systemic failure” of economics—the inability of the profession, taken as a whole, to anticipate and understand the financial crash and recession of 2008. Failure on this scale testifies to a more deep‐seated weakness in economics than commonly recognized. It arises from what Turner ( Tett 2009 ) terms the regulatory capture of the economics profession by narrow financial interests. The public, and the economics profession, require specific protection against the pressures that have produced this systemic failure. This requires a rethink of the relation of economics to society, founded on a rejection of the idea that the function of economics is to provide a single, unequivocal solution to every problem of policy. Instead, the article explains, good economics should be constrained to evaluate the full range of relevant solutions to any given policy issue, leaving the decisionmakers accountable for the decisions they make on which solution to adopt.     

Measuring the Size of the Shadow Economy

Early issues of Economic Affairs contained an exchange of views on the size and development of the black economy, concentrating chiefly on the UK. Friedrich Schneider and Markus Hofreither, of the University of Linz, continue the debate with an examination of the methods used to analyse the underground or 'shadow' economy in many Western countries.     

“影子”互联网对我国信息安全领域的影响

文章介绍了"影子"互联网的基本原理、美国发展"影子"互联网的意图,分析了"影子"互联网对我国信息安全领域带来的影响,并提出了应对措施。     

国民经济评价中影子价格的确定方法

国民经济评价是项目评价的重要内容，它有别于财务评价，与财务评价重要的区别之一是使用的价格不同，国民经济评价采用的是影子价格。论述了影子价格的概念和类型，提出了确定影子价格的方法。     

非线性优化问题与资源影子价格分析

首先,对条件极值问题中资源的影子价格进行了讨论,根据数学规划的Kuhn-Tucker条件,得出条件极值问题中的影子价格也表现为边际利润(拉格朗日乘子)。然后,讨论一般非线性规划问题中资源的影子价格和影子成本,并用证券投资组合优化模型为案例对收益率的边际成本(风险)进行分析。     

皮影戏文化与动画产业联姻的探讨

对于处在初级阶段的中国动画产业来说,借助传统文化资源以扩大市场影响力,是低成本启动产业链的一种方式。本文以影戏文化为例探讨了这种借助的可能性,同时,就这种开发对皮影戏文化传承所可能产生的影响予以了阐述。     

铁路投资项目影子价格体系--铁路投资项目国民经济评价问题研究之二

影子价格与参数的确定,直接影响投资项目国民经济评价的客观性和准确性,本文从影子价格的基础理论和基本测算方法出发,结合铁路项目特点,提出了铁路投资项目的具体化测算方法和应注意的问题,并对铁路部门现行方法进行了改进,针对铁路影子运价以及影子汇率,社会折现率等国家统一颁布的相关参数滞后可能对项目评价带来的影响,结合我国市场经济发育情况,提出了对国家现行测算方法的改进意见,推出全新的简便测算方法,以便更利于各评估机构及时自行测算。     

The Academic Mind and the Rise of U.S. Imperialism: Historians and Economists as Publicists for Ideas of Colonial Expansion

A bstract . The role of American learned societies in developing support for an American colonial foreign policy has been neglected. Evidence indicates that American learned societies, in the period following the Spanish-American War from 1898 to 1901, were intellectually predisposed toward an imperial policy. The debates within the American Historical Association , the American Economic Association , and the American Academy of Political and Social Science are described and analyzed. Each learned society abandoned the ivory tower" and mixed in impassioned politics. The "imperial" interpretation led historians to endorse empire as salutary; economists endorsed the role of the State in building markets for domestic production; and prevailing Social Darwinistic views of political economy led the Academy of Political and Social Science to support an activist, acquisitive foreign policy as necessary to the national interest. Dissident, anti imperialist scholars as well as skeptical scholars could not turn the imperial mood of these societies.     

Value Freedom' and the Scope of Economic Inquiry: 1. Positivism's Standard View and the Political Economists

Abstract . According to what might well be regarded as the standard view among economic methodologists, the economist qua economist makes no value judgments concerning policy ends and their means of attainment. However, in restricting the proper aims of economic inquiry to epistemic goals only, the proponent of the standard view has neglected to ask why we seek to realize such goals; who needs economic knowledge?; for what?; what are people's fundamental needs, problems? In opposition to the standard view I argue that there is no good reason to exclude the promotion of human welfare, enhancement of the quality of human life, etc., sociologically, psychologically and philosophically defined, as well as analyzed from the viewpoint of economics, as legitimate goals of the economist in his professional capacity.     

Shadow profit maximization and a measure of overall inefficiency

Determining the profit maximizing input–output bundle of a firm requires data on prices. This paper shows how endogenously determined shadow prices can be used in place of actual prices to obtain the optimal input–output bundle where the firm’s shadow profit is maximized. This approach amounts to an application of the Weak Axiom of Profit Maximization (WAPM) formulated by Varian [(1984) The Non-parametric approach to production analysis. Econometrica 52:3 (May) 579–597] based on shadow prices rather than actual prices. At these shadow prices, the shadow profit of a firm is zero. The maximum shadow profit that could have been attained at some other input–output bundle is shown to be a measure of the inefficiency of the firm. Because the benchmark input–output bundle is always an observed bundle from the data, it can be determined without having to solve any elaborate programming problem.

资源影子价格的一个计算案例分析

本文利用一个具体案例,分析了线性规划问题在最优解出现退化的情况下如何计算资源的影子价格,并考察了各项资源影子价格随某项资源数量的变化而变动的情况。     

The Influence of Country of Birth and Other Variables on the Earnings of Immigrants

A bstract .   With globalization, plus the ongoing wars and political problems facing many countries, immigration has lately been accentuated. It is very common for immigrants to move to countries where it is perceived that their economic and political possibilities might be enhanced. In light of this, many foreigners tend to see the United States as their destination. However, sometimes these new additions to the economy face an uphill battle to fit in and make their abilities be valued in the new country. This paper tries to measure and quantify these problems faced by newcomers. It also addresses the question of who will most probably fare better in the United States. These two issues are measured through data obtained in the Current Population Survey published in March 1999.     

中国中小板企业上市前融资偏好实证研究

本文采取理论分析与实证研究相结合的方法,对中国中小企业板上市公司上市前财务数据进行统计分析。通过研究我们得到结论,中国中小企业上市前偏重内部融资和债权融资,并且债权融资比重不断上升,而股权融资相对比重较小,总的融资顺序不完全符合优序融资理论。本文意在通过对成长性良好的中小板企业上市前的融资行为的研究,分析影响企业选择不同融资结构的因素,给其他中小企业融资提供参考,并且总结改善中小企业融资问题的途径。