中国上市公司CFO背景特征与财务重述关系研究

近年来,财务重述问题引起了广泛的关注。本文选取了2010—2013年发生财务重述的公司为样本,运用描述性统计、Logistic回归分析等方法研究了公司CFO背景特征与财务重述的关系。研究发现,CFO年龄越大,发生财务重述可能性越小;学历越高,会减少财务重述行为。     

控股股东股权质押、融资约束与财务重述

控股股东股权质押的效力通常并不及于股东的全部权利,而只及于其中的财产性权利即自益权,出质人股东有强烈的市值管理动机维持其控制权,势必对上市公司会计信息质量产生影响。文章以2012—2021年沪深A股上市公司为研究对象,探讨控股股东股权质押与上市公司财务重述之间的关系。研究发现,存在控股股东股权质押的上市公司更容易发生财务重述,并且随着控股股东质押比例的增加其财务重述概率加大;同时,融资约束在控股股东股权质押与上市公司财务重述之间的关系中发挥着中介效应。进一步分析发现,相比国有上市公司,非国有上市公司中控股股东股权质押导致其财务重述的倾向性更高。研究结果为加强股权质押和财务重述监管提供了理论依据。     

我国欠发达地区上市公司财务重述现状研究——基于西北五省上市公司的经验数据

本文以西北五省(陕西、甘肃、宁夏、青海、新疆)A股上市公司2007-2013年七年间发生财务重述行为的上市公司为样本,系统研究了我国西北地区上市公司的财务重述现状.研究发现我国西北五省上市公司的财务重述现状不容乐观,与发达地区北京上市公司相比,发生财务重述行为的上市公司数量更多,比重更大,频度更强,且行业分布极不均匀,在重述时进行重大前期会计差错更正、涉及重要财务指标的情况明显较多.最后,从外部监管机构、媒体监督、公司治理、投资者、会计师事务所等多个角度提出了提升西北上市公司信息披露质量的建议.     

基于融资视角的财务重述对外部融资的影响研究

财务重述是指公司在发现并纠正前期财务报告的差错以后,重新表述以前公布的财务报告的行为。本文从融资动因、财务重述对融资的影响这两个方面对国内外财务重述的相关文献进行梳理,期望能为我国上市公司和监管部门提供一定的启示和借鉴。     

财务重述经济后果研究述评

从财务重述的市场反应、财务重述对公司内部和外部的影响三方面对财务重述经济后果的文献进行梳理并评述,以期为我国资本市场上财务重述现象的研究提供依据。     

股权结构、政治关联与超额现金持有水平研究

本文以2006~2012年在上证交易所和深证交易所上市的非金融类公司作为样本,从最终控制人的股权集中度、股权性质以及政治关联3个角度,深入地考察上市公司股权结构如何影响现金持有行为。研究发现:随着终极控制人股权集中程度的升高,上市公司的超额现金持有水平呈现出"U";相对于非国有上市公司而言国有上市公司持有的超额现金水平更低;而在非国有上市公司中,有政治关联的上市公司比没有政治关联的上市公司持有的现金水平低;并且国有上市公司持有的现金市场价值更低。这说明股权在集中到一定程度时能够有效缓解股东缺位的问题,但随着股权的进一步集中,新的大股东问题又应运而生。股权国有、政治关联能够有效缓解上市公司所面临的融资约束,降低现金持有水平。     

控股股东股权质押与现金持有水平:“掏空”还是“规避控制权转移风险”

本文以2013-2015年沪深两市上市公司季度数据为研究对象,考察了控股股东股权质押是否会影响上市公司现金持有水平,实证结果发现,控股股东股权质押比例与上市公司现金持有水平呈U型关系.当控股股东股权质押比例低于临界值时,由于资金占用等原因,上市公司现金持有水平降低;当控股股东股权质押比例高于临界值时,控股股东为了规避控制权转移风险,要求上市公司持有更多现金.这说明不同质押比例水平下控股股东出于不同目的对上市公司采取不同的财务政策,从而对现金持有水平产生非线性影响.上述结论在尽可能控制内生性问题后依然成立.在进一步的分析中,本文还发现,控股股东股权质押比例与上市公司现金持有水平呈U型的关系只在非国有企业中存在,上市公司现金持有水平的降低是股权质押的控股股东“掏空”所致的,增加的现金持有是来自公司资本性支出的降低和现金分红的减少,持有更多的现金能显著降低股价触及平仓线的可能性,股权质押的控股股东对上市公司现金持有水平的干预损害了公司价值.     

