Statistical Inferences for Testing Marginal Rank and (Generalized) Lorenz Dominances

This paper provides distribution-free inferences for testing marginal rank dominance and Lorenz, and generalized Lorenz dominances. Marginal dominances refer to ordinary dominance relationships holding between an income distribution and its dependent after-event distribution. Using the elegant Bahadur representation, I establish the asymptotic normal distributions of sample marginal changes and derive the variance–covariance structures. I also show that the inference procedures can be modified and applied to more general cases where samples are (partially) dependent. The approaches are illustrated by re-evaluating the marginal impacts of working wives on the U.S. family income distribution using 1990 census data.     

The holders and issuers of international portfolio securities

Research on the geographical distribution of international portfolios has mainly focused on data aggregated to the country level. We exploit newly-available data that disaggregates the holders and issuers of international securities along sectoral lines. We find that patterns evident in the aggregate data do not uniformly apply across the various holding and issuing sectors, such that a full understanding of cross-border portfolio positions requires granular-level analysis.     

Foreign Holding Companies and the US Taxation of Foreign Earnings: Evidence from the Tax Increase Prevention and Reconciliation Act of 2005*

I analyze US multinationals' (MNCs) use of foreign holding companies in their organizational structures and the impact of holding companies on internal capital markets. The look-thru rule in the Tax Increase Prevention and Reconciliation Act of 2005 (TIPRA) reduces the after-tax cost of foreign intercompany financing transactions. I use TIPRA as a natural experimental setting to test whether a shift in US tax policy that reduces the cost of moving foreign capital increased firms' reliance on foreign holding company subsidiaries. I find that MNCs responded to TIPRA by creating more foreign holding companies. Furthermore, consistent with the policy objectives of TIPRA, I document that MNCs that rely on holding companies gained tax efficiencies in their post-TIPRA foreign internal capital markets, reducing domestic taxation on foreign earnings and easing financial constraints. Overall, my results expand our understanding of foreign organizational structure decisions and their internal financing benefits. I contribute to the tax literature by documenting a response to TIPRA that sheds light on the growing complexity of foreign subsidiary ownership structures.     

政治关联能够提高企业现金持有价值吗?

以我国2008－2013年沪深两市A股类上市公司为研究样本,从企业现金持有的角度研究政治关联对企业价值的影响。首先从企业现金持有的动机出发,研究政治关联对企业现金持有水平的影响,然后在委托代理理论的框架下,研究了政治关联对现金持有价值的影响。研究发现,政治关联虽然会增加企业现金持有水平,但是却降低了现金持有价值。进一步研究发现,只有在完善的内外部治理机制下,政治关联才能够增加企业现金持有价值。     

个人住房房产税改革研究——基于社会福利保障水平增进的视角

我国要推出的房产税改革,实际上是要对个人住房征收房产持有税,并要对其如何征、征多少的问题进行改革。文章在分析理论界的基本观点与试点方案的基础上总结出我国个人住房房产税改革的基本思路与目标,论证了我国逐步推进并全面开征住宅房产税符合新福利经济学的希克斯效率改进,能增进社会总体福利水平;并从调节收入分配与提升福利保障水平的角度对我国住宅房产税的税收制度进行了设计。     

我国金融控股公司特殊风险管理与控制

综合经营已成为全球金融业的发展趋势,金融控股公司是金融业综合经营的重要载体,与单一金融机构相比,它存在资本重复计算、内部交易、利益冲突、透明度风险、监管套利以及大而不能倒等特殊风险。产生与发展于我国分业经营、分业监管的金融体制下的金融控股公司还存在设立目的复杂、缺乏法律依据、治理机制不完善、监管重叠与监管盲区等风险。针对上述风险,本文提出注重信息披露和传递、设立风险隔离防火墙、完善公司治理结构、建立协调监管机构等管理金融控股公司风险的建议。     

投资者情绪、会计应计与超额回报——基于中国上市公司的实证分析

以我国上市公司1999至2007年的数据为样本,从行为金融学中投资者情绪的角度,深刻剖析投资者情绪对基于会计应计投资策略获得超额回报的影响。研究发现:1、持有会计应计比例低公司的股票,在投资者情绪低迷时期获得的超额回报会大于投资者情绪高昂时期;同样的,持有会计应计比例高公司的股票,在投资者情绪高昂时期产生的投资亏损要大于投资者情绪低迷时期;2、机构投资者持股比例小的公司的股价,更容易受投资者情绪的影响,因而,基于会计应计策略的超额回报在不同情绪下的差异要大于机构持股比例大的公司。本文试图从投资者情绪的角度,分析其对"应计异象"的影响,并且进一步证明,机构持股大小会干扰其影响的程度。     

