实施西部大开发的国家财政投资政策(下)

(接续上期) (五)国家对西部财政转移支付的基本取向 实行规范的中央财政转移支付制度,这是各国中央政府协调地区经济发展的重要手段之一.一般说来,财政转移支付包括横向平衡和纵向平衡.前者是保证各地方政府提供的公共服务水平基本均衡而给予的补助;后者则是上级政府对下级政府的拨款.各个国家由于具体情况的不同,其转移支付的结构也具有较大的差异.如美国联邦转移支付以纵向平衡为主,而加拿大、德国和澳大利亚则比较注重横向平衡.考虑到我国中央财力有限,而各地区财政能力又相差十分悬殊,特别是一些西部落后地区经济基础薄弱,地方财政入不敷出,基本上是"吃饭"财政,因此,中央对地方的财政转移支付宜侧重于横向平衡,以有利于缩小各地区之间的差距.     

农产品质量安全中的利益主体间博弈模型

本文是基于农产品质量安全现状,就参与利益主体分为供给者,监管者和消费者,监管者分为上级监管者与下级监管者,并建立供给者与消费者博弈模型与上级监管者与基层监管者、消费者博弈模型。最后对结论进行分析,提出提高农产品质量安全的有效措施。     

优化我国政府间财政博弈的途径分析

财政博弈是影响政府间财政关系的一个至关重要的因素,然而作为独立的利益主体,政府间的财政博弈无法避免,特别是我国政府层级过多,往往导致各级政府间职责划分模糊,随意性大,上级政府越位行事,职责转嫁,侵蚀了下级政府财政的权限,每一级政府都拥有很大的博弈空间,因此,要规范政府间的财政关系,必须对当前我国政府间的财政博弈进行优化,以形成政府间有序的财政博弈。本文对优化我国政府间财政博弈的途径进行了分析探讨。     

专项拨款对区级财政管理的影响及改善构想

专项拨款又称专项转移支付,是国家财政转移支付制度中,转移支付的内容和形式之一.上级(中央及省、市)对下级(区)进行财政转移支付时,对该资金的使用、管理有一定的条件限制,接受转移支付资金的区政府,必须按照上级政府的要求使用资金.     

试论财政转移支付制度

转移支付(Transfer),系英文翻译过来的词汇,原意指“转移”、“转帐”。狭义的转移支付指上级政府的财政收入转作下级政府的收入来源支付本级支出;广义的转移支付不仅包括上级政府对下级政府的收入转移,也包括下级政府的收入向上级的转移,我们常说的转移支付一般是狭义的。目前,转移支付数额在一些西方国家的中央(联邦)财政支出中占有相当大的比重,转移支付已成为市场经济比较发达国家处理中央与地方政府财政关系的普遍作法和基本方式。在建立社会主义市场经济体制中,随着分税制财政体制的实施和完善,需要学习、借鉴市场经济国家转移支付的经验,逐步建立健全适应社会主义市场经济的转移支付制度,确保国民经济持续、快速、健康发展。     

从税收博弈看我国的税制优化

通过设计一个理想的不完全信息静态的税收博弈模型可以推导出，博弈最终均衡解的取得依赖于政府选择的税收制度是否最优，因而我国进行第三次税制改革势在必行。借鉴“最适课税理论”，我国税制改革应注意税收立法程序中参与人之间的博弈，税制结构优化，税收负担的优化，中央税与地方税的协调优化等问题。     

从制度均衡看政府预算的编制过程

通过把博弈均衡制度理论和模型运用到政府预算的编制过程中,阐述了要形成一个相对稳定的政府预算制度必须让民众利益集团享受充分的权利,并与政府利益集团共同参与博弈过程。     

科学管理水资源途径探讨

应用博弈理论,就我国水资源有关问题,对参与行为主体,主要是政府和厂商等根据各自利益偏好所作的策略选择与均衡进行了分析,并就水资源水质环境的污染,政府与用水单位的水量供求,政府与厂商不完全信息动态博弈和静态博弈等问题,建立相应模型,提出建议,以期为我国水资源的科学管理提供一个理论依据。     

科学管理水资源途径探讨

应用博弈理论,就我国水资源有关问题,对参与行为主体,主要是政府和厂商等根据各自利益偏好所作的策略选择与均衡进行了分析,并就水资源水质环境的污染,政府与用水单位的水量供求,政府与厂商不完全信息动态博弈和静态博弈等问题,建立相应模型,提出建议,以期为我国水资源的科学管理提供一个理论依据。     

