Trade credit,collateral liquidation,and borrowing constraints

Assuming that firms’ suppliers are better able to extract value from the liquidation of assets in default and have an information advantage over other creditors, the paper derives six predictions on the use of trade credit. (1) Financially unconstrained firms (with unused bank credit lines) take trade credit to exploit the supplier's liquidation advantage. (2) If inputs purchased on account are sufficiently liquid, the reliance on trade credit does not depend on credit rationing. (3) Firms buying goods make more purchases on account than those buying services, while suppliers of services offer more trade credit than those of standardized goods. (4) Suppliers lend inputs to their customers but not cash. (5) Greater reliance on trade credit is associated with more intensive use of tangible inputs. (6) Better creditor protection decreases both the use of trade credit and input tangibility.     

金融开放、金融稳定与金融监管改进

中国金融开放已经到了外国资本在中国银行业市场上举足轻重的时候。对外开放在引进外部竞争的同时,也会带来金融稳定问题。东道国政府必须在金融开放与金融稳定之间做出权衡。在对外开放作为基本国策的背景中,金融监管成为保证金融稳定的主要途径。以激励为基础的金融监管体系是金融稳定的先决条件。     

Effects of financial constraints on corporate policies in Australia

We jointly study the impact of financial constraints on Australian companies’ investment decisions and demand for liquidity. By examining a large sample of Australian firms over the period 1990–2003, we find that financial constraints not only reduce the sensitivity of investment to the availability of internal funds, but also increase the responsiveness of cash holdings to internally generated cash flows. Further analysis shows that the impact of financial constraints varies across different cash flow states; that is, financial constraints have a small effect on corporate investment and cash policies when cash flows are positive. In contrast, the severity of constraints is high in negative cash flow years in which the cost disadvantage of external finance coincides with deteriorating operating performance.     

金融创新、金融风险与金融稳定的理论分析

金融创新、金融风险和金融稳定的关系是一个具有现实意义的问题,金融创新是金融领域各种要素的重新优化组合和金融资源的重新配置。从微观层面看,金融创新对金融稳定的促进作用体现在金融风险规避、金融效率提高和金融市场发展。从宏观层面看,金融创新有助于货币融通、金融体系稳定和金融发展安全等。而另一方面,金融创新可能带来金融脆弱性、危机传染性和系统性风险,并给金融监管带来巨大挑战,对金融安全产生负面冲击。     

Bank concentration and financial constraints on firm-level investment in Europe

This study examines the effect of bank concentration on financing constraints of non-financial firms in 14 European countries between 1992 and 2005. Using firm-level data we analyze financial constraints with the Euler equation derived from the dynamic investment model. We find that with a highly concentrated banking sector firms are less financially constrained. This result is robust to consideration of firm opacity, firm size, and business cycle. Relaxation of financial constraint while greater for firms in less opaque industries also accrues for firms in more opaque industries. Greater bank concentration is associated with less tight financial constraint during both expansions and recessions. Results overall are consistent with an information-based hypothesis that more market power increases banks’ incentives to produce information on potential borrowers. Findings are robust to consideration of country specific institutional factors.     

金融危机、财务弹性与企业投资

基于现金持有量和财务杠杆的视角,研究财务弹性对企业投资行为的影响,并进一步探讨金融危机下财务弹性对企业投资的影响.实证结果表明,企业财务弹性与企业投资成正相关;企业投资对现金弹性的依赖较小,对负债融资弹性依赖较大;与正常经营时期相比,危机时期下财务弹性对企业投资的影响更显著.     

Financial constraints and continental business groups: Evidence from German Konzerns

Using a unique large panel of German firms, we examine whether participation in business groups (Konzerns) reduces the sensitivity of investment to cash flow. The main finding is that the investment sensitivity is significantly reduced for small firms. On the other hand, we do not find clear evidence that medium-sized and large firms participating in Konzerns have different sensitivity compared to that of their stand-alone counterparts. We conclude that the German business model, which embodies key elements of the continental business model, seems to alleviate capital market imperfections for medium-sized and large firms and fails to do so for small firms.     

