Unbiasedness and Market Efficiency Tests of the U.S. Rice Futures Market

This study examines short-run and long-run unbiasedness within the U.S. rice futures market. Standard OLS, cointegration, and error-correction models are used to determine unbiasedness. In addition, the forecasting performance of the rice futures market is analyzed and compared to out-of-sample forecasts derived from an additive ARIMA model and the error-correction model. The results of our unbiasedness tests and the forecasting performance of the rice futures market provide supporting evidence that the U.S. long-grain rough rice futures market is efficient. The results have important price risk management and price discovery implications for Arkansas and U.S. rice industry participants.     

Causality and Efficiency in the Coffee Futures Market

Tests for causality and rationality in the coffee futures market were carried out using data from the New York Market. Tests of causality indicated that futures prices strongly influence variations in spot price eight weeks or more to maturity. However, beginning seven weeks to maturity there seems to be a strong causal relationship going from futures to spot and from spot to futures. Risk constancy or neutrality, equality of risk premium and spot price, and efficiency were rejected for the period 18, 51, and 33 weeks or more to maturity. However, simultaneity of risk neutrality and efficiency was accepted for contracts with 55-77 weeks to maturity. The general conclusion from this study is that coffee futures market can be used as an indicator of spot market prices for contracts with 55-77 weeks to maturity. While benefits can be obtained through short term adjustment of available stock and making use of quality storage facilities, planning longer term planting and marketing decisions (e.g., ≥ 77 weeks) on the basis of futures market price can result in misallocation of resources and welfare loss.     

Forecast Encompassing as the Necessary Condition to Reject Futures Market Efficiency: Fluid Milk Futures

The traditional necessary condition for futures market inefficiency is the existence of alternative forecasting methods that produce mean squared forecast errors smaller than the futures market. Here, a more exacting requirement for futures market efficiency is proposed—forecast encompassing. Using the procedure of Harvey and Newbold , multiple forecast encompassing is tested using Chicago Mercantile Exchange fluid milk futures. Time series models and USDA experts provide competing forecasts. Results suggest milk futures do not encompass the information contained in the USDA forecasts at a two-quarter horizon. While the competing forecasts generate positive revenues, it is unlikely that returns exceed transaction costs in this relatively new market.     

中加菜籽油期货市场波动溢出实证研究

利用误差修正模型、BEKK-GARCH模型和格兰杰因果关系实证研究了加拿大和中国菜籽油期货市场之间的信息传导、波动溢出和价格引导关系。实证结果显示：这两个市场之间存在一定的信息传导关系;加拿大菜籽油期货市场对中国菜籽油期货市场存在显著的波动溢出效应,而中国菜籽油期货市场对加拿大菜籽油期货市场的波动溢出不显著;短期内加拿大菜籽油期货市场对中国菜籽油期货市场的价格引导作用更强些,这与加拿大菜籽油期货市场是全球菜籽油定价中心的实际相吻合,而中国菜籽油期货市场的竞争力有待进一步提升。     

Evaluating Commodity Market Efficiency: Are Cointegration Tests Appropriate?

This paper investigates the claim that the finding of cointegration between commodity spot and lagged futures rates reflects the existence of commodity arbitrage and not, as is generally accepted, long‐run market efficiency. The methodology of Kellard et al. (1999) is employed to match spot and lagged futures rates correctly for the UK wheat futures contract traded at LIFFE. Bi‐variate analysis shows that spot and lagged futures rates are cointegrated with the vector (1, ‐1), a necessary condition for market efficiency. However, at variance with asymptotic theory, in a tri‐variate VECM estimation, the spot rate, lagged futures rate and lagged domestic interest rate are shown to be cointegrated with the vector (1, ?1, 1). The “cointegration” paradox is explained by investigating the relative magnitudes of the forecast error and the domestic interest rate. The small sample results demonstrate that it is impossible to distinguish between the influence of commodity arbitrage and the existence of market efficiency using cointegration‐based tests. In summary, this work implies that such tests are not wholly appropriate for evaluating commodity market efficiency.     