博弈论视角下的食品安全问题成因及对策研究

本文构建了食品企业和政府间的博弈模型,从博弈论角度分析我国食品安全问题的成因和对策。研究结论表明:当政府单位监管成本高和罚款上限低,而违法企业发现概率小和违法成本低时,政府会选择减少监管次数而企业选择违法经营,两者都获益,食品安全问题的产生是政府和食品企业利益博弈的均衡结果。因此,政府应从维持经济秩序和保障民众健康的角度出发,加强自己的监管执行力和推动自愿性食品安全协议的发展。     

Multinational Enterprises: Their Private and Social Benefits and Costs

Government policy‐makers in many countries compete to attract FDI because they believe that FDI will generate knowledge spillovers in the local economy. However, there is surprising little empirical evidence in favour of substantial spillovers. This raises the question of what benefits can be appropriated by host countries when spillovers are small. This paper analyses the issue using a simple model of the global strategy of a profit‐maximising MNE. It is based on a partial equilibrium model of the firm; although less sophisticated than the general equilibrium approach, it provides a sharper focus on fundamental policy issues. It shows that the principal social benefit conferred by an MNE is measured by the profit its subsidiary generates. This reflects the fact that, according to standard theory, the MNE is an institutional arrangement for appropriating rents from innovation. Other rents may also accrue to local factors of production. The model is used to appraise a range of alternative policy instruments for maximising national benefit from FDI.     

Performance of Ethical Mutual Funds in Spain: Sacrifice or Premium?

There is currently much debate in the economic literature about whether ethical investment involves a financial sacrifice or premium. One of the most common methods of testing this compares the financial performance of ethical investment funds with that of other funds not considered “socially responsible” or ethical. The majority of these research studies evaluate the performance of the ethical funds according to classic measures, whereby different financial markets, in different countries and for different periods of time serve as reference for evaluation. The ultimate conclusion of all of these studies is that there are no significant differences between the performance results of one type of funds and the other. In Spain, ethical investment funds are still an incipient sector of investment. To date, the Spanish market has not been included in any type of analysis of these characteristics. Therefore the main objective of this article is to compare the financial performance of ethical investment funds to that of other funds in the Spanish retail market. We propose the aggregate type of analysis as the Spanish ethical investment funds have experienced a weaker development in comparison to those of other developed countries. In the first step we suggest the financial performance to be compared by style analysis since the asset distribution of the Spanish Social Return Investment (SRI) funds differs from the European trend. In particular, we use the multifactor regression model with style benchmarks. We found that their financial performance is in all cases superior or similar to that achieved by the rest of the funds. In the second step, to achieve a more robust and homogeneous comparison, we used the bootstrap method, comparing ethical and non-ethical fund subsamples by homogeneous groups. No significant differences between these two types of funds have been found. Thus, if we assume the positive o neutral effect of ethical investment on investor utility in the retail Spanish market the financial and social performance (FSP) of ethical funds will be, in aggregate, superior to the FSP achieved by conventional funds. In conclusion, the financial performance of ethical mutual funds in Spain is no sacrifice.     

基于风格层面的开放式基金反馈交易行为的实证研究

文章通过结合Sharpe模型的参数构造一个基于风格层面的基金反馈交易检验模型,对我国在2004年之前成立的开放式股票型基金的反馈交易行为进行实证研究,结果发现：基金普遍采取正反馈交易策略,价值型基金比成长型基金具有明显的正反馈交易特征;在熊市时期,债券型基金的正反馈交易特征最为突出;在牛市时期,成长型基金和债券型基金则表现出明显的负反馈交易特征;历史业绩突出的基金更容易在随后时期内采取正反馈交易策略,这种策略在熊市中会恶化业绩,而在牛市中往往会提高其随后的业绩。     

信息不对称、信念与金融支持过度 --房地产泡沫形成的一个博弈论分析

本文在一个不对称信息框架下分析了银行和房地产投资者之间的行动选择,认为在单重博弈中,只要房地产市场没有出现太糟糕的事情,提供金融支持是银行的最优选择.在多重博弈中,双方将根据对方过去的行动来更新自己的信念.在借款人不良贷款行为对银行的收益影响足够小的情况下,借款人采取信誉低的行动,银行采取金融支持力度高的行动,将是多重博弈的均衡解.在银行存在沉没成本的情况下,这种均衡在短期内也没有被改变,直接推动了房地产泡沫的形成.然而,在长期内这种均衡会因为参与者对市场景气的信心发生逆转而被打破,最终的均衡将是借款人采取信誉低的行动,银行采取金融支持力度低的行动,最终导致房地产泡沫彻底破灭.     