The effect of financial constraints,investment policy,product market competition and corporate governance on the value of cash holdings

This study empirically investigates the value shareholders place on excess cash holdings and how shareholders’ valuation of cash holdings is associated with financial constraints, firm growth, cash‐flow uncertainty and product market competition for Australian firms from 1990 to 2007. Our results indicate that the marginal value of cash holdings to shareholders declines with larger cash holdings and higher leverage. However, firms that are more financially constrained, that have higher growth rates and that face greater uncertainty exhibit a higher marginal value of cash holdings. These findings are consistent with the explanation that excess cash holdings are not necessarily detrimental to firm value. Firms with costly external financing and that also save more cash for current operating and future investing needs find that the market values these cash hoarding policies favourably. Finally, there is limited evidence of an association between various corporate governance measures and the value of cash holdings for a shorter sample period.     

金融功能、金融发展与中国金融体制改革

金融功能是金融与经济关系的实质、核心与基础。金融功能性资源比其他层次的金融资源更难得,从而更稀缺。金融功能层次的复杂化与提升,功能层次与种类的扩展与强化过程即是金融功能的演进,金融功能的演进即是金融发展。在此基础上以金融发展的金融功能观视角来进行中国金融发展状况的功能判断,提出中国金融体制改革的若干思考。     

Inventories,sales uncertainty,and financial strength

We investigate the empirical linkages between sales uncertainty and firms’ inventory investment behavior while controlling for firms’ financial strength. Using large panels of manufacturing firms from several European countries we find that higher sales uncertainty leads to larger stocks of inventories. We also identify an indirect effect of sales uncertainty on inventory accumulation through the financial strength of firms. Our results provide evidence that financial strength mitigates the adverse effects of uncertainty.     

Financial globalization, financial crises and contagion

Two observations suggest that financial globalization played an important role in the recent financial crisis. First, more than half of the rise in net borrowing of the U.S. non-financial sectors since the mid-1980s has been financed by foreign lending. Second, the collapse of the U.S. housing and mortgage-backed-securities markets had worldwide effects on financial institutions and asset markets. Using an open-economy model where financial intermediaries play a central role, we show that financial integration leads to a sharp rise in net credit in the most financially developed country and to large asset price spillovers of country-specific shocks to bank capital. The impacts of these shocks on asset prices are amplified by bank capital requirements based on mark-to-market.     

Asset pricing with heterogeneous preferences,beliefs, and portfolio constraints

Portfolio constraints are widespread and have significant effects on asset prices. This paper studies the effects of constraints in a dynamic economy populated by investors with different risk aversions and beliefs about the rate of economic growth. The paper provides a comparison of various constraints and conditions under which these constraints help match certain empirical facts about asset prices. Under these conditions, borrowing and short-sale constraints decrease stock return volatilities, whereas limited stock market participation constraints amplify them. Moreover, borrowing constraints generate spikes in interest rates and volatilities and have stronger effects on asset prices than short-sale constraints.     

Financial constraints and asset pricing: comprehensive evidence from London Stock Exchange

This study provides comprehensive evidence on the pricing of financial constraints (FC) risk on London Stock Exchange during the period 1988–2013. Utilizing a large number of proxies for FC, we find that investors are not compensated with higher premia for holding shares of financially constrained firms. To the contrary, in most of the cases, the most constrained firms significantly underperform, both statistically and economically, the least constrained ones. Focussing on the Whited–Wu index to construct a zero-cost FC factor that goes long the most constrained firms and sells short the least constrained ones, we find that this factor carries a significantly negative premium and it is priced in the cross-section over and above the commonly used risk factors.     