Pricing Efficiency in Hog Markets

Weekly hog prices for Edmonton, Toronto and an average of mid-west United States markets are analyzed for lead-lag structure or Granger Causal ity. These price series are analyzed over six time periods from January 1964 to December 1983, corresponding to changes in marketing structure by the Alberta Pork Producers Marketing Board. Both ARIMA filters and a restricted-unrestricted ordinary least squares test for Granger Causality are employed. Results indicate an increase in isolation of markets, possibly illustrating the effectiveness of the local marketing board in its efforts to relate prices to local supply and demand conditions.
Les prix hebdomadaires du pore à Edmonton, Toronto et d'une moyenne de marchés du mid-west ameYicain sont analysés pour evaluer les directions des mouvements de ces marchés les uns par rapport aux autres ou la causalité de Granger. Ces séries de prix de Janvier 1964 à décembre I983 sont divisées en six périodes qui correspondent aux changements structurels de la mise en marché effectués par la régie albertaine du pore. L'analyse utilise des filtres ARIMA et un simple modéle linéaire restreint ou non restreint pour faire l'épreuve de causalité de Granger. Les résultats indiquent une augmentation de I'isolation des marchés les uns les autres; il semble que la régie de mise en marché locale réussit à relier les prix aux conditions locales de l'offre et de la demande.     

中国油菜籽生产效率的DEA测度及分析

本文采取数据包络（DEA）分析方法，计算2003年我国油菜籽各产区的技术效率和规模效率。发现目前我国油菜籽生产技术效率和规模效率低下，大部分油菜产区技术和规模均没有发挥到最佳状态，导致实际单产远低于潜在水平。并根据分析结果，提出技术效率低的油菜籽产区不仅要扩大油菜籽生产规模，同时应发展集约型经营，节约资源，增加收益；技术效率高的油菜产区要依靠品种改良等技术创新途径提高单位产量等措施。     

Testing for Asymmetric Pricing in the Alberta Pork Market

Asymmetry tests have been used by agricultural economists to determine if the effects of price changes in one region or level in the marketing channel are transmitted to other regions or levels in the marketing channel in an identical manner for price increases and decreases. Two tests are normally conducted: sum of coefficients tests and speed of adjustment tests. In this analysis, these two tests are conducted on weekly price response equations that relate Alberta and Ontario price changes. Six separate periods of analysis are used to reflect institutional changes in the Alberta market. Evidence of asymmetrical price response is detected for the period immediately preceding the establishment of the Alberta Pork Producers Marketing Board.
Les spécialistes en économie rurale vérifient i'asymétrie des prix pour voir si la fluctuation des cours dans une région ou un élément du circuit se transmet aux autres régions ou éléments de la même façon pour les hausses et les baisses de prix. On effectue habituellement deux épreuves: (1) somme des résultats des épreuves sur les coefficients et (2) vérification de la rapidité d'ajustement. Les auteurs ont appliqué ces deux épreuves aux équations qui mesurent la réaction des prix hebdomadaires et relient les fluctuations des prix entre l'Ontario et l'Alberta. lis se sont servis de six périodes d'analyse distinctes pour tenir compte des changements institutionnels survenus sur le marché albertain. Les résultats indiquent une réaction asymétrique des prix pour la période qui a immédiatement précédé la création de l'Office de commercialisation des producteurs de pores de l'Alberta.     

On the Pricing of Cross Currency Futures Options for Canadian Grains and Livestock

This paper explores the problem of pricing an option on the cash commodity in Canadian dollars when the commodity is priced relative to a U.S. futures market. A general option pricing model is developed that separates out the value of a quantos risk and basis risk. The paper uses daily data for cattle, corn and soybeans in Ontario, and the model is employed to price the option on the cash commodity with basis risk and the option on a quantos, without basis risk. The relationship between the pricing model and over-the-counter options and market revenue insurance is also discussed.
L'article examine le problème que pose l'établissement du prix d'une option sur le marché au comptant canadien des denrées de base quand le prix du produit en question doit être établi en fonction d'un marchéà terme américain. Les auteurs proposent un modèle général dans lequel on sépare la valeur du risque par quantos de celle du risque de base pour établir le prix des options. Ils utilisent pour cela le cours quotidien des bovins, du maïs et du soja en Ontario. Le modèle permet de calculer le prix d'une option sur le marché au comptant des denrées de base avec le risque de base et le prix de l'option sur un quantos, sans risque de base. Les auteurs examinent aussi les liens entre le modèle et les options au comptoir ainsi que les assurance-revenu du marché.     

