投资、消费需求与经济增长关系的计量分析

投资、消费、出口是拉动经济增长的"三驾马车",足以说明投资、消费需求在经济增长中的重要地位.本文选用1978年以来山东省经济发展的31年数据,通过不同的计量经济方法,从不同角度揭示了投资需求、消费需求与经济增长的相互影响作用,确认了投资需求与经济增长、消费需求与经济增长之间互为因果的影响关系,为正确处理三者关系提供了数量依据.     

The relationship between firm growth and labor demand

Gibrat's Law is tested on a sample of Italian firms. The results are similar to those recently obtained on various sets of U.S. data and confirm that departures from Gibrat's Law are modest, also when firms' age is accounted for.     

物流需求特征共性下的营销策略研究——以浙江产业集群为例

随着经济全球化,现代商业环境也已由供应链与供应链之间的竞争取代了企业间的竞争.基于地方经济特点所形成的区域特色产业群,在产品类别、包装规格、物流模数及标准化方面上等都相对固定,产业聚集缩短了地理环境的限制,便于形成物流规模,这些都为物流业发展带来了便利与机遇.物流企业应加强供应链的营销创新和服务,以客户为中心,开展针对性的营销策略,为区域产业群发展创造出竞争优势.     

Do market characteristics impact the relationship between retailer characteristics and online prices?

We propose that market characteristics interact with retailer characteristics to determine online prices. The retailer characteristics examined include—service quality of a retailer, channels of transaction provided by a retailer and the size of a retailer. The market characteristics capture the level and nature of competition, and the price level of a product. We utilize a Hierarchical Linear Model (HLM) framework for capturing and testing the proposed interactions. The better fit between the model and the online market structure is reflected by a twenty-five percent increase in explainable price dispersion over results from comparable studies. Our study demonstrates that while retailer characteristics do impact online prices, this influence is significantly enhanced or diminished by the accompanying market characteristics.     

Industry characteristics and internationalization processes in small firms

The purpose of this study of small firms is to compare the process of internationalization in traditional manufacturing companies with corresponding processes in companies oriented toward innovation. Case studies were conducted in six small Nordic companies: three conventional and three innovative. The underlying concept of the conventional companies is strictly production oriented. Investment in engineering workshops and an effective organization for production constitute their most important strategy. In the innovative companies the production equipment is relatively easy to move, and over the years these companies have changed the location of production plants a number of times. The basic meaning of technology also differs in the two categories of industries. The conventional companies are based on an established technology that can be purchased through well-known market channels. In the innovative companies the process of developing new products or serving as intermediary between research organizations and end users demands close contact with people and organizations close to the technological core of the industry.The conventional companies are incorporated into a multidimensional industrial system of suppliers, competitors, and other companies, and the individual companies within these industries are constrained by the rules dictated by these networks. The innovative companies all have a concentrated product scope, which implies that it is relatively easy to achieve efficiency in various functions such as R&D, production, and marketing activities. This clear distinction between functions has been advantageous to the process of internationalization.The conventional companies have characteristics typical of family-controlled companies, i.e., the management team consists of a handful of people often closely associated with the owner family. The observation on the industry level that the game is governed by some very rigid rules is also evident on the management level, where the significant people are always kept within narrow limits. The individuals in the innovative companies have a very high level of education; they work in teams together with partners from other companies and/or organizations and they adhere to high professional demands.The results from these six case studies indicate that the internationalization process must be understood in the context of the industry, company, and people involved. International trade and cooperation will most certainly increase. Therefore it is important to observe that the conditions for industries and single companies are different. Conventional companies have a natural local concentration that ultimately implies different strategies from the innovative companies who have a global focus.     

天津近代技术进步的特点及其与工业发展关系探讨

本文对天津近代技术进步的特点及其对经济增长的影响进行分析,指出天津近代技术进步呈现出阶段性、多元性等特点,并且与工业发展呈现出同步性特征;历史证明.技术进步促进了天津近代经济增长和工业结构调整.     

Land rents and the demand for protection

Some stylized facts of protection can be addressed by a regional trade model in which the existence of extra markets constitutes a barrier to labor relocation and motivates demands for protection. A regional Ricardo-Viner model is used, in which markets for residential land create increasing endogenous relocation costs, so that under neutral assumptions an improvement in the terms of trade leads to an absolute fall in welfare for labor in a declining region, while labor is mobile, giving a new resolution of the “neoclassical ambiguity”     

A preliminary investigation of the relationship between selected organizational characteristics and external whistleblowing by employees

Whistleblowing by employees to regulatory agencies and other parties external to the organization can have serious consequences both for the whistleblower and the company involved. Research has largely focused on individual and group variables that affect individuals' decision to blow the whistle on perceived wrongdoing.This study examined the relationship between selected organizational characteristics and the perceived level of external whistleblowing by employees in 240 organizations. Data collected in a nationwide survey of human resource executives were analyzed using analysis of variance.Results indicated that executives of larger organizations perceived a higher level of employee-voiced concerns to the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission and the Occupational Safety and Health Administration, as well as a higher overall level of external whistleblowing. Executives of organizations with union employees perceived a higher level of employee-voiced concerns to the EEOC, the media, and a higher overall level of external whistleblowing. Executives of organizations in the manufacturing industry group perceived a higher level of employee-voiced concerns to the Occupational Safety and Health Administration.The implications of these findings are discussed, and limitations of the research are addressed. The paper concludes with several suggestions for continued research.Tim Barnett is an Assistant Professor of Management at Louisiana Tech University. His current research interests include ethical issues in human resources management and ethical decision making. His work has appeared in various journals, including theJournal of Business Research, theJournal of Business Communication, and theJournal of Business Ethics.     

