产权约束、投资低效与通货紧缩

本文从产权逻辑来诠释 2 0 0 3年以来的投资膨胀。文章认为 ,在土地转让权含糊不清和银行产权约束不力的背景下 ,土地和信贷市场的价格机制无法给出市场定价 ,客观造成了巨大套利空间的存在。当经济景气时 ,一些地方政府、企业和银行三方共谋土地和贷款这两种最关键的生产要素 ,从而导致投资的非理性膨胀 ,并通过金融加速器效应带来宏观经济的大幅波动。从根源上讲 ,过度投资和投资低效的本质是产权约束和地方政府政绩观导向的问题。因而 ,本文提出的相应政策含义是 ,在短期内主要以经济杠杆来控制总量 ;在中长期应转变政府职能 ,推进产权改革。     

产权与民间投资的激励

产权理论认为 ,产权是收益的基础 ,有效率的产权应是竞争性的或排他性的 ,它可以减少产权主体在行使其权能时的不确定因素 ,从而激励投资者的积极性。产权的界定和细分有利于现代企业制度的建立和社会经济的发展。党的十六大报告中有关“合法的非劳动收入”和“保护私人财产”的阐述 ,明确了我国现阶段多元利益格局下 ,对私营经济和民间投资的激励政策。分析我国民间投资的发展状况和制约民间投资壮大的产权因素 ,应进一步保护民营企业的产权 ,明晰企业产权与个人产权 ,并对民营企业产权进行细分 ,使所有权和经营权适当分离 ,逐步建立现代化企业的激励约束制度。     

论私有产权的限制

私有产权的限制可从两个层次看:一是立宪层次上的限制,它是私有财产所有者被动接受的限制,包括禁止侵害他物权的限制和保护公共利益与实现政治需求的限制;二是法律上的私有产权界定后,私有产权所有者主动选择的限制,包括行使权利成本的限制和设立他物权的限制.保护公共利益与实现政治需求的限制抑制了私有产权、市场交换作为调节资源稀缺性与人类欲望无限性矛盾手段的力量;其他限制则是发挥市场机制配置资源,实现产值最大化的要求,为不是限制的限制.     

试论财产与权利能力--由"真正的人"之讨论想到的

本文首先阐述人们为什么会对“社会人”产生争议，西方人与中国人在各自的特定的历史环境下对待这个问题态度的流变和原因，及其对当代权利能力平等观的影响；其次，将论述在现代民法中是财产权而不是财产决定了人的民事权利能力得以平等享有。     

智力资本投资与产权归属——减少企业智力资本投资风险的探讨

在知识经济条件下,企业生存和持续发展的前提条件不再是降低成本、增加物质资本的投入、扩大企业规模,而应该是建立和强化企业的核心竞争力。智力资本作为企业核心竞争力的主要源泉,就决定了企业对智力资本的投资和开发成为企业投资决策的重要内容。同时,智力资本的产权特性也决定了企业对智力资本投资所面临的风险,为了鼓励企业对智力资本进行投资并且降低企业的投资风险,就必须正视智力资本产权,避免智力资本的产权残缺。     

Rapacious Resource Depletion,Excessive Investment and Insecure Property Rights: A Puzzle

For a country fractionalized in competing factions, each owning part of the stock of natural exhaustible resources, or with insecure property rights, we analyze how resources are transformed into productive capital to sustain consumption. We allow property rights to improve as the country transforms natural resources into capital. The ensuing power struggle about the control of resources is solved as a non-cooperative differential game. Prices of resources and depletion increase faster than suggested by the Hotelling rule, especially with many competing factions and less secure property rights. As a result, the country substitutes away from resources to capital too rapidly and invests more than predicted by the Hartwick rule. The theory suggests that power struggle boosts output but depresses aggregate consumption and welfare, especially in highly fractionalized countries with less secure property rights. Also, adjusted net saving estimates calculated by the World Bank using market prices over-estimate welfare-based measures of genuine saving. Since our theory suggests that genuine saving is zero while empirically they are negative in resource-rich, fractionalized countries, we suggest ways of resolving this puzzle.     

试论民间投资权益的法律保障

民间投资,是指全社会投资中排除政府投资与外商直接投资后的部分,或者指国内投资中排除政府投资的部分。国家统计局、国家工商行政管理局制定的《关于经济类型划分的暂行规定》将我国目前的经济类型划分为九种,分别是:国有经济、集体经济、私营经济、个体经济、联营经济、     

产权保护、二元准则与适应性效率

会计在准确界定产权和有效保护产权的过程中处于最基础、最重要和最具操作性的地位。为了获取准则变迁收益,降低准则执行成本,提高准则的适应性效率,中国基于"分立法"理念建立了适用于大中型企业的《企业会计准则》和小企业的《小企业会计准则》,形成了"二元"结构会计准则体系。"二元"结构准则之间存在的主要差异决定了各自的适应性效率。本文首次从产权保护视角将《企业会计准则》和《小企业会计准则》结合起来进行考察,提出了准则的适应性效率问题,运用二元结构理念分析了准则的适应性效率。     