中国林业碳汇市场期货交易产品设计研究

目前我国碳交易市场仍处于发展初期,碳产品仅限于碳排放配额、自愿减排量等碳现货,由碳期货带来的套期保值、规避风险等功能也让渡给了国外投资者。因此,分析北京环境交易所的产品类型以及所存在问题,可为我国借鉴欧洲碳期货市场的构架提供理论依据和支撑。从而设计符合中国碳交易市场发展现状的碳期货产品,丰富国内碳产品类型,进一步活跃市场,满足不同需要,降低市场的风险。     

我国玉米期货市场定价偏差的实证研究

行为金融学研究表明,由投资者认知与行为偏差导致的资产定价偏差已成为各类金融市场的常态。本文借鉴股票、债券等金融工具的分析模式,对我国玉米期货市场的定价偏差进行了实证研究,并得出了相应的结论与启示。     

Political Market Power Reflected in Milk Pricing Regulations

We investigate revealed political market power reflected in the pattern of price discrimination by end use that is the hallmark of U.S. milk marketing orders. We show that the pattern of prices that would maximize producer profits, if producers operated a cartel with monopoly power in a regional market, is far above actual government-set price differentials between milk used for fluid products and that used for manufactured products. The pattern of actual price differentials is consistent with political welfare weights for producers relative to consumers that are small compared to the weights that would yield maximum producer profits.     

充分发挥期货市场对农业农村现代化的服务功能

农产品期货市场作为我国重要的金融基础设施,历经30年探索实践,在服务农业农村现代化方面做出显著贡献.其通过提升价格发现效率、丰富风险管理手段、创新业务模式和品种等方式,对内有利于提升农业产业规范化水平,改善农业生产经营模式,促进地方优势产业发展,切实保障农民利益,对外有利于提高我国农产品的国际影响力和定价权.但中国与美...     

房地产市场有效性研究综述

研究目的:综述房地产市场有效性的研究成果。研究方法:文献回顾法、归纳法。研究结论:有效性是市场研究的重要内容。自从市场有效性概念提出后,尤其是Fama将市场有效性分为三类后,关于市场有效性的实证检验渐多。但主要是集中在对金融市场有效性的研究上。国外对房地产市场有效性的研究主要是从投资角度进行的,研究主要集中在两个方面:一是对采用数据的研究;二是对某一市场的有效性进行检验。国内对市场有效性的研究历史很短,主要是运用已有的方法对中国资本市场有效性的研究。对房地产市场有效性的研究,多半将重点放在规范性研究上,主要集中在制度完善和发展趋势的定性研究上,对房地产市场有效性达到什么程度还没有正面的定量研究。     

基于市场经济条件下的水价模型研究

根据市场经济条件下供企业应实现利润最大化的原则，提出以边际成本为基础的水价模型，探讨基于几种简化的成本函数形式和线性需求曲线形式的水价计算公式，并对湖北省漳河水库1981－2000年的实际水价及灌溉用水量资料进行分析，拟合了不同年代的需求曲线。     

我国大豆期货市场价格发现功能的实证研究

本文将以多年来运作一直比较规范、市场化程度较高、参与者较多的大连商品交易所大豆期货合约为例,对其价格发现功能进行全面深入的研究,从而对我国大豆期货市场的运作效率做出客观公正的评价。     