财务重述的因果研究

我国上市公司的财务重述比例较高,重述内容涉及到财务报告的多个方面。上市公司财务重述会带来损坏公司形象、损害股东及公司价值等不良后果,其产生的原因包括财务人员责任心和业务能力不强、资本市场压力等。要改变当前的现状,应完善相关法律法规、内部控制制度、高管薪酬制度等。     

上市公司财务重述的动机及对策研究

近年来公司财务重述的现象日渐频繁,引起国内外学者的广泛关注。相关研究证明,多种动因会诱发财务重述,财务重述不是仅仅将曾错报的数据进行修改,财务重述是一个指标信号,财务重述发生代表了公司治理的低效率,对上市公司和资本市场造成严重的经济后果。文章从财务重述的诱因及经济后果方面进行研究。     

《上市公司股东追加承诺业务管理指引》发布

为规范上市公司股东追加承诺行为，最近，深交所向深市上市公司及其相关股东发布《深圳证券交易所上市公司股东追加承诺业务管理指引》。指引规定，上市公司股东可根据市场情况对其所持上市公司股份的持有期限等追加承诺，股东追加承诺应当满足三个前提条件：     

签字会计师个人经验与财务重述

文章用累计签发报告数、签发报告年数度量签字会计师一般个人经验,进而考察其对客户公司财务重述的影响,结果发现,在控制了公司及事务所层面因素后,随着签字会计师一般经验的提高,客户财务报告发生重述的可能性显著降低。进一步研究发现,签字会计师的客户特定经验(任期)也对财务重述具有抑制作用,并且在客户特定经验较少时,一般经验的作用更为明显;就一般经验而言,无论是行业经验还是非行业经验均有助于降低财务重述;签字会计师一般经验对财务重述的影响主要来自于复核合伙人。研究还发现,事务所规模、签字会计师性别会弱化一般经验的作用。这一研究提供了签字会计师个人经验与公司财务重述关系的经验证据,进一步拓展了审计师个人特质与审计质量之间关系的文献。     

上市公司财务重述行为动因分析

上市公司财务重述行为与管理层的盈余操纵动机紧密相关,意味着上市公司会计系统薄弱,并暗藏着可能发生的管理层及董事会的操纵利润行为。上市公司财务重述行为,从内部动因看,主要是高管薪酬契约引发的自利行为;从外部动因看,来自于资本市场的融资需求及监督部门对公司虚假信息陈述惩罚力度不够。只有从根本上准备把握上市公司财务重述行为产生的真正原因,才能更好地加强对上市公司财务重述行为的监管,防范上市公司操纵盈余,提高财务报告信息披露质量。     

Should Independent Board Members with Social Ties to Management Disqualify Themselves from Serving on the Board?

This paper examines whether independent directors who have social ties to management (inside directors) can effectively perform their fiduciary duty to monitor management on behalf of shareholders. Ex ante, it is not clear whether social ties will enhance or obstruct the quality of board performance. Theory suggests that directors who are socially tied to management are ineffective and would make decisions favoring management. However, social ties can increase trust and information sharing between management and independent directors, improving directors’ ability and effectiveness in governing the company (Westphal, J.D.: 1999, The Academy of Management Journal 42(1), 7–24). To examine these contradicting predictions I use social network analysis and construct proxies for social ties between management and independent board members. Using these proxies, I first demonstrate that social ties are associated with higher managerial compensation. Further analyses reveal that these results are driven by social ties that include members of the compensation committee. Conversely, I demonstrate that financial reporting quality is improved when social ties exist. Specifically, I find that the likelihood of material weaknesses in internal controls and the likelihood of financial restatements are lower in companies with social ties. I further observe that this improved quality of financial reporting holds only when social ties include members of the audit committee. I conclude that ethically, socially tied independent directors should disqualify themselves from serving on compensation committees where social independence is essential. However, in tasks where collaboration with management is essential, directors with social links to each other can be of added value to shareholders.     

How capital markets assess the credibility and accuracy of CSR reporting: Exploring the effects of assurance quality and CSR restatement issuance

This research examines how the credibility and accuracy of corporate social responsibility (CSR) disclosures enhance market confidence by exploring their effect on the cost of capital. How do capital markets react to higher-quality assurance of CSR reporting? Can the hypothetical reduction in the cost of capital that assurance quality produces be explained by restatements of previous information given in these CSR reports? We explore the relationship between assurance quality, as a proxy for credibility and market confidence, and the mediating effect of CSR restatements as indicators of accuracy. We propose regression models with a sample of CSR reports issued by European companies. Building upon the signalling and legitimacy theories, the results support the positive effect of higher assurance quality statements on market confidence by confirming a decrease in the cost of capital; assurance quality gives an indication of credibility to the capital market and restatements related to methodological updates signal accuracy. The reduction in the cost of capital brought on by higher assurance quality appears to be determined by the issuance of CSR restatements, which create legitimacy for both client companies and assurance providers. CSR reporting and assurance have reached a greater level of maturity as demonstrated by the evolution of these practices and financial market perceptions.     

