政府债务规模的国际比较及决定因素研究

本文发现国债负担率的国别间差异明显,而且随着时间变化很大。这表明政府债务规模不仅可能受到一些易变的非结构因素影响,还可能受到某些相对稳定的结构性因素的影响。本文对国债负担率决定因素的实证分析支持政府债务的新政治经济理论,政府的稳定性越差、政府危机的次数越多,国债负担率就越高。本文的研究也支持李嘉图等价性文献所暗示的关于预期寿命影响的理论假说,预期寿命对国债负担率存在着显著且稳健的正影响,预期寿命越长,政府债务就越大。本文还发现政府支出规模、通货膨胀率和实际利率对政府债务规模也存在显著且稳健的正影响。     

企业财务报告质量问题及其治理对策

近年来,一些企业采用编造、变造、伪造等手法粉饰财务报告,以失真的财务信息误导企业利益相关者的行为十分普遍,严重扰乱了经济秩序,动摇了投资者的信心,对我国经济造成严重损害。本文对该问题产生的原因进行了分析,并根据财务报告应＂客观、充分地反映会计主体的财务状况、经营成果和现金流量,为利益相关者提供有用的财务信息＂的要求提出了治理对策。     

欧洲主权债务危机的由来、影响及其启示

全球各国为了尽快摆脱次贷危机导致的金融危机的困扰,纷纷采取＂赤字财政＂的扩张政策。当前尽管次贷危机的影响逐渐远去,但由此带来的副作用即＂主权债务危机＂却开始显现。近期,希腊、葡萄牙和西班牙等欧洲国家的主权债务问题一度引发全球资本市场的动荡并牵动投资者敏感的神经。文章通过分析欧洲主权债务危机的由来、对全球金融经济的影响以及对我国的启示来详细论述这次欧洲主权债务危机。     

Debt and household finance: evidence from the Financial Diaries

The Financial Diaries data-set is a unique, new set of year-long daily income, expense and financial transactions for households from three different areas of South Africa. These data show that over-indebted households (those that spend 20 per cent or more of their gross monthly income on debt) do not fit one homogeneous profile. Formal debt tends to be responsible for over-indebtedness in the urban areas, while in the rural areas the cause tends to be informal debt. In the urban areas high indebtedness is more prevalent among medium-income and high-income households, whereas in the rural areas it occurs at all income levels. High indebtedness in grant-dependent rural households tends to be persistent, whereas in wage-dependent urban households it is often short-lived. These findings present a new financial picture of poor rural populations that is unlikely to be touched by recent policy measures to address over-indebtedness.     

价值财务报告模式:基于会计信息化视角

会计信息化是会计发展的必然趋势,而利用信息技术的优势来提高会计信息的价值,关键还在于会计信息本身的价值。目前研究会计信息化的文章不少,但很少有涉及会计信息价值本身的研究。本文主要从会计信息自身价值提高的角度来研究会计信息的披露载体——财务报告,并在此基础上提出价值财务报告模式的构想。     

JIT Adoption: The Effects of LIFO Reserves and Financial Reporting and Tax Incentives*

Using matched samples of JIT adopters and nonadopters, we examine the association of JIT adoption with firms' financial reporting and tax incentives, earnings‐management histories, and LIFO reserve levels. We find evidence that adoption decisions are influenced by the interaction of firms' LIFO reserves with their income smoothing, debt covenant, and tax incentives. We also find that adoption is less likely for firms historically engaging in high degrees of earnings management, particularly when such firms have no substantial LIFO reserves. Our study extends earlier research demonstrating a relation between inventory valuation method and year‐end inventory transactions, and documents a relation between earnings‐management incentives and a fundamental supply‐chain design choice.     