Two Views of Efficiency in Indian Agriculture

The frontier profit functions and the optimum demand for hired labor are estimated separately for small and large farms to test the hypothesis of differential efficiency attributable to size and technology. The optimum demand for hired labor is compared against actual demand to measure efficiency in labor utilization, estimated for individual farms, under both certainty and uncertainty cases. The empirical results are based on 1969–70 farm-level data from Punjab and Haryana States in India. Small farm group is less efficient than large farms in achieving the frontier (maximal) profit. Under the profit maximizing behavior with certainty in production, both small and large farms acquired less than optimal amount of hired labor, but small farms acquired much less than large farms. Uncertainty in production, prices, and risk aversion on the part of farmers seems to discourage the demand for hired labor on the basis of estimates using the “safety-first” risk model. Small farms appeared to experience a higher degree of uncertainty measured by comparative variability in production. Even after adjustment for greater uncertainty and risk aversion, small farms remained less efficient in demand for labor, treating other inputs as fixed. Les fonctions frontaliéres de profit et la demande optimale pour la main-d'oeuvre ensasée sont estimées séparément pour des petites et grandes exploitations agricoles pour vérifier l'hypothése d'efficacité différentielle attribuable é l'importance de l'exploitation et à la technologie. La demande optimale pour la main-d'oeuvre engagée est com-parée contre la demande actuelle pour mesurer l'efficacité dans l'utilisation de la main-d'oeuvre. Cette demande est estimee pour des exploitations agricoles individuelles, dans les deux cas de certitude et d'incertitude. Les résultats empiriques sont basés sur les données au niveau d'exploitation agricole pendant les années 1969 è 1970 des Etats Punjab et Haryana de l'lnde. Un petit groupe d'exploitations agricolesest moins efficace que des grandes exploitations agricoles pour réaliser un profit (maximal) frontalier. Sous les manieres qui portent au profit maximum avec certitude de production, les petites et grandes exploitations agricoles toutes les deux obtiennent un montant d'engagés moins que optimal, mais les petites exploitations agricoles en obtiennent beaucoup moins que les grandes exploitations agricoles. L'incertitude de production, de prix, et l'aversion de risque de la part des fermiers semblent décourager la demande pour la main-d'oeuvre engagée en se ba-sant sur les évaluations qui viennent du modéle de risque “securité d'a-bord.” Les petites exploitations agricoles semblent expérimenter un plus haut degré d'incertitude mesurépar la variabilite comparativé de production. Même après l'ajustage pour une plus grande incertitude et l'aversion de risque, les petites exploitations agricoles demeurent moins efficaces pour la demande de main-d'oeuvre, traitant les autres entries comme fixes.     

Estimating the Structure of Market Reaction to News: Information Events and Lumber Futures Prices

We develop a new event-study technique, the distributional event response model (DERM), appropriate to relatively slowly evolving information events. We apply the model to twelve years of daily lumber futures prices and analyze the effects of three different types of information releases: ( a ) monthly housing starts estimates, ( b ) aperiodic administrative and judicial announcements about U.S.–Canada trade disputes, and ( c ) novel and unprecedented court decisions related to the Endangered Species Act (ESA). The information releases are different in ways that predict their relative speeds of impoundment in prices. We find that housing start events are absorbed more quickly than trade events, which are absorbed more quickly than ESA events.     

Marketing and Pricing Dynamics in the Presence of Structural Breaks: The Hungarian Pork Market

The study of marketing margins and price transmission on various commodity markets has been a popular research topic of the past decades (see Meyer & Von Cramon-Taubadel, 2004 Meyer , J. , & Von Cramon-Taubadel , S. ( 2004 ). Asymmetric price transmission: A survey . Journal of Agricultural Economics , 55 ( 3 ), 581 – 611 .[Crossref], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar], for a recent survey). However, with a few exception these studies focused on developed economies. This article examines this phenomena on the Hungarian pork market. The Johansen (maximum likelihood, 1988 Johansen , S. ( 1988 ). Statistical analysis of cointegrating vectors . Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control , 12 , 231 – 254 .[Crossref], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]) or Engle and Granger (2-step, 1987 Engle , R. F. , & Granger , C. W. J. ( 1987 ). Cointegration and error correction: Representation, estimation and testing . Econometrica , 55 , 251 – 276 .[Crossref], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]) cointegration tests do not reject the no-cointegration null hypothesis between the Hungarian pork producer and retail price series. Therefore, we applied the Gregory and Hansen (1996 Gregory , A. W. , & Hansen , B. E. ( 1996 ). Residual-based tests for cointegration in models with regime shifts . Journal of Econometrics , 70 , 99 – 126 .[Crossref], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]) procedure with recursively estimated break points and Augmented Dickey Fuller (ADF) statistics and found that the prices are cointegrated with a structural break occurring in April 1996 Gregory , A. W. , & Hansen , B. E. ( 1996 ). Residual-based tests for cointegration in models with regime shifts . Journal of Econometrics , 70 , 99 – 126 .[Crossref], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]. Exogeneity tests reveal the causality running from producer to retail prices both in the long and short run. Homogeneity tests are rejected, suggesting a markup pricing strategy. Price transmission modeling suggests that price transmission on the Hungarian pork meat market is symmetric in the long run but asymmetric in the short run; that is, processors, wholesalers, or retailers might take temporary advantage should price changes occur.