我国地方政府财政支出的影响因素研究及政策建议

三十年来我国地方财政支出规模呈现先下降后上升的U型走势,且近几年地方财政支出规模日益膨胀。本文在结合我国具体国情的基础上,通过西方财政支出增长理论来解释我国财政支出增长,分析中国地方财政支出的规模影响原因及其影响程度分析,并就有效合理控制地方财政支出规模这个问题从明确地方政府职能的界定,优化财政支出责权结构;完善政府支出的预算编制执行体及监督体系,保障财政支出效率和调整政府支出的结构比例,合理化分类支出的规模等三个方面提出了相应的政策建议。     

我国地方政府财政支出的影响因素研究及政策建议

三十年来我国地方财政支出规模呈现先下降后上升的U型走势,且近几年地方财政支出规模日益膨胀.本文在结合我国具体国情的基础上,通过西方财政支出增长理论来解释我国财政支出增长,分析中国地方财政支出的规模影响原因及其影响程度分析,并就有效合理控制地方财政支出规模这个问题从明确地方政府职能的界定,优化财政支出责权结构;完善政府支出的预算编制执行体及监督体系,保障财政支出效率和调整政府支出的结构比例,合理化分类支出的规模等三个方面提出了相应的政策建议.     

区域社会融资规模与实体经济发展关系研究——以海南省为例

本文通过测算2006—2012年海南省社会融资规模数据,考察了海南省社会融资规模发展情况,综合运用协整分析、脉冲响应分析及效率分析研究了海南省社会融资规模对实体经济的影响。结果表明,2006年以来,海南省社会融资规模发展迅速,融资结构不断优化,对实体经济的发展起到了积极的推动作用,但效率有所下降,应进一步提高直接融资比例。     

地方财政支出与财政支出结构的优化——兼论我国公共财政改革的途径

本文主要从地方财政支出的角度提出了我国财政支出结构优化和公共财政改革的问题。对我国财政支出的实证分析表明，地方财政支出在整个国家财政支出中占有很重要的地,因而财政支出结构的优化和财政职能的调整必须从地方财政支出的改革入手。同时，本文在实证分析的基础上提出，在改革地方财政支出时，应该注意解决财政经济职能调整、社会性支出和维持性支出、政府间支出责任划分等几个问题。     

我国的财政支出与结构优化

财政是国家的重要职能之一,财政支出结构能够将政府活动的范围以及方向准确、综合的反映出来。财政支出结构是各种财政支出在总支出中所占的比重,优化财政支出结构对于经济进步、社会发展有着十分重要的作用。当前我国的经济发展形势下,财政支出结构优化并不到位,因此应科学分析其情况,提出财政支出结构优化的有效意见和对策。本文就我国的财政支出与结构优化进行分析和研究。     

优化我国财政支出结构的思考

人们对政府财政行为的观察一般局限于税制、税收政策或收费等方面,而对政府财政支出的规模或结构问题却不很重视,包括学界也是如此.其实,比起收入来,财政支出更能准确地反映一个政府的施政方向,因为它能更直接地反映这个政府向社会提供公共服务的水平.财政支出的总量和结构安排,体现党的方针政策,反映政府活动的范围和内容,涉及到广大人民群众的切身利益.着力优化财政支出结构,大力支持保障和改善民生,是实现"五个统筹"、促进经济社会协调发展、维护社会公平正义最直接有效的手段,有利于促进科学发展和社会和谐.     

论财政支出结构优化

本文将财政支出结构优化内涵简要概括为三个方面，财政支出宏观规模适度、财政资源支拨的合比例性，财政支出耗用的有效性，并且，紧紧围绕这三个方面对我国财政支出结构现状展开分析，提出了我国财政支出结构优化的切实途径。     