金融发展、汇率变动与中国省区制造业出口

本文使用中国省区细分行业的数据和一系列反映金融发展的指标,检验了金融发展对于中国省区制造业出口的影响,同时观测了汇率变动对于各省区行业出口绩效的影响。在控制了各省区要素禀赋以及基础设施条件后发现,在金融发展水平高的省份,高融资依赖性的行业具有较高的出口份额。此外,金融发展有利于融资依赖性行业抵御外部汇率冲击带来的负面影响,扩大市场份额。在选取工具变量以及采取IVTobit模型克服模型的内生性后,结果依然稳健。     

普惠金融、金融深化与金融稳定--基于ARDL-ECM模型估计

本文利用中国1988~2016年宏观经济数据、金融数据,分别构建金融压力指数与普惠金融发展指数来反映我国的金融稳定状况和普惠金融发展状况,并利用ARDL-ECM模型来分析金融压力指数、普惠金融发展水平、金融深化水平之间的关系。实证结果表明我国普惠金融的发展虽然短期会加大系统性金融风险,但是长期来看是有利于金融稳定的。并且对于我国来说金融深化短期内有利于缓解系统性金融风险,但是长期不利于金融稳定。同时,长期内金融深化可以加大普惠金融对金融稳定的有利影响,但是短期却会加大普惠金融不利于金融稳定的作用。     

金融集聚、信息缺陷与金融风险形成机制分析

信息缺陷是金融风险形成的根本原因,其中信息不完全产生系统性金融风险,信息不对称则通过逆向选择和道德风险等途径形成金融风险。金融集聚促进了金融信息的大量集聚,提高了金融主体对信息的认知水平,降低了金融主体间认知水平的差距,提高了信息抽象和编码系统的处理能力,便利了金融信息的传播和扩散。金融集聚通过上述几方面作用,影响信息不完全和信息不对称程度,进而影响金融风险的形成。一方面,金融主体对信息平均认知水平的提高以及信息抽象和编码系统能力的提升扩大了金融信息中知识部分的比例,但金融信息的大量集聚又会扩大噪音信息的比例,因而信息不完全未能消除,系统性金融风险始终存在。另一方面,金融认知水平的普遍提高、金融主体间认知差距的减小以及信息的传播和扩散效率的提高都有利于降低信息不对称程度,减少金融市场中的逆向选择和道德风险,有利于防范金融风险。     

The real effects of financial constraints: Evidence from a financial crisis

We survey 1,050 Chief Financial Officers (CFOs) in the U.S., Europe, and Asia to directly assess whether their firms are credit constrained during the global financial crisis of 2008. We study whether corporate spending plans differ conditional on this survey-based measure of financial constraint. Our evidence indicates that constrained firms planned deeper cuts in tech spending, employment, and capital spending. Constrained firms also burned through more cash, drew more heavily on lines of credit for fear banks would restrict access in the future, and sold more assets to fund their operations. We also find that the inability to borrow externally caused many firms to bypass attractive investment opportunities, with 86% of constrained U.S. CFOs saying their investment in attractive projects was restricted during the credit crisis of 2008. More than half of the respondents said they canceled or postponed their planned investments. Our results also hold in Europe and Asia, and in many cases are stronger in those economies. Our analysis adds to the portfolio of approaches and knowledge about the impact of credit constraints on real firm behavior.     

汲取美国金融危机的教训稳健推进中国金融创新

一场由美国次贷危机引发的全球金融危机,至今仍未探底。这场金融危机的根源是美国实行新自由主义的资本主义经济模式,直接成因是脱离实体经济发展滥用金融创新产品,并疏于金融监管。虽然这场危机的直接成因是金融创新,但是我们不能因此停止金融创新,相反,要在汲取这场金融危机的教训的基础上稳健推进金融创新。在金融创新中要切实做到:金融创新立足实体经济并服务实体经济。金融创新与金融监管并重,加强场外监管。确保金融创新的基础资产质量。审慎对待复杂的金融产品创新、规范信用评级、加强风险控制、坚持行之有效的外汇管理政策。