The impact of foreign direct investment on export structure and employment generation

The literature on foreign direct investment often treats its determinants and consequences independently. This is particularly so for empirical studies. The purpose of this paper is to consider both aspects simultaneously and to provide some empirical evidence on the nature of foreign investment and its impact on export structure and employment generation. The method consists of a model which includes both industry-specific and location-specific determinants of foreign direct investment in the export sector and their effects on the employment generating capacity of individual manufacturing industries. It is estimated for three-digit S.I.C. industries in Puerto Rico in 1979. The results suggest that Puerto Rico's export sector consists of US based firms producing on a large scale. These firms are primarily attracted to the island by relatively higher profits than on the mainland. Low wage labor is not considered an important inducement to foreign investment in Puerto Rico. The labor intensity of the island's export sector lags behind that of comparable countries due to the capital-intensive nature of its principal exports. The island's manufacturing employment can be more effectively increased by altering the composition of exports than by inducing present firms to hire more workers.     

The impact of foreign direct investment in China on employment adjustments in Taiwan: Evidence from matched employer–employee data

Using a unique matched employer–employee dataset on Taiwanese manufacturing, we examine the impact of foreign direct investment in China on domestic employment adjustments controlling for firm and worker heterogeneity as well as for potential endogeneity of firms’ expansion in China. Our findings suggest that workers employed at firms with higher levels of investment in China are more likely to leave the firm, compared with workers at firms with zero or lower levels of investment in China. We provide evidence that foreign expansion in China decreases worker employment security at parent companies, particularly for low-skilled workers. Employment adjustments through employer-to-employer transitions are found to be highly associated with wage losses, with the strongest wage effects for low-skilled workers who shift employment between industries. Moreover, we find no evidence that FDI in China contributes to skill upgrading at parent companies.     

The experience effect and foreign direct investment

Zusammenfassung Erfahrungseffekt und ausl?ndische Direktinvestitionen. - In diesem Aufsatz wird der Einflu? der Erfahrung auf die ausl?ndischen Direktinvestitionen U.S.-amerikanischer Firmen untersucht. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, da? allgemeine Erfahrungen aus internationalen Gesch?ften und l?nderspezifische Erfahrungen, die mit Hilfe von zwei verschiedenen Indikatoren operationalisiert werden, einen positiven Einflu? auf die ausl?ndischen Direktinvestitionen haben und da? dieser Einflu? bei Firmen mit ausgedehnten internationalen Aktivit?ten besonders bedeutsam ist. Um die Wirkung anderer Faktoren auf die ausl?ndischen Direktinvestitionen von dem Einflu? der Erfahrung unterscheiden zu k?nnen, werden einige l?nder- und firmenspezifische Faktoren in das Modell einbezogen.

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Résumé L’effet de l’expérience et l’investissement étranger direct. — Cette étude examine la répercussion de l’effet de l’expérience sur l’investissement étranger direct des entreprises américaines. Les résultats démontrent que l’expérience générale des opérations internationales et l’expérience dans un pays spécifique, représentée par deux indicateurs différents, ont une répercussion positive sur l’investissement étranger direct et que cette répercussion est plus significative pour les entreprises avec des opérations internationales extensives. Dans le modèle on a aussi inclu quelques facteurs caractérisant le pays dans lequel on fait l’investissement et des facteurs qui caractérisent les entreprises afin d’isoler mieux l’expérience comme facteur de l’investissement étranger direct.

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Resumen El efecto de la experiencia y la inversión extranjera directa. — En este trabajo se investiga el impacto del efecto experiencia sobre la inversión extranjera directa de empresas de los EE UU. Los resultados muestran que tanto la experiencia general en operaciones internationales como la experiencia especifica en paises determinados, operacionalizadas cada una de manera diferente, tienen un impacto positivo sobre la inversión extranjera directa, y que este impacto es más significante para empresas con amplias operaciones internacionales. Con el fin de distinguir el impacto de la experiencia sobre la inversión extranjera directa del de otros factores, también se incluyen en el modelo algunos factores relacionados con el país y factores relacionados con la empresa.

     

Outward investment, employment, and wages in Swedish multinationals

Examining detailed data for the home-country operations in Swedishmultinationals during the period 1986-94, this paper shows thatthere are signs of very notable structural changes in the home-countryoperations of these corporations. It also shows that the effectsvary according to economic conditions in the home country. Inthe 1980s, when the Swedish economy was characterized by hightaxes, high inflation rates, and a tight labour market, relativelyattractive jobs within the multinational corporations (MNCs)were relocated from Swedish plants to foreign affiliates. Inthe 1990s, by contrast, when the financial crisis had necessitateda host of micro- and macroeconomic reforms, the location decisionof the MNCs were more favourable for the Swedish economy. Newjobs created by the multinationals were found in activitieswith high productivity and wages. Thus, home-country effectsof foreign direct investment seem, to a large extent, to bedetermined by the home countries' economic environment.     

The impact of affinity on world economic integration: The case of Japanese foreign direct investment

This paper finds that a country's affinity with a foreign country has a positive effect on foreign direct investment flows from it to that country, by analyzing Japanese foreign direct investment outflows during the period of 1995–2009. A rise in a country's affinity with a foreign country is thought to enhance its trust in that country and as a result lower the transaction costs of its economic activities with it, thereby helping to promote its foreign direct investment flows to the country. These findings imply that a rise in affinity among countries is likely to facilitate international economic integration.     