当前我国收入分配领域存在的突出问题与对策

当前我国收入分配领域存在居民收入和劳动报酬两个比重偏低,垄断行业收入畸高名不副实,社会转移分配平衡收入差距作用不足,群体间收入差距呈现全范围多层次的扩大趋势等突出问题,解决这些问题需要用发展和改革的眼光、思路和办法促进经济健康发展,坚持以人为本的分配理念努力提高普通劳动者收入,完善社会主义市场经济体制创造平等致富的环境,紧紧抓住社会转移分配的灵魂"公平",全方位缩小收入差距,使劳动者通过第三次分配获得捐赠性收入,通过第四次分配获得财产性收入。     

Demographic change and income inequality in the United States, 1976-1989

"The U.S. economy experienced significant increases in the degree of income inequality over the past two decades.... In this paper we consider the effects of race, age, female headship, and college education on the distribution of family income by developing a multivariate methodology that allows us to gauge the influence of one factor while holding other determinants of family incomes constant. Over the period studied we find that race had only a minor effect on the overall size distribution of income. Age had a somewhat greater effect than race. In contrast, the impact of female heads and college education were quite substantial. The multivariate estimates reveal that the effects of female heads and college education both increase the Gini to a much greater extent than the progressivity of federal income taxes decreases it. The effects of college education and female headed families on inequality have grown larger across time, while the influence of age has declined. We find that the effects of race on inequality have changed little over the 1976 to 1989 period."     

Financial Market Volatility and International Reserve Holding Behaviour: A Case Study for Korea,Indonesia, the Philippines,and Thailand

Abstract

The effects of financial market volatility on the international reserve holding behaviour of four Asian countries that experienced the financial crisis in 1997—Korea, Indonesia, the Philippines, and Thailand are investigated. The financial market volatility is modelled and the effect on reserve dynamics, reserve accumulation, and reserve volatility is estimated. Estimations are taken for two periods—pre- and post-crisis—and the structural break test is performed to examine the change in the effects on reserve holding behaviour. The empirical results, in general, support the evidence for the structural change in the effects on reserve holding behaviour after the crisis. This would be one of the evidences of the precautionary motive for reserve holdings after the crisis.     

The creation of big business in the Swedish brewing industry during the aftermath of the Second World War

Abstract

Before the First World War, the Swedish brewing industry was organised into cartels that fixed prices and established distribution areas. During the inter-war years, the major combines in the three biggest cities strengthened their position, since they controlled the market in the most populated areas. Because of the agreements within the brewing cartel Bryggeriidkareförbundet, there was hardly any competition among the breweries and the only way to expand the business was to buy cartel-associated smaller breweries in the fixed ‘natural distribution area’. When the cartel ceased to exist in the mid 1950s, the agreements among AB Stockholms Bryggerier in Stockholm (StB), AB Pripp & Lyckholm in Göteborg (P&L) and AB Malmö Förenade Bryggerier in Malmö (MfB) were informally maintained. They managed to expand in their old distribution areas and beyond, but there was no interference in each other's home market.

This article examines why and how these agreements finally came to an end and the effects of the increased competition. The so-called ‘beer war’ between StB and P&L during the early sixties paved the way for negotiations, which in the end led to a merger of the breweries and a new big combine – Pripps – was created. We take up questions related to the formation of the company, its market expansion, the diversification and other organisational strategies. Pripps's monopolistic position on the Swedish market and the institutional pressure that followed started a process leading in the end to a reorganisation and a holding company, PRIBO, was formed in the early 1970s. A few years later the majority of PRIBO's brewing division (Pripps) was bought by the Swedish state and the rest of PRIBO was sold to one of the upcoming holding companies in Sweden during that time – Beijer Invest.     

委托人-代理人双重身份下的最优激励与激励相容——相互持股道德风险问题的博弈分析

在明确相互持股和委托人一代理人双重身份的情况下,本文从代理人的转移支付方式、委托人最优激励选择和激励相容条件的变化及其存在条件等方面分析了企业内部激励问题的变化,其目的在于揭示委托人一代理人双重身份下的企业内部激励效率的变化,从企业内部激励问题的角度分析相互持股的效率。     

国外国有控股公司董事会制度比较研究及对我国的启示

国外控股公司董事会和国有控股公司董事会在公司治理中居于核心地位。我国应借鉴其有益的制度经验建立适合我国国有控股公司运营发展需要的董事会制度,建立科学合理的控股公司董事会内部构架,完善国有控股公司董事的提名制度,提高董事的素质,为国有控股公司董事会科学决策奠定基础。     

Migration to U.S. frontier cities and job opportunity, 1860–1880

I use a new sample of families linked between the 1860 and 1880 U.S. censuses to study the impact of migration to frontier cities on job holding. Using variation in transportation costs between different regions of the country to generate exogenous migration, I find frontier city migration had significant job-holding benefits. The impact of migration on job holding was 68% greater for immigrants than for the native born. Expectations about job holding were the most important factor in the decision to migrate to a frontier city. Clerical workers, unskilled blue-collar workers, immigrants, and the poor were also the most likely to migrate. These results show the benefits of geographic mobility and suggest the contribution of frontier cities to economic opportunity in America's past.     

