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1.
论述了林业科技发展中自主创新与科技引进、整体推进与重点突破、创新团队与学科建设、知识产权保护与成果转化、科技体制改革与条件平台建设等关系。强调处理好上述重大问题才能确保"十一五"和中长期林业科技发展总目标的实现。  相似文献   

2.
扎实推进科技创新 为现代渔业建设提供强大科技支撑   总被引:1,自引:2,他引:1  
新中国成立以来,我国渔业科技体系的形成与发展经历了四个阶段,在不同发展阶段,渔业科技创新推动了渔业生产的长足发展,拓展了渔业生产水域,提高了渔业水域利用率和劳动生产率,开发出新的资源,培育出新的品种,促进渔业生产方式的变革。我国渔业科技事业飞速发展的基本经验是:坚持科学技术是第一生产力,高度重视水产科技事业;坚持产业导向,促进水产科技与生产的紧密结合;坚持立足国情,突出自主创新;坚持科技体制机制的改革创新,促进和谐发展。在新的历史时期,我国渔业科技工作者重任在肩,要按照党中央、国务院的要求,深入学习实践科学发展观,扎实开展渔业科技创新工作,为现代渔业建设提供强大科技支撑。  相似文献   

3.
中国农业转型背后的一般规律是什么?本文阐释了农业要素禀赋结构升级与农业制度安排演化统一于农业工业化进程的理论逻辑,认为在农业要素禀赋结构沿循从劳动要素丰裕向资本要素丰裕,并最终向技术要素丰裕升级的同时,农业制度安排的重点也沿着打破城乡二元身份制度,向有利于农业规模经营的土地产权制度、引导资本下乡的农业反哺制度以及满足农...  相似文献   

4.
水利科研单位作为水利事业发展中的科技创新主力军,为落实国家科技创新管理机制要求,需要构建完善有效的绩效考核体系,进行公平与科学的绩效考核。基于新时期下国家科技创新管理机制的要求与水利科研单位特点构建绩效评估体系,通过层次分析法进行各指标权重的确定,运用灰色聚类方法中的三角白化权函数进行科研单位绩效考核的等级评价,以J省水利科学研究院为例作实证分析,评价得到水科院的绩效考核综合等级为良好,由此提出相关建议,为加强内部和外部管理提供依据,为完善水利科研单位绩效考核指标体系提供参考。  相似文献   

5.
新制度经济学视角下的中国农地制度变迁:回顾与展望   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
研究目的:分析总结中国农地制度变迁的路径特征、决定条件和影响因素,并展望进一步研究方向。研究方法:文献分析法。研究结果:(1)改革开放以来的中国农地制度变迁呈现出一个较清晰的路径,即改革始终沿着市场取向、明晰产权、稳定地权的方向演进;(2)农地使用权制度改革的成功源于诱致性变迁与强制性变迁的结合,即弹性的中央政策制定、渐进式的地方实施以及具有学习效应的农户认知三者的有机互动,并体现出制度变迁的\"共生演化\"特征及其蕴含的\"适应性效率\";(3)新制度经济学是解释中国经济改革和农地制度变迁的有效工具,然而由于经典的新制度经济学本质上的静态性以及国家理论的缺乏,难以对现实世界的各类制度变迁给出一般化的解释。研究结论:基于经典的新制度经济学,进一步整合行为经济学、机制设计理论、演化博弈论等理论工具,超越\"强制性—诱致性变迁\"二分法,构建一个真正动态的制度变迁模型是一个重要研究方向。  相似文献   

6.
2018年,广东在全国率先全面推进现代农业产业园建设,并将其作为实施乡村振兴战略的重要抓手和"头号工程"。在政策顶层设计方面,改革省级财政投入方式,实行简政放权。本文从工作实践出发,针对产业园项目库项目储备机制、项目立项评估机制、产业园建设资金管理机制、产业园过程管理机制、政策保障机制进行了细致的分析和描述,以期为全国现代农业产业园建设提供借鉴。  相似文献   

7.
    
Stakeholder involvement in research processes is widely seen as essential to enhance the applicability of research. A common conclusion in the extensive body of literature on participatory and transdisciplinary research is the importance of the institutional context for understanding the dynamics and effectiveness of participatory projects. The role of institutional context has become increasingly important in view of large international research projects implementing shared participatory methodologies across countries (for example within Horizon 2020 and within CGIAR programmes), which each have different institutional contexts. Despite the generally accepted importance of the institutional context for understanding the unfolding of participatory and transdisciplinary research projects, surprisingly little research has actually looked into its role in greater detail. This paper aims to fill this gap in the literature by studying how a set of participatory principles and methods in a European project on integrated pest management (denoted as co-innovation in the project under study) was applied by researchers and advisers operating in a single international research project under the institutional conditions of four countries. The principal finding of this study is that, although constraints and enablers of participatory research at the personal level (e.g. researcher identity) were similar across the studied countries, research organisation- and community-based constraints and enablers differed, as well as those at the level of the overall innovation system. The institutions at different levels interact and create country-specific histories and path-dependencies, which lead to different degrees of propensity and preparedness, and hence different starting positions for participatory approaches. Consequently, when participatory research methods and approaches are applied in different contexts following a one-size-fits-all approach they may be less effective if not translated to institutional conditions at different levels. The study suggests that large international participatory research projects make provision in their design for careful selection of project team individuals, the composition of teams, and pay attention to the room for manoeuvre that the project, institute and national contexts provide for participatory research. To support the adjustment of participatory approaches to local institutional conditions, large international projects would benefit from fostering learning spaces that enable reflection on translation to local contexts and are capable of connecting to a wider network of decision makers and influencers that can facilitate institutional change in organisations and innovation systems.  相似文献   

8.
    