外商投资就业效应的理论与实证观察

西方发展经济学中的储蓄缺口、外汇缺口和双缺口理论提出了开放经济条件下,通过利用外资促进经济增长,从而增加就业的可能性。本文结合中国利用外资增加就业的现实,针对性的从增加就业的角度分析了当前中国利用外资应注意的问题。     

外商对华投资新动向及汕头引进外商直接投资政策建议

<正> 中国加入WTO意味着第二轮更加彻底的全面大开放,跨国公司在中国投资战略由此进行了调整,提升了中国在全球布局中的战略地位,其对华直接投资出现新动向。作为中国最早对外开放的经济特区之一的汕头市应如何改善投资环境及调整引资策略,吸引更多的外商直接投资,更有效地利用外资以促进汕头经济的发展是一个值得深入探讨的问题。 一、外商在华投资新动向 1.投资规模继续扩大,新一轮投资热潮方兴未艾 2002年是我国加入WTO后的第一年,受加入世贸效应的带动,当年我国实     

加快中国企业对外直接投资

近年来,我国政府一直鼓励本土企业对外直接投资。继国家外汇管理局发布了《关于调整部分境外投资外汇管理政策的通知》后,近期国家税务总局发布了《关于出口货物退(免)税若干问题的通知》,规定对企业以实物投资出境的设备及零部件实行出口退(免)税政策。这实际上将企业对外实物     

The impact of foreign direct investment and human capital on economic growth: Evidence from Chinese cities

Using a panel of Chinese cities over the period 1991–2010, we examine the determinants of economic growth, focusing on the role of foreign direct investment (FDI) and human capital. Consistent with the predictions of a human capital-augmented Solow model, we find that the growth rate (along the path to the steady-state income level) of per capita GDP is negatively correlated with population growth rate and positively correlated with investment rate in physical capital and human capital. We find that FDI has a positive effect on the per capita GDP growth rate and this effect is intensified by the human capital endowment of the city. The latter suggests that one way that human capital contributes to growth is to serve as a facilitator for technology transfers stemming from FDI. Furthermore, we find some suggestive evidence that the FDI-human capital complementary effect is stronger for technology-intensive FDI than for labor-intensive FDI. Our results are robust to alternative measures of human capital, model specifications, and estimation methods.     

Does China have an impact on foreign direct investment to Latin America?

We analyze empirically whether the emergence of China as a large recipient of FDI has affected the amount of FDI received by Latin American countries. Allowing for the structural break related to China's WTO accession, we found a significant negative impact of Chinese inward FDI on that of Mexico until 2001 and on that of Colombia after that date. The rest of Latin American countries do not seem to be affected by Chinese inward FDI. For the region as a whole, there is no significant Chinese effect on Latin America’s FDI.     

对我国对外直接投资区位选择的思考

本文认为我国对外直接投资的区位选择不能过于集中,目前的对策是重点投资东南亚地区,开展对发达国家周边发展中国家和资源丰富国家的投资,鼓励中小企业投资发展中国家,有针对地投资发达国家。     

Affiliates and parent employment through foreign direct investment: a study case of substitutability or complementarity

How does outward foreign direct investment (FDI) affect employment of multinationals in the home country? Does the impact of outward investment differ among manufacturing and service sectors? Using data on Italian MNEs, this paper examines the impact of Italian outward FDI on local employment between 1998 and 2006. In particular, we investigate the relationship existing between employment in the parent company and employment in foreign affiliates by distinguishing according to host-country location and sector of activity. The results suggest that the effects of Italian outward FDI on domestic employment differ according to the sector and the country of destination. In the manufacturing sector, a weak but significant relationship of labour substitutability is found for Italian MNEs producing low-technology products in foreign affiliates localized in high-wage countries. On the other hand, a significant North–south complementarity relationship in labour demands appears in the High and Medium-high- technology sectors. In the service sector, we find strong complementarity between employment in the parent firm and employment in foreign affiliates: in particular, this regards Italian MNEs producing knowledge-intensive services both in Western affiliates and CEEC locations. These results are robust when we control for endogeneity of output and parent wages.     

The effect of foreign competition on UK employment and wages: Evidence from firm-level panel data

The Effect of Foreign Competition on UK Employment and Wages: Evidence from Firm-Level Panel Data. —This paper contributes to the sparse empirical literature on the effects of foreign competition on domestic employment and wages. The authors estimate a structural labour demand equation on UK firm-level panel data between 1982 and 1989 and several wage equations. When they restrict the sample to the manufacturing sector only, they find for the unionized firms that foreign competition has a negative effect on both wages and on employment. However, when UK manufacturing firms face only a few rivals, foreign competition has a positive effect on wages, but no effect on employment.     

Japanese foreign direct investment and regional trade

We examine the relationship between Japanese FDI outflows, domestic and foreign fixed investment, and the exchange rate. The results indicate that aggregate FDI outflows have been driven by investment in Japan and the exchange rate, while the geographic distribution of such investment has been influenced by foreign economic conditions. We also find that FDI outflows have a temporary impact on exports but a permanent effect on imports. We find no evidence that behavior with respect to East Asia differs from that with respect to North America or Europe.     

越南外国直接投资：特点与问题

本文分析了越南近13年来引进外国直接投资的特点，指出了引资工作中存在的主要问题，并对今后越来引进外资的对策提出了看法。