机构投资者有助于企业业绩改善吗？——来自2003-2007年中国上市公司的经验证据

本文区分不同类型的机构投资者,探讨其持股对企业业绩改善的影响。研究表明：（1）机构投资者持股对企业业绩改善具有显著的正面影响,持股比例越高越有动机和能力帮助企业改善业绩;（2）不同类型的机构投资者对企业业绩改善的作用不同,持股比例较高的基金、券商有望显著改善企业业绩,而持股比例低的信托公司、保险公司对企业业绩改善没有显著影响;（3）机构投资者对企业业绩改善的影响主要体现在短期,对企业长期业绩改善的作用逐步减弱。简而言之,目前机构投资者对企业业绩改善已开始初步发挥作用,但其作用还较为有限。本文建议进一步促进机构投资者的规模化发展,提高其改善企业业绩的动机和能力。     

金融控股公司内控机制的法律监管研究

为了应对国际竞争,我国现在已经出现了大量的金融控股公司,其业务的多元化增强了金融机构的竞争力,带来了诱人的利润,但是同时也给金融市场带来了高度的风险。这就对金融监管者提出了更高的要求,如何有效防范这些金融风险,对金融控股公司进行监管,发挥金融控股公司的积极性,维护金融秩序的稳定,是立法者必须考虑的问题,也是亟需解决的问题。本文着重从内控机制方面进行论述,建议监管者从这个角度加强对金融控股公司的监管。     

Het winstbegrip in de open naamloze vennootschap

Summary The business organization is viewed as a coalition of participants. Net income is defined as that part of the total income (that is, total revenue) which belongs to the coalition members, whose compensation depends on the outcome of the business activities. For the information of shareholders (net)income has to be calculated at historic cost; for this purpose the realized holding gains and the holding losses included in (net) income should be mentioned separately. On the balance-sheet the assets have to be valued at current cost while the unrealized holding gains have to be shown as a part of the equity-capital. Management needs information on residual income, both at current and historic cost. Rede uitgesproken bij de aanvaarding van het ambt van gewoon hoogleraar in de bedrijfseconomie aan de Vrije Universiteit te Amsterdam op vrijdag 6 maart 1970.     

The effect of teacher's concurrent administrative position on students' academic outcomes: Evidence and mechanisms

Teacher's holding an administrative position (AP) while teaching is common in schools in China. Does it harm the students' academic performance? This paper uses a representative survey of middle school students in China to answer the question. Using a causal identification based on schools with random class assignments, we find that the effect of a headteacher's holding an AP is negative and significant. In contrast, the effect of a subject teacher's holding an AP may be positive. The results are robust to various robustness checks. The heterogeneity analysis shows that the negative effect is driven by 9th grade students and is larger for boys, rural students, those whose parents migrate out to work, and those whose mothers have lower levels of education. Mechanism analysis suggests that head teachers with an AP devote lower levels of teaching effort, measured by time spent on grading and frequency of adopting supplementary teaching tools.     

Different Roles of Land in Rural-Urban Migration： Evidence from China＇s Household Survey

This paper explores the influence of land holding on rural–urban migration using China's 2008 household survey data. It shows that the contradictory findings of existing published literature can be explained by introducing a migration distance variable. The empirical studies show that land holding plays a different role in short‐distance and long‐distance migration. Land holding has a U‐shaped curve association with the probability of short‐distance migration and has an inverted‐U‐shaped association with the probability of long‐distance migration. Therefore, the government needs to provide more job information and migration subsidies to farmers who have little land to overcome difficulties in the process of migration so as to reduce rural–urban inequality.     

Economic policy uncertainty and firm’s cash holding in China: The key role of asset reversibility

This paper investigates how asset reversibility affects the sensitivity of firm’s cash holding to economic policy uncertainty in China. Using the 2012 national input-output table for 139 industries, we measure the industry-level asset reversibility and match them with nonfinancial publicly listed firms over 2007−2017. The results show that asset reversibility has a significant and negative effect on the positive uncertainty-cash holding sensitivity, especially for firms with more severe financial constraints. Furthermore, we find that firms with higher asset reversibility invest more in fixed assets, suggesting that real investment is an important mechanism. In addition, baseline results are robust to potential endogeneity and alternative measures of asset reversibility and economic policy uncertainty. Our findings reveal that asset market friction is a critical determinant of firm’s cash holding.