我国上市公司财务重述的动因研究

财务报告重新表述是对存在错误或误导性信息的历史财务报告进行事后补救的公告行为.财务报告重新表述,表明前财务报告的低质量和不可信,会造成严重的经济后果.上市公司财务重述的内因是资本市场带来的压力和高管薪酬契约的不正当激动;其外因是信息不对称和造价成本低廉.但深层次原因是公司治理机制存在缺陷.要注重在上市公司信息披露与监管的框架下对上市公司的财务重述进行考察,并分析财务重述现象频发的原因,并针对其动因找出对策,尽量避免上市公司发生财务重述.     

政府最终控制、控股股东行为与财务报告透明度——中国A股市场上市公司的经验证据

以中国沪深两市A股上市公司2004—2006年间的2940个公司年度为样本,以财政部发布的《企业会计准则———基本准则》和FASB发布的第2号公告中的会计信息质量特征为基础,对财务报告透明度进行度量,分析政府最终控制、控股股东行为对财务报告透明度的影响。研究发现:控股股东掏空行为显著降低了财务报告透明度;国家最终控制的上市公司的财务报告更不透明,并且政府干预动机越强,财务报告透明度越低;财务报告透明度与最终控股股东的所有权比例呈U型变化,与其他股东的制衡能力呈同向变化。     

Impact of Post-restatement Actions Taken by a Firm on Non-professional Investors’ Credibility Perceptions

The frequency of earnings restatements has been increasing over the last decade. Restating previous earnings erodes perceived trustworthiness and competence of management, giving firms strong incentives to take actions to enhance perceived credibility of future financial reports [Farber, D. B.: 2005, The Accounting Review 80(2), 539–561.]. Using an experimental case, we examine the ability of post-restatement actions taken by a firm to positively influence non-professional investors’ perceptions of management’s financial reporting credibility. Our examination considers credibility judgments following two types of restatements – those resulting from fraud in which the character, ethics, and values of an organization may be called into question [cf. Copeland, Jr., J. E.: 2005, Accounting Horizons 19(1), 35–43.], and those resulting from non-fraud (i.e., aggressive accounting). Based on the information in the experimental case, non-professional investors take the role of potential equity investors and make a judgment about management’s financial reporting credibility after reviewing a set of post-restatement actions taken by a firm. The possible actions include changes in four corporate governance mechanisms (i.e., internal audit function, external audit firm, board of directors, CFO) and a buyback of company stock. Our results provide an important contribution to the literature by demonstrating that among non-professional investors, perceptions of management’s financial reporting credibility are affected both by the post-restatement action taken and the nature of the restatement. These results offer insight into the formation of a key credibility judgment made by non-professional investors following a trust-destroying event, an earnings restatement. Data Availability: The data are available upon request.     

大股东资产注入的产业链整合效应研究

以股权分置改革后已完成大股东资产注入的上市公司为样本,通过统计大股东资产注入前后上市公司与大股东之间关联交易的变化以及资产注入前后上市公司经营业绩的变化来检验大股东资产注入的产业链整合效应,研究发现: 大股东注入的资产大多与上市公司产业相关,相比资产注入前一年,资产注入后一年上市公司与大股东之间的关联交易量以及非公允关联交易量均显著下降,并且上市公司各项经营业绩指标也均比资产注入前一年有所上升,表明大股东资产注入降低了上市公司与大股东之间的关联交易,改善了上市公司经营业绩,具有积极的产业链整合效应。     

中国上市公司内外融资的顺序偏好

文章指出,对中国上市公司中的股份异质公司而言,若不考虑关联交易因素,内源融资逊色于外源融资,其所偏爱的股利政策为现金分红,这意味着中国证券监督管理委员会将现金分红作为上市公司申请配股或增发先决条件的现行规定可能并不妥当,加强对上市公司关联交易的监管才是问题的根本。在有报告盈余的情况下,这类公司会趋向于大规模派发现金股利,除非其报告盈余存在虚假或日后存在向其控股股东输送利润的可能,因此投资者及相关政府部门可利用这一特性低成本地甄别其企业会计报表的真伪及未来发生非对等关联交易的可能性。     

The Effect of Audit Committee Characteristics on Financial Restatements in Malaysia

This study investigates the influence of audit committee characteristics on the likelihood of financial restatements by firms in Malaysia. Annual reports of 350 firms that have restated their financial statements in the year 2008 and 2009 are analyzed. An additional 350 firms that did not restate their financial statements are considered, resulting in a total of 700 observations. Regression analysis identifies audit committee characteristics such as its independence, size, expertise and activity as statistically significant in explaining the likelihood of financial restatements. This article highlights the important role of the audit committee in mitigating financial restatements by firms in Malaysia.