中国铁路运输企业合并效率的经验研究

通过成本模型和平均成本对比两种方法,分析了中国铁路运输企业中的2个合并案例,以运输成本的变化为主要依据,研究铁路运输企业合并的利弊得失,其结论是当铁路局的路网规模较小时,合并能带来规模经济;而当路网规模达到一定水平后,铁路局之间的合并对经营效率的提高没有显著效果。     

国外铁路重组模式的分析与比较

有效竞争理论是美国经济学家克拉克针对完全竞争概念的非现实性而提出的。有效竞争简单地说是既有利于维护竞争又有利于发挥规模经济。通过对发达国家铁路改革政策的比较与分析,提出对于铁路这种具有规模经济效应同时又缺乏内部竞争的基础设施产业,应用有效竞争理论作为改革的理论指导具有一定的现实意义。     

基于市场竞争均衡态势的铁路快捷货运经营体系构建

针对铁路局快捷货运经营的不足,提出铁路快捷货运经营体系应由“门到门”运输子系统、营业网点子系统、市场营销子系统、物流信息子系统等四项子系统组成。基于物流市场竞争均衡态势,构建成都铁路局快捷货运经营体系模型。并运用模型进行求解,得出了相应的结果。     

Examining the cost structure of urban bus transit industry: does urban geography help?

The purpose of this paper is to expand empirical research on bus transit operation costs and test the hypothesis that physical and geographical characteristics are plausible explanatory cost factors. A translog cost function has been estimated, using a panel dataset of 1053 observations over 1996–2002 for a cross-section of 264 transit bus agencies in the US, combined with geographical and physical data processed with GIS technology. The results confirm the importance of geographical factors as determinants of bus transit costs. The trade-offs between geographical factors in shaping the frontier between economies and diseconomies of density are assessed. The implications of the results for public policy regarding competition are discussed.     

Substitution and complementarity in aviation: airports vs airlines

In this paper a model concerning substitution and complementarity on the linkage between airport facilities and airlines from the viewpoint of pricing policy is formulated. This model is used to analyze whether airport pricing policies, e.g. to ensure cost recovery, are compatible with competition for transfer passengers. It is found that airports with a high volume of demand can pursue cost recovery and still be the most preferred hub. Airports with a low level of demand will not be the preferred hub, even if the larger airport charges higher taxes to recover costs.     

Measuring airports’ operating efficiency: a summary of the 2003 ATRS global airport benchmarking report

This paper provides a partial summary of the 2003 ATRS (Air Transport Research Society) Global Airport Benchmarking Report which uses the annual data for 2000–2001. The objective of the ATRS benchmarking report is to measure and compare the performance of several important aspects of airport management and operation: productivity and efficiency, unit costs and cost competitiveness, financial results. The report also examines the relationships between various performance measures and airport characteristics in order to better understand the observed differences in airport performance. This particular paper extracted from the benchmarking report focuses on measuring and comparing operating efficiency performance of the world’s major airports. In particular, the paper presents the results on the airports’ Variable Factor Productivities (VFP) after removing the effects of the variables beyond managerial control. In the process, it identifies the effects of various factors influencing airport’s VFP, and computes a ’residual’ VFP index as an indicator for airports’ operations efficiency.     

提升铁路运输企业竞争优势的薪酬战略

随着市场竞争的不断加剧,越来越多的企业注重通过薪酬战略来实现人力资源战略,从而获取企业竞争优势,实现企业经营战略目标。通过对薪酬战略提升铁路运输企业竞争优势作用的分析,提出深化工资分配制度改革,建立市场导向的薪酬管理机制,以及岗位工资为主的工资体系等铁路运输企业的薪酬战略对策。     

Competition and efficiency in the Italian airport system: new insights from a conditional nonparametric frontier analysis

We analyse the effect of competition on technical efficiency of Italian airports by applying a novel conditional nonparametric frontier analysis for the first time to the airport industry. We find that competition affects mostly the frontier of best performers, whilst airports that are lagging behind are less influenced. A novel two stage approach shows that, on average, competition has a negative impact on technical efficiency. We estimate a measure of pure efficiency, whitened from the main effect of the competition, whose distribution has a bi-modal shape, indicating the existence of two differently managed groups of airports.     