Gold price risk and the returns on gold mutual funds

A model is presented for estimating the theoretical gold price elasticity of the value of mutual funds investing in gold mining companies. The theoretical elasticity shows that if the funds invest in companies whose assets are comprised primarily of operating gold mines, then the return of an investment in the fund will be at least as great as an investment in gold (i.e., the gold price elasticity of the gold fund is greater than 1). Empirical tests of the above propositions are presented. Empirical tests also show, however, that the gold mutual funds contain a substantial amount of risk which is not explained either by market risk or gold price risk. Accordingly, gold mutual funds and gold bullion do not bring identical risks to an investor's portfolio.     

Advertising and R&D investments in the wealth-maximizing firm

Advertising and R&D outlays are more similar to than different from capital outlays in modern corporations. All three can properly be thought of as investments, and can be ranked and evaluated using the tools of modern capital budgeting. One problem with bringing advertising and R&D outlays into the same planning framework as capital outlays is the constraints implicitly imposed by suppliers of external capital on the use of funds they advance. These constraints basically restrict the use of external funds to capital projects. A simple model is constructed of the cash flow-maximizing firm faced with both market and internal funds constraints. This model shows that marginal productivity rules evolve for these outlays and that a multiplier process is present in the movement of advertising and R&D from one equilibrium to another. Implications of this view of advertising and R&D for financial managers are discussed.     

Equilibrium Models With Singular Asset Prices

General equilibrium models in which economic agents have finite marginal utility from consumption at the origin lead to financial assets having continuous prices with singular components. In particular, there is no bona fide "interest rate" in such models, although asset prices can be determined by equilibrium considerations (and uniquely, up to the formation of mutual funds). the singularly continuous processes in question charge precisely the set of time points at which some agent "drops out" of the economy, or "comes back" into it, between intervals of zero consumption. Not surprisingly, these processes are governed by local time.     

The performance of socially responsible equity mutual funds: Evidence from Sweden

This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of socially responsible (SR) funds in Sweden by assessing fund managers' abilities and performances across different market states. These issues are analyzed at the aggregate and individual fund levels. The paper also presents several new statistical tests that allow more precise inferences about differences in performance and the variability in fund returns arising from different benchmarks. In general, SR and conventional funds perform similarly to the market. At the aggregate level, SR funds investing in Sweden and Europe perform similarly to conventional funds, while those investing globally tend to underperform. This underperformance seems to be linked with poor selectivity abilities of global SR fund managers. For individual funds, the performance of both types of funds is more similar. Most funds perform similarly in crisis periods compared to non‐crisis periods. Overall, our results are consistent with a mature market for SR investing and support the view that the similar performance of SR and conventional funds is associated with the mainstreaming of SR investment in Sweden. These findings encourage SR investing both by socially conscious investors, who wish to align their social values with their investment decisions, as well as by conventional investors, who will not be penalized by investing in these funds. We also call attention to the difficulties investors face when trying to identify funds with high social standards, considering that there is scarce information on the extent to which each fund (SR or conventional) holds stocks that comply with ethical and social criteria.     

(Noisy) communication

Communication is central to many settings in marketing and economics. A focal attribute of communication is miscommunication. We model this key characteristic as a noise in the messages communicated, so that the sender of a message is uncertain about its perception by the receiver, and then identify the strategic consequences of miscommunication. We study a model where competing senders (of different types) can invest in improving the precision of the informative but noisy message they send to a receiver, and find that there exists a separating equilibrium where senders’ types are completely revealed. Thus, although communication is noisy it delivers perfect results in equilibrium. This result stems from the fact that a sender’s willingness to invest in improving the precision of their messages can itself serve as a signal. Interestingly, the content of the messages is ignored by the receiver in such a signaling equilibrium, but plays a central role by shaping her beliefs off the equilibrium path (and thus, enables separation between the types). This result also illustrates the uniqueness of the signaling model presented here. Unlike other signaling models, the suggested model does not require that the costs and benefits of the senders will be correlated with their types to achieve separation. The model’s results have implications for various marketing communication tools such as advertising and sales forces.

不同目标类型的开放式基金收益率特征分析

本文利用传统的单指数模型和ARCH模型，分析了开放式基金的收益率的统计特征、ARCH效应及与股价指数的关系。实证结果表示开放式基金的收益率基本具备GARCH(1，1)特征，与股价指数有较强的相关性，但不同目标的开放式基金与股指的关系有所差异，说明基金管理公司在选择投资组合上与基金目标较为一致。有超过一半的样本基金的平均收益率低于同期股指收益率，盈利能力不甚理想。