分权时序与地方财政支出结构——基于中国省级权力下放实践的经验分析

一直以来,地方政府因"重基建、轻民生"而饱受诟病,地方财政支出结构呈现经济性特征,已有研究较为全面地考察了分权的支出效应,却未曾问津地方财政支出结构的差异及其背后的原因.本文基于中国省以下不同类型权力下放的多样化选择,结合分权时序理论,探讨不同分权时序模式对地方财政支出结构的影响差异.研究证实,无论是行政分权先行还是财政分权先行,都会导致县级财政支出结构的扭曲,前者会带来民生性支出的显著缩减,而后者则会带来生产性支出的显著扩张.通过梳理不同类型分权改革的具体内容发现,对于实行行政分权改革的地区而言,在改革中对民生项目建设作出明确部署能够有效改善对民生支出的挤占,而设立县域经济发展的预期目标则会加剧财政支出结构偏向生产性;就实行财政分权的地区来看,明晰各级政府支出责任有助于地方财政支出结构的优化,而针对县级财政设立增收节支的激励措施则会产生截然相反的作用.本文的研究不仅为理解地方财政支出行为提供了一个全新视角,也为下一步推进和完善分权改革提供了思路.     

我国财政支出效率分析

本文以财政支出的规模和结构效率为分析对象,分析我国财政支出效率四个方面的问题,即财政支出规模适度、财政支出与政府责任转型相匹配、地方财政承担的事权以及各地区财政职能分化程度。针对财政支出效率中存在的问题,本文提出相关的政策建议。     

地方财政支出结构变化及对经济增长影响的实证分析——以淮安市为例

为了推动经济持续增长,除了适当的财政支出总量政策外,更重要的是有效率的财政支出结构政策。不同的财政支出项目,不同的财政支出结构政策,具有不同的经济增长效应。近年来,淮安市政府财政支出保持持续增长态势,本文在借鉴国内外先进研究成果的基础上,试图运用计量分析软件对淮安市地方财政支出结构与经济增长的关系进行剖析,提出优化地方财政支出结构的政策路径,为财政资源的有效配置提供参考。     

Almanac of anticipations: The age of affluence—of anticipation—of anxiety—of automation—of discontinuity—of longing—of overkill—of space exploration

With this survey of developments in the futures field since 1945, I.F. Clarke completes his present series for Futures. He makes two major points: that forecasting techniques have become essential tools in the management of change; and that nuclear weapons and ecological problems have added a moral dimension to the study of the future. In the next issue of Futures he will start a new series on the range of future-thinking in the USA, from the expectations of the first settlers to the Star Wars programme.     

对基层人民银行科技工作的几点建议

银监会分设后,人民银行将专司货币政策、金融稳定、金融服务三大职能。作为人民银行的分支机构,基层人民银行的工作重心也将从金融监管调整到这三大职能上来。人民银行的科技部门,就要积极运用科技手段,为人民银行履行新的职能发挥“服务、支持、促进、发展”的作用。一、围绕三大职能搭建五大平台经过“六五打基础、七五作准备、八五大发展”几个阶段后,人民银行相继实现了核算电算化、清算网络化和办公信息化。特别是近一两年来,陆续开通了大额支付系统、信贷登记咨询系统、会计四集中系统、金融信息服务网站等系统,人民银行信息化水平又…     

基金公司经营融资融券业务的问题审视

融资融券业务正式运营已经开展,为证券市场带来了革命性的改革,作为证券市场的一大主体,基金公司面对融资融券也迎来了新的发展方向和挑战,本文从融资融券业务的运行机制入手,分析了基金公司融资融券的新契机,并对其即将面临的问题进行审视和剖析,进而提出策略建议.     

社会主义所有制形式的改革、完善与共产党执政能力的提高

在中国,所有制形式的调整、改革与完善,先进生产力的发展,党的执政能力建设,是社会主义建设过程中密切结合在一起的三个不同层面的发展关系.应在相互促进和共同提高中促进社会的和谐发展,保证社会主义现代化建设战略目标的顺利实现.     

金融企业员工考核系统的设计

一、概述 为配合公司人事考核制度的贯彻执行,保证该制度执行过程中各项工作能够长期、高效、准确地完成,我们开发了公司员工考核系统,实现了人事考核工作中员工投票、考核统计、考核信息分析、报表生成等功能,减少了人事部门人员的手工操作,提高了考核工作的自动化程度.     