Economies of scale and the demand for money

Cross-sectional data from four Surveys of Small Business Finance demonstrate that economies of scale in money holding exist, that these economies appear to be increasing over time, and that the magnitudes are greater than those estimated for large US corporations. Firms not practising several specific cash management techniques and firms facing constraints in the credit market hold lower money balances. Minority-owned firms exhibit economies of scale similar to the overall sample but cash management practices and credit constraint variables generally do not influence their money holding behavior. Scale economies vary widely across industries but overall means are relatively stable over time.     

Industry environments and new venture formations in U.S. manufacturing: A conceptual and empirical analysis of demand determinants

Through integration of theoretical perspectives from Austrian economics, industrial organization economics, and organizational theory, this study builds and examines empirically a model of the demand determinants of new venture formations in manufacturing industries. Austrian economics and other writings on market disequilibrium imply that the dynamics of industries create market opportunities that are available to economic actors. The greater the changes occurring in an industry, the greater the opportunities created, and the further the market is moved from an equilibrium state. Entrepreneurship is viewed as the process of seizing opportunities through combinations of productive inputs. The more available market opportunities in an industry, the greater is the potential for entrepreneurial activity and, more specifically, new venture formations. Entry barriers constrain the formation of new ventures by prohibiting new ventures from taking advantage of available emerging opportunities. The inertial properties of existing firms constrain their ability to move toward these opportunities and thereby increase the potential for new ventures to exploit these market opportunities.The empirical analysis utilizes the Small Business Administration's U.S. Establishment and Enterprise Microdata file to test the model on a large sample of U.S. manufacturing industries. Results indicate that dynamic industries have greater new venture formations. More specifically, new venture formations are associated with industry growth, the dynamism of industry niches, and technological development. Moreover, entry barriers were found to strongly constrain rates of new venture formations. Industry capital requirements, concentration, and excess capacity were all related negatively to the formation of new ventures. The hypothesized positive relationship between industry-level measures of organizational inertia and new venture formations was also borne out in the empirical analysis. New venture formations were related positively to the extent of vertical integration in an industry as well as to the failure of incumbent firms to invest in new capital.Overall, the independent variables explained more than 50% of the variance in rates of new venture formations in manufacturing industries. The results support an Austrian perspective on entrepreneurship and imply that demand factors and industry structural variables are important determinants of new venture creations.The results imply that dynamic industries should spawn new ventures, and industries with high sales growth, changing consumer preferences, and rapid technological change should exhibit high rates of venture formations. For potential entrepreneurs, the model presented herein might be a useful guide to focus their venture activities. Entrepreneurs who can spot the fundamental sources of market change can exploit their knowledge for economic gain. Yet, there are a number of difficulties in suggesting that the model presented herein could be directly applied by entrepreneurs. First, it is always easier to estimate the dynamics of an industry post hoc than it is ex ante. For example, whereas it is simple to catalogue the technological change that occurred in an industry over time, it is another matter to predict the nature of future technological developments. Second, entrepreneurial opportunity can persist only if other potential economic actors do not know of the presence of the opportunity or cannot act upon it. Any model that gains acceptance as a means of predicting the presence of opportunities would, through its widespread usage, neutralize those opportunities for economic profit. Nonetheless, entrepreneurs who have that unique capability to spot industry dynamics and associated profit opportunities where others do not will gain from that ability.     

Personal characteristics as moderators of the relationship between customer satisfaction and loyalty—an empirical analysis

Previous empirical research on the relationship between customer satisfaction and loyalty has largely neglected the issue of moderator variables. In a consumer‐durables context the authors analyze the moderating effect of selected personal characteristics on the satisfaction–loyalty link. The empirical findings, which are based on multiple‐group causal analysis, show that the strength of the relationship between customer satisfaction and loyalty is strongly influenced by characteristics of the customer. Specifically, variety seeking, age, and income are found to be important moderators of the satisfaction–loyalty relationship. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Autonomous demand,Harrodian instability and the supply side

A recent literature introduces autonomous demand as the driver of long‐run economic growth and as a stabilizing force that tames Harrodian instability. The argument is unconvincing. The stabilizing effect is modest for plausible parameter values and more importantly, it is questionable whether any components of aggregate demand can be viewed as autonomous in the long run. By contrast, models that include the supply side (the labor market) and/or economic policy can address Harrodian instability and produce level and growth effects that resemble those derived in the literature on autonomous demand.     

春兰卡车:引领潮流供不应求

近年来,国内卡车业很少这样"火爆"过:100多个城市的数百家经销商同赴一个公司参加新年度的卡车订货会.这场于2002年12月12日在南京召开、为期7天的订货会,其主角便是具有卡车业"黑马"之称的春兰.它在年关时抢发令鸣枪,意味着2003年国内卡车业的技术、销售、服务竞赛已经开始了.会间,春兰中、重型卡车的订购合同金额超过30亿元.     

关于动漫产业人才需求的调查与分析

本文重点阐述了动漫行业的现状、发展前景及行业人才的需求,通过国内外行业间的对比,突出我国在典型性的动漫行业岗位中,动画师、剪辑合成师的缺口相对较大,指出动漫行业人才需求的发展方向.     

EU enlargement and labour demand in the new member states

Research to date on labour market responses to EU integration has tended to concentrate on the labour markets of the “old” EU members. But what effect has the integration of trade had on wages in the new member states? The following article attempts to answer this question using an empirical model of conditional sectoral labour demand.