Impact assessment studies consistently show that the benefits generated by plant breeding are large, positive and widely distributed. Numerous case studies have concluded that investment in plant breeding research generates attractive rates of return compared to alternative investment opportunities, that welfare gains resulting from the adoption of modern varieties (MVs) reach both favoured and marginal environments, and that benefits are broadly shared by producers and consumers. But just how reliable are the results of studies that estimate the benefits of plant breeding research? This article reviews methods used to estimate the benefits of plant breeding research and discusses theoretical and empirical issues that often receive inadequate attention in applied impact assessment work. Our objective is not to question the validity of the theoretical frameworks commonly used to estimate the benefits of plant breeding research, but rather to examine problems that can arise when the widely accepted theoretical frameworks are used for empirical analysis. Most of these problems can be grouped into three basic categories: (1) problems associated with measuring adoption and diffusion of MVs, (2) problems associated with estimating benefits attributable to adoption of MVs, and (3) problems associated with assigning credit among the various plant breeding programmes that participated in developing the MVs.  相似文献   

9.
高校新农村研究院:科技支撑乡村振兴的有效载体   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1       下载免费PDF全文
[目的]较之前开展的新农村建设,乡村振兴战略是一种更高层次的发展手段和目标。文章旨在对高校新农村研究院推动乡村振兴的实践经验和困难问题进行梳理,分析背后的成因与制约因素,以期为以高校新农村研究院为抓手、从科技引领和支撑的角度推动乡村振兴战略的落地实施提供有针对性的建议。[方法]该文从协同创新理论出发,基于对沈阳农业大学新农村发展研究院的实地调研,采用文献梳理、归纳总结和定性分析等方法对高校新农村研究院为乡村振兴战略提供科技支撑的机理、模式、作用和困难问题进行了梳理。[结果]高校新农村发展研究院通过整合政府、高校、企业等多方资源,从技术协同、人才协同与理念协同3方面为乡村振兴提供了有效支撑。但目前各级政府对高校新农村研究院的作用地位还缺乏充分认识,存在财政支持不到位、技术推广激励与考评机制不完善等问题。[结论]整合各方科技创新资源,构建起各类主体跨界协同、不同技术集成应用、创新资源全链配置、关联产业融合发展的新型农业科技协同创新体系;进一步强化高校新农村发展研究院在农业科技服务中的主体地位,增强财政对新农村发展研究院的持续投入,改革高校农技推广人员职称评定与考核激励机制。  相似文献   

10.
中国水产学会作为中介机构,在加强学术交流、推进科技成果转化、促进科普活动开展等方面发挥了重要作用.笔者在分析中国水产学会发展中存在的经验与不足的基础之上,提出其进一步发展的方向.  相似文献   

11.
    
Integrated crop-livestock systems (iCL) are advocated as a promising strategy to increase agricultural production and rehabilitate degraded pastures while mitigating GHG emissions. Although iCL in Brazil has increased over the past few years, it still occupies a small share of the country’s total agricultural area. We investigate the determinants of iCL occurrence in Mato Grosso state, a globally important producer of beef cattle and grains that has experienced rapid land cover change and environmental degradation in recent decades. Our analysis encompasses two typical cases of iCL in Mato Grosso (the rotation of soy followed by pasture, and soy followed by maize and pasture) as well as biophysical, socioeconomic, and institutional factors observable at the household and/or municipality levels that may influence the wide-scale occurrence of iCL. Evidence at both scales suggests that knowledge and supply chain infrastructure play an important role in early occurrence of iCL, as they are more common in regions closer to iCL research stations and processing facilities of grains and cattle. On average iCL adopters are more educated and have better access to technical assistance and sector information than specialized farmers or ranchers. Most iCLs are concentrated near established soy areas and greater similarity exists between municipalities with iCL and soy-dominant municipalities vs. pasture-dominant municipalities. Our findings reveal the importance of specific conditions for iCL occurrence and iCL promotion in livestock-dominant regions. Incentives targeted at ranchers are crucial for the achievement of the Brazilian Government’s goal to restore degraded pastures through agricultural intensification.  相似文献   