The Usefulness of Measures of Consistency of Discretionary Components of Accruals in the Detection of Earnings Management

Abstract:  Prior research has shown the prevalence of measurement error in models used to estimate aggregate discretionary accruals. In these models, the incremental information content of the various components of accruals is ignored. Limited prior research and data gathered from firms under Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) litigation indicate that managers use either one or more than one component of accruals simultaneously, in a consistent way to manipulate bottom-line earnings in a given direction. I propose two measures that capture the consistency between the discretionary components of accruals and test their significance in earnings management (EM) detection in firms that have artificially added accrual manipulation and firms that were targeted by the SEC for accrual manipulation. There is evidence that this information is incrementally useful in detecting EM. This finding paves the way for improvements in the discretionary accruals measure by including consistency information from the components of aggregate accruals.     

Summary of Results of Survey of Seminar Attendees

Abstract

The Society of Actuaries undertook a three-phase research project on mortality improvement in the three NAFTA countries: Canada, Mexico, and the U.S. Phase 1 consisted of a literature review of papers on projecting mortality levels in the future and a study of the trend in mortality improvement during this century. Phase 2 consisted of a discussion of different facets of modeling mortality rates at a seminar attended by 79 experts (actuaries, demographers, economists, and medical researchers) representing different countries. The last session of the seminar consisted of the completion of a survey by the attendees to obtain input for Phase 3, which would analyze the impact of mortality improvement on the social security system of each country. This paper summarizes the results of the survey.

The survey results illustrate the difficulty in forecasting mortality levels, because the effects of many factors that could have significant impact on mortality rates are unknown. This suggests the need for dynamic forecasting, which allows for the possibility of random shocks. A majority of the survey respondents believe that stochastic forecasting models, despite their complexity, have significant potential to add value. Respondents also believe that both historical data and cause-specific mortality forecasts are useful as input and also in validating forecasts of the aggregate levels of mortality. The challenge is to develop more sophisticated forecasting models to produce results that are relatively easy to interpret and to communicate these results to the desired audiences, including the public and policymakers.

The survey results suggest that the aggregate effect of lifestyle changes, medical advances, diseases, catastrophe, and physical environmental changes is an increase in life span. However, there is much uncertainty about the future. Respondents expect that beyond the year 2020 the mean annual rate of reduction in mortality for males age 65 and over will average about 0.58% for Canada, 0.76% for Mexico, and 0.67% for the U.S. The results for the female age 65 and over population are 0.64%, 0.83%, and 0.70%, respectively. The age 65 and over population is expected to see larger percentage reductions in mortality than the 0–14 and 15–64 populations. The reductions in male and female mortality will be ultimately the same, and the mortality levels in the three countries will ultimately converge, although differences may persist for decades.     

Properties of time-series estimates of degree of leverage measures

Empirical studies suggest that time-series regression estimates of the degrees of operating and financial leverage have a tendency to produce measures less than one. According to ex ante theory, these measures should be greater than one for firms operating above the breakeven point. There have also been suggestions that the biases in these estimates may be attributable to an underlying increase in unit sales. This work presents evidence that these counter-intuitive measures are produced by changes in the firm's operating parameters (unit price, variable cost, fixed cost and interest payments). It further suggests that attempts to control for the underlying change in unit sales substantially increase the volatility of predicted estimates.     

浅议金融机构的举证责任

金融纠纷案件是当事人以存单或进账单、对账单、存款合同、保险单、票据、证券等凭证为主要证据向人民法院提出诉讼的案件,对于不同种类金融纠纷的当事人的举证责任,我国现行的金融法律、法规及司法解释有不同的规定。由于金融机构的特殊法律地位,发生金融纠纷时存在有关当事人将最后偿付风险转移给金融机构承担的主观故意,在客观上会使金融机构难以提供相应的证据来对抗不法债权人的诉讼请求,而导致金融机构败诉。为此,对金融诉讼案件中金融机构的举证责任加以研究具有重要的实践意义。     

纳税申报法律制度的弊端分析及完善建议

纳税申报是税收民主的一种具体体现形式,基于此,世界各国普遍建立了纳税申报法律制度。我国的纳税申报法律制度也已经有20年的历史,其间经过多次修改和完善,也曾极大地促进了税收法制与税收民主的进程。但从总体来看,我国现行的纳税申报法律制度依然存在相当多的问题,不仅与税收征管改革不配套,还存在侵害纳税人权益的问题。因此,有必要修改相关法律法规,以完善我国的纳税申报法律制度。