论次贷危机对国际金融体系、国际格局和中国经济的影响

次贷危机已经演变为美国金融史甚至全球金融吏上最深重的危机之一.这场危机可能将美国经济乃至全球经济拖入衰退的深渊,它也因此引起了各国对金融创新和金融全球化的反思.美国政府应对次贷危机的表现与美国在全球所推行的市场原教旨主义背道而驰,这对美国政府的信誉构成了严重打击.次贷危机也将对国际金融体系和国际格局构成冲击,而以中国为代表的新兴市场国家在危机中不可能全身而退.且看本文对危机深层次影响的剖析.     

Strategic Tax and Financial Reporting Decisions: Theory and Evidence*

This paper examines the effect of book‐tax differences on the probability that a transaction is audited and the probability that additional taxes are collected. It constructs a stylized model in which the taxpayer reports both financial accounting income and taxable income. The government observes both reports before deciding whether to conduct an audit. The analysis of the equilibrium yields two hypotheses. First, the probability that the government will audit a transaction is higher if the transaction generates a positive book‐tax difference (e.g., an expenditure that is deducted for tax purposes but capitalized for financial reporting purposes) than if the transaction generates no book‐tax difference. Second, conditional on being selected for audit, transactions with and without book‐tax differences are equally likely to have detected understatements of tax liability. These hypotheses are tested using Internal Revenue Service (IRS) data from the Coordinated Examination Program. The empirical tests are consistent with the predictions of the strategic tax compliance model.     

一体化进程中的金融制度创新

作为２０世纪世界经济一体化的主要内容之一,金融全球化既是世界经济发展的中介形式,又是承上启下的关键环节。如果说金融创新以金融工具的创新和金融市场的创新导致了全球金融业的一场革命,那么金融制度的创新则从更高层次上促进了金融全球化的发展。以欧洲货币一体化为例,最优货币区理论的提出和欧元的诞生就是一种金融制度创新。     

The Impact of Financial and Tax Reporting Incentives on Option Grants to Canadian CEOs*

This study explores the effects of financial and tax reporting incentives on options granted to chief executive officers in Canada. Extant studies with a similar objective (Yermack 1995; Matsunaga 1995) explore predominantly nonqualified U.S. option grants that are deductible to the extent that the options are in the money at the time of exercise. In contrast, Canadian firms do not get a tax deduction for their stock option grants at any time. In both countries, no expense is recorded for financial reporting purposes. As a result, the financial reporting and tax reporting trade‐off is more pronounced in the Canadian setting of this study compared with the U.S. setting. We measure option granting behavior as the ratio of the Black‐Scholes value of stock option grants to the sum of cash compensation and the value of stock option grants. Using a sample of 806 firm‐year observations during the period 1993‐95, we find that observed option grants are significantly correlated with proxies for short‐run financial reporting incentives. We also find evidence that option granting behavior is correlated with proxies for tax incentives.     

The Economic Impact of the Lack of Transparency in Financial Reporting

Off-balance-sheet amounts are in the trillions of dollars, not including all transactions with off-balance-sheet implications. Financial managers and consultants intentionally structure transactions that are abusive of off-balance sheet accounting rules, which leads to a lack of transparency in financial reporting. This paper explores several ways in which companies manipulate off-balance sheet transactions to satisfy personal and business objectives as well as the impact of such manipulations. It is time for regulatory bodies to close the loopholes, eliminate overly rules-based standards, clearly state the economic objective of each standard, and require firms to disclose the economic motivations for the accounting practices they adopt.      

地方政府债务对经济增长的影响——基于债务规模与债务结构的双重视角

在提出测算地方政府隐性债务新方法的基础上,基于所测算的数据,从债务规模和债务结构的双重视角,全面分析地方政府债务对经济增长的影响。结果表明:就债务规模而言,当地方政府债务率相对较低时,增加债务有助于促进经济增长,但是当地方政府债务率相对较高时,进一步增加债务对经济增长的推动作用将会减弱。就债务结构而言,当地方政府的隐性债务占比过高时,地方政府债务的扩张会对经济增长产生更为显著的负向影响,这主要是因为隐性债务对民间投资的挤出作用更强。因此,防范与化解地方政府债务风险,不应采取"一刀切"的策略,而应从债务规模和债务结构两个视角综合考量,为各地量身打造防范与化解债务风险的最优策略。     