12.
研究目的:探讨新时代国土空间治理科技创新体系的战略框架,为系统推进国土空间治理基础理论与关键技术研究提供参考。研究方法:专家咨询、文献研究和案例分析。研究结果:提出了以“一核六系”为主体的新时代国土空间治理科技创新体系,包括建立国土空间系统科学理论(“一核”),并以此为核心,构建国土空间综合监测与评估、优化开发、关键区带协同与融合、动态诊断与预警、整治修复与功能提升以及智能优化与管控技术体系(“六系”)。研究结论:(1)与新时代国土空间治理的实践需求和发展趋势相比,当前相关基础理论和关键技术供给相对不足,前瞻性战略科技研发明显滞后,科技短板还比较突出,亟需建立新时代国土空间治理科技创新体系;(2)“一核六系”国土空间治理科技创新体系基于内在的科学逻辑,有望形成整体性科技创新合力,共同为新时代国土空间治理提供科技支撑;(3)“一核六系”国土空间治理科技创新体系的构建是一个由分散到集成,再到融合的协同创新过程,是复杂的系统工程,需要多学科、多主体共同努力,要从重大研究计划、学科、平台、团队、国际合作等方面共同发力。  相似文献   

13.
在价值层次上的使用价值节约主要取决于人们的文化伦理判断。但在市场经济条件下,这种道德的约束力是很有限的。按照经济学原理,节约资源必须在价值层次上采取措施才会收到理想效果。节约要靠制度来说话,但不恰当的制度必然会造成资源的损失和浪费。实践证明,制度创新是解决制度性浪费的最好办法。  相似文献   

14.
    
Strategic priorities are assessed tor the agricultural research system in Zimbabwe in a situation characterized by multiple objectives, farm types, and agro-ecological zones. Economic surplus analysis is used to rank research programs by commodity and research program areas in total and disaggregated by large and small larms in high and low potential regions. No funding, current funding, and 50% more funding are allowed tor each program in the analysis. An optimal research portfolio is developed, first with all weight placed on efficiency, and second with increasing weights placed on benefits going to small-holder farmers. Even with no additional weight placed on small holders. lesearch programs for both small farms and low potential areas enter into the optimal research portfolio. As more emphasis is given to small holders, the reduction in overall efficiency gained due to research is relatively modest, Maize and cotton were the highest ranked commodity research programs of the 36 commodities considered for both large and small larms. Agronomy and soils research are relatively more important for small holders, while plant breeding and crop protection are relatively more important for large-scale farmers. priority selling: Economic surplus and mathematical programming analysis.  相似文献   

15.
粮食安全关乎民生和国家安全,\"藏粮于地,藏粮于技\"是维护我国粮食安全的基本战略。其中\"藏粮于技\"必须通过科技创新解决当前农业生产中的难题,提高粮食生产领域的科技贡献率。同时,必须前瞻性地加速数字农业建设、精准农业实践和智慧农业探索,奠定我国粮食生产领域生态智慧农业的基础。  相似文献   

16.
我国城市土地集约与使用利用的制度经济学分析   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
我国正处于城市化快速发展时期,土地资源需求巨大,城市存量土地粗放利用,而耕地资源又严重不足.因此,城市土地集约与合理利用成为我国城市化与城市可持续发展的必然选择.从城市土地集约与合理利用的概念出发,通过介绍我国城市土地利用制度的改革历程,对制度变迁中的路径依赖和制度变迁的成本--效益进行分析.  相似文献   

17.
研究目的:构建中国农村宅基地制度变迁的分析框架并提出宅基地制度的改革方向。研究方法:制度变迁理论方法。研究结果:宅基地要素相对价格变化,产生“外部利润”,引起利益主体的初级行动和次级行动,形成新的制度均衡。研究结论:中国宅基地制度经历了从自由流转到宽松流转到限制流转再到当前的“三权分置”等阶段,始终与同时代的乡村发展战略相互呼应、互为因果。须从当前农村宅基地制度现状出发,逐步弱化宅基地的社会保障功能,显化宅基地的资产功能,着力激发城乡社会创造活力和土地要素的市场价值,不断促进宅基地制度变革在乡村振兴过程中取得重大突破。  相似文献   

18.
沿海滩涂征用与补偿是沿海地区经济社会发展中面临的重要问题。本文运用制度变迁的理论分析了在沿海滩涂征用与补偿中产权制度的变化,认为在沿海滩涂征用过程中,由于产权的冲突引起的制度的供给和需求不平衡、变迁方式的不合理、利益集团的影响是造成征用与补偿制度产生非均衡的原因,并通过进一步分析指出使制度由非均衡到均衡的必要条件。  相似文献   

19.
地球资源破坏日益严重,环境问题日益突出,今天的人类面临生存与发展的重大难题,必须创新制度,转变资源开发利用的方式和资源经济发展模式,通过资源的绿色开发和绿色利用,协调资源开发与环境保护的关系,推进绿色发展和科学发展。  相似文献   

20.
刘伟平 《林业经济问题》2000,20(4):193-197,206
本文回顾了林纸结合的改革历程 ,对当前林纸结合改革中面临的主要障碍进行了剖析 ,探讨了林纸结合改革的方向 ,指出改革的主要方向不能放在政府机构和职能调整 ,也不能把改革重点放在木材税费改革上 ,而应把重点放在企业。  相似文献   

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