资产专用性、网络扩展和私人秩序

“公地悲剧”自哈丁提出以来 ,该名词成了揭示并批判公有产权的理论依据。可是 ,回眸现实 ,我们常听到网络、网络外部性 ,也常看到经济中的许多现象是公有产权 ,并且这些公有产权还在不断地扩展并呈繁荣之势。对此 ,理论上的解释是一个模糊的概念———网络外部性。本人对此提出自己的解释。通过自我实施的合约分析 ,我认为由于资产专用性的存在 ,个人进入网络投下不可收回的沉淀成本 ,由此构成可置信性承诺 ,通过私人秩序扩展了网络 ,实现了“公地繁荣”①。本文分为四部分 :第一部分提出观点 ;第二部分是私人秩序的博弈分析与论证 ,第三部分理论应用 ;最后归纳全文。     

公共产权、集体产权与中国转型经济

公共产权在市场经济中普遍存在,集体产权在中国转型经济中将长期存在.在辨析相关概念涵义基础上,本文分析比较了公共产权和集体产权的区别与联系,探讨它们对我国转型经济的意义.认为具体的制度环境和社会对具体产权形式选择的成本-收益权衡规定着现实经济中集体产权或公共产权的存在及其演变,尤其是在联系到历史与现实的关系时,集体产权的存在与发展(或演化)对于转型经济的和谐稳定发展具有正向作用.     

完善民营企业投资权益环境

改革开放以来,我国民营经济发展迅速,但民营企业投资权益环境不佳,存在着理论指导迟滞、制度滞后与制度缺陷、政府信用缺失、法制环境不健全等问题.我们必须进一步提高认识,消除理论障碍;转变政府观念,规范政府行为;完善权益保护制度,从依靠领导权威保护转向依赖制度保护.为此,应设立统一的中小企业管理机构,加大对中小企业权益保护的力度,以改善民营企业投资权益环境.     

The Nature of Property Rights in Haiti: Mode of Land Acquisition,Gender, and Investment

In Haiti, two primary pathways to land ownership are through the purchase of land and through inheritance. In terms of inheritance, intestate law treats daughters and sons equally with respect to real property. Despite the formal law, we find that women are relatively less tenure secure on their inherited land than men. In contrast, men and women share similar perceptions of tenure security on purchased land. These differences become manifest in conservation investment activities: tree planting, fallowing, and terracing. We find evidence that these activities are less likely to occur by female respondents on their inherited land.     

企业家人力资本产权的内涵、结构与功能

企业家是经济生活中最为稀缺的人力资本资源。企业家人力资本既不同于非人力资本资源,也不同于一般的人力资本资源,在经济增长和社会进步的过程中扮演着不可替代的角色,发挥着举足轻重的作用。借助于西方人力资本理论和产权经济学理论,较为系统地分析了企业家人力资本产权的内涵、结构与功能,得出关于企业家人力资本产权的3个重要结论。     

Property Rights,Governance, and Economic Development

In this review article we give an intuitive account of why good institutions in general, and secure property rights in particular, matter for economic growth and development. We also discuss implications for good governance, defined as the efficient provision of property rights and other aspects of governance. Finally, we briefly touch on political institutions that might be conducive to good governance and thus economic development.     

Property Rights,Public Enforcement,and Growth

We study the link between public enforcement of property rights, innovation investments, and economic growth in an endogenous growth framework with an expanding set of product varieties. We find that a government can assure positive equilibrium growth through public employment in the enforcement of property rights, if the economic environment is sufficiently favorable to growth and/or if public enforcement is sufficiently effective. However, in terms of welfare, an equilibrium path without property‐rights protection and growth might be preferable. In this case, the enforcement of property rights involves too much reallocation of labor from production and research towards the public sector.     

Property Rights,Predation, and Productivity*

I develop a neoclassical growth model with imperfect property rights in which predation entails both waste of resources and deadweight losses. According to the model, in the United States, the welfare costs of crime represent a loss of 18.6 percent of consumption per capita. This loss is 57.8 percent for a country in the average of the last decile of the distribution of an index of business costs of crime across 94 countries. An increase of one standard deviation in the institutional quality index increases GDP per worker by 23 percent for a country in the average of the last decile of its distribution.     

产权理论:私人所有权与集体所有权之争

本文对产权理论进行了拓展。除了关注外部性问题重要性的变化之外，作者还对交易的相当不同的内容进行了讨论。文章认为，这些内容基本在朝着使资本主义比集体主义更有生产力的方向变化。虽然文中强调的交易本质或许与外部性问题之间没有某种必然的联系，但是并不排除二者之间存在联系。所以，文章讨论了参与交易活动的当事人之间的关系特征。此外，为了对其他主要的概念性和理论性讨论作补充，文章考察了相关历史事件。     

Asset Markets and Investment Decisions*

In an incomplete asset market, firms assign values to investment plans by projecting their payoffs on the span of the payoffs of marketed assets. This is a criterion that does not require firms to possess information, such as the marginal valuation of revenue across date‐events by shareholders, which is not directly observable; rather, it is based on the prices and payoffs of marketed assets. Under standard assumptions, competitive equilibria exist. However, even in the absence of nominal assets, competitive equilibrium allocations are generically indeterminate. The set of competitive equilibria is indexed by the price level at each state of the world, which has implications for the effectiveness of monetary policy.     

Public Investment, Congestion, and Private Capital Accumulation

This paper analyses the impact of public investment on the dynamics of private capital formation in an intertemporal optimising market-clearing framework. The key feature characterising the analysis is that the public good is treated as a durable capital good, subject to congestion. We show how in the presence of congestion the effect of government investment on private capital formation involves a tradeoff between the degree of substitution between private and public capital in production and the degree of congestion. Both lump-sum and distortionary tax financing are considered, with this tradeoff being tightened in the latter case