Regulatory Oversight of Financial Reporting: Securities and Exchange Commission Comment Letters

The Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) reviews company filings (10‐Q, 10‐K, S‐1, etc.) submitted to them. If a review identifies potential deficiencies, the SEC staff sends the company a comment letter seeking clarification, additional information, and ultimately, perhaps, revision of the filing or future filings. We examine the content, resolution, and ensuing informational consequences of SEC comment letters. The content analysis shows that nearly half of all comments involve accounting application, financial reporting, and disclosure issues. More than 17 percent of our sample cases result in immediate amended filings to resolve the issue(s) arising from the comment letters, and financial statements and/or footnotes are frequently revised. Following comment letter resolution, the adverse selection component of the bid‐ask spread declines and Earnings Response Coefficients (ERCs) increase. Our results provide little support for the conjecture that the market interprets the receipt of a comment letter as a signal that the firm has poor reporting quality. Finally, we find no evidence that comment letter firms increase the quantity or change the type of voluntary disclosure, thereby eliminating a possible competing explanation for the improved information environment. We conclude the SEC's oversight has beneficial informational effects.     

日本对政策金融机构的重组及其启示

战后,日本设立了为数众多的政策金融机构,为日本经济的迅速恢复、高速增长及此后的低速稳定增长发挥了重要作用。但随着日本经济的发展,由于政策金融机构有强大的财政资金支持,导致民间金融机构在市场竞争中受到排挤,在很大程度上压抑了民间金融机构的活力,影响了民间金融的健康发展,扭曲了金融市场的资源配置功能。因此,进入新世纪以后,日本政府对包括政策金融在内的整个财政投融资体制进行了大刀阔斧的改革。从日本政策金融机构的设立和重组中,可以得出一些对我国的政策金融发展与改革有益的启示。     

金砖四国国际金融实力提升对国际金融及其治理的影响

近年来,金砖四国金融开放度提高,国际金融实力有所提升,有利于为国际市场提供低成本资金,维护国际金融稳定,推动国际金融体系改革。但受制于金融发展滞后,四国在国际分工中仍处于劣势,其国际金融实力的上升与实体经济及对外贸易的发展不相称,难以在国际金融治理和国际经济不平衡的调整中发挥重大作用。未来四国应加快国内金融改革,大力发展金融市场;进一步密切四国之间以及四国与其他新兴经济体的贸易投资联系;加强政策协调,推动国际货币金融体系改革。     

世界经济与金融的发展及其对中国的影响

今天我讲的主要是全球经济不平衡、中国汇率政策和双顺差问题.最近我参加了不少的国际研讨会,特别是在9月份参加ⅡE关于IMF改革的会议,我感觉到人们对全球经济不平衡的观点差异性很大.     

全球金融海啸对日本经济的影响及对策

次贷危机是因美国政府的不负责任而引发的,而次贷危机的损失却是全世界的.华尔街绑架了美国政府,美国政府绑架了全世界.由此而产生的金融海啸殃及了全世界,让全球为其买单;而美国则胜利大逃亡,成功转嫁危机,所有这一切都是美国的金融霸权和美元霸权所造成的.1985年的广场协议以后,是美国一手导演了日本的泡沫经济直至崩溃.[1]而此次的转嫁危机不知道又会把哪些国家拖入泥潭.     

The Evolving Logic of the External Institutional Financial Organizations of China

Starting from the initial conditions of Chinese financial reform, the author tries to analyze the inherent logic why the External Institutional Financial Organizations （the EIFOs） steps into a tight comer. He points out that the financial marginal reform carried out by the country has no endogenous solution under the initial conditions such as the dominance of state-owned finance, lacking market basement for interest forming, no real finance price, the administrative approval system, and lacking market basement for financial supervision,