Economic impacts of Swedish railway deregulation: A longitudinal study

Vertical separation between infrastructure service provision and the operation of trains is one important element in the Swedish deregulation process. Another is the introduction of various forms of competition. In this paper, we study the economic development of the Swedish railway and explore if and how the deregulation has affected cost efficiency. We use a longitudinal econometric approach in our study and conclude that vertical separation raises costs, and also that the introduction of competition lowers costs. The combined effect seems to be an improvement in cost efficiency as an impact of the deregulation process. The study also gives some results on lagged relationships between output and costs in railways with mixed passenger and freight services and provides a methodological approach for causal research on the relationship between railway deregulation and costs.     

铁路集装箱场站效率评价研究

首先构建符合我国铁路集装箱场站生产实际的效率评价指标,选取对集装箱场站作业效率有重要影响的要素作为输入、输出指标;其次将灰色关联分析与层次分析法同时用于DEA模型,以构建主观客观相结合的权重约束空间,采用基于综合权重＂偏好序＂约束的DEA方法中的CCR、BCC模型,用EMS软件计算模型的效率值。通过对效率值进行横向、纵向比较分析,对广铁集团管内14个集装箱办理站2009年、2010年的效率进行评价,提出改进铁路集装箱场站效率的方法。     

Modeling the effects of wage premiums on airline competition under asymmetric economies of density: A case study from Brazil

This paper investigates the effects of wage premiums on the competition between Full Service Carriers (FSC) and Low Fare Carriers (LFC) in the airline industry. We study the impact of changes in the labor market and the resulting effects on performance in the product market and examine the role of economies of density. We develop an oligopoly model of airline competition with endogenous wages and simulate increases in labor costs. We apply the model to the case of the most important domestic route of Brazil using airline/route-specific demand and costs data. Our chief contribution relies on the empirical model of asymmetric economies of density for the competing business models. We estimate that LFCs have higher economies of density than FSCs. With the empirical models of demand, costs and wages, we compute the wage-elasticities of price-cost markups. We find that, on account of the higher sensitivity of marginal costs to labor costs of the FSCs, their markups are more affected by wage premium increases than the markups of the LFCs. The results are attenuated by higher economies of density, but amplified by higher price-elasticities of demand and lower economic growth.     

关于中国铁路“走出去”战略的经济学思考

中国铁路“走出去”战略的不断实施,是我国铁路产业链竞争能力发展到高级阶段的内在要求.在竞争力理论分析基础上,重点对国家协调能力、铁路工程建造能力、装备制造能力、运营管理能力、投融资能力、国际项目运作能力等六大能力进行了剖析,认为我国铁路“硬能力”增长速度高于“软能力”增长速度,需不断提升综合竞争能力.提出了我国铁路“走出去”战略遵循多元化增长型战略模式,重点拓展亚非拉国家的铁路市场业务,有力推动我国铁路产业链的拓展升级.     

Perspectives for a future high-speed train in the Swedish domestic travel market

Gröna tåget (the Green Train) is a research and development project with the aim to develop a high-speed tilting train concept for the Swedish and Nordic markets. Competition with other modes needs to be evaluated, especially as regards travelling times and fares, with special attention paid to domestic airlines.For new trains, gains in travelling times and lower operational costs can be expected. Model calculations of operational costs for domestic air stages and high-speed trains, respectively, show that high-speed trains have lower costs per available seat kilometer. Train operators can meet competition with fares from coaches and air carriers provided they introduce yield management. The primary competition is about travelling times. Gröna tåget would increase the train’s attractiveness and win over some travel from airlines.     

Identifying airline cost economies: An econometric analysis of the factors affecting aircraft operating costs

This paper provides the results of an econometric analysis of the influences of airline characteristics on the average operating costs per aircraft movement. The analysis combines a comprehensive selection of airline-output variables, airline-fleet variables, and airline-market variables. The results confirm the existence of economies of density, economies of load factor, economies of aircraft utilisation and economies of aircraft size. The paper does not provide evidence of economies of scale, economies of stage length or economies of fleet commonality. Furthermore, airlines that additionally operate full freighters, airlines that are members of a worldwide alliance and airlines that operate a multi-hub system face higher average operating costs per aircraft movement. Surprisingly, the regression results demonstrate that airlines that use newer aircraft have higher average operating costs per aircraft movement, suggesting that ownership costs (depreciation and leasing costs) of new aircraft outweigh the increasing maintenance costs of old aircraft. Finally, the results show that airlines that have a dominant position at their hubs or bases have higher operating costs per aircraft movement, implying that the absence of serious competitive pressure enables airlines to charge higher ticket prices and, with that, leads to a limited focus on cost savings.     

从运输组织流程再造看北京广线挖潜提效之潜力

运输组织流程再造可以降低成本、提高效率、提升安全水平。分析北京广线运输组织现状,针对运输组织流程中存在的问题,对既有运输组织实施流程再造和资源整合,以求实现内部挖潜提效。     

Competitive drivers towards improved airport/airline relationships

This paper draws on a recent report from Copenhagen Economics, with which both authors were involved, to argue that the European airport market has changed such that airports are now subject to competitive constraints from a number of sources. While these will bite differentially according to the circumstances of individual airports, airport possession of significant market power can no longer be casually assumed; nor, therefore, can the need for economic regulation. Indeed, the costs and benefits of economic regulation need to be carefully assessed against the extent and nature of the market power it is intended to countervail. In particular, increasing attention needs to be paid to the risks of economic regulation hampering both the further growth of airport competition and the development of more productive commercial relationships between airports and their airline customers which have the potential to create added value for both parties.     

构建铁路客站治安防控体系刍议

本文在对当前铁路客站治安防控现状进行分析的基础上，提出了加强“五大能力、六大机制”建设这一构建科学、高效的客站治安防控体系的架构支撑，实现由事后处置为主向超前防范为主、由重治标向重治本的转变，是从更深层次和领域研究解决火车站地区治安问题的一次探索。     

Efficiencies and scope economies of Chinese airports in moving passengers and cargo

The paper looks at the technical efficiency of Chinese airports using multi-output stochastic input distance function analysis. This method provides a statistical test of scope economies to investigate the contribution of air cargo transport to airport efficiency. Our findings confirm the presence of scope economies in air passenger and air cargo transport among airports in China. We compare and contrast these results with results obtained from single-output stochastic production frontier analysis in which the effect of scope economies is not included. Our results indicate that the presence of scope economies significantly affects the estimation of technical efficiency, thus implying different efficiency rankings among airports in China.     

铁路改革非商业性问题研究

从分析美国Amtrak公司和英国铁路客运特许经营为缘起,探讨了铁路领域与建立市场竞争实体不相容的非商业性部分的改革重组模式,并对各模式的效率,尝试运用信息经济学和交易成本理论进行分析,得出公益性运输应该逐步市场化,对非商业性部分应该采用特许经营方式由独立企业运营,或交给受益企业或地方政府管理的结论。该结论与铁路改革成功的国家(如瑞典)对非商业性部分的改革模式相吻合。     

Understanding overall output efficiency in public transit systems: The roles of input regulations,perceived budget and input subsidies

This paper examines the combined effects of subsidies, regulations and perceived budget on overall output and technical efficiency in a sample of single-mode bus transit systems using an indirect production function. The main findings are that the average transit system is 67.21% output efficient and systematic and stochastic technical inefficiencies decrease output. In addition subsidies increase output, regulations decrease output and the overall budget effect is an increase in output. Additionally, it identifies the characteristics of two groups of transit systems whose perceived costs after subsidies and regulations are either less or greater than actual total costs.