地方政府性债务治理与上市企业投融资*——基于我国247座城市的初步证据

本文利用中国社科院披露的我国247座城市地方政府性债务对金融稳定影响的评价指数,分析了地方政府性债务治理对上市企业债务融资与资本性投资效率的影响及其传导机理。研究发现,与地方政府性债务治理较好地区相比,处于地方政府性债务治理较差地区的地方政府控股国企,其杠杆率均显著较高,但企业资本性投资效率却显著较低,企业产能过剩的财务特征十分明显。这表明,地方政府性债务治理会显著影响微观企业的投融资,并且地方政府性债务治理越差,透过政府对经济活动的控制或干预,通过预算外举债,政府“杠杆”有转化为企业“杠杆”的风险。本文明确了“去杠杆”究竟应去谁的“杠杆”问题,对理解地方政府性债务治理转变为“内涵型”经济增长的微观基础具有重要的理论和现实意义。     

Debt financing,soft budget constraints,and government ownershipEvidence from China1

Debt financing is expected to improve the quality of corporate governance, but we find, using a large sample of public listed companies (PLCs) from China, that an increase in bank loans increases the size of managerial perks and free cash flows and decreases corporate efficiency. We find that bank lending facilitates managerial exploitation of corporate wealth in government‐controlled firms, but constrains managerial agency costs in firms controlled by private owners. We argue that the failure of corporate governance may derive from the shared government ownership of lenders and borrowers, which nurtures soft budget constraints.     

Portfolio Implications of an Equity Rain in Australia*

In the next decade Australia will experience a substantial privatization program. This represents a switch away from public debt financing towards public equity financing. In this paper, estimates of the likely effect of the government's privatization program on corporate financing are provided. The main result of an increase in the supply of equities along with a commensurate reduction in the supply of government debt is to cause a significant increase in the relative cost of equity, thereby creating incentives for corporate financiers to emphasize reliance on debt financing relative to equity financing. The estimated effect on the weighted cost of finance in the economy, while positive, is small     

股权融资与企业治理机制研究

股权融资不仅是现代企业融资的重要手段之一,而且还是完善企业治理机制的重要途径。在我国,股权融资还有助于政企分开,但由于产权改革不到位,形成了独特的股权结构,导致了严重的内部人控制问题和治理结构运作低效;同时,也使股市成了单纯融资的机器而缺乏资源配置功能,所有这些都与我国股权结构异化有很大关系。本文通过对股权现状及其对治理结构影响的分析,提出了股权结构的优化以及治理机制完善构建的设想,以期探讨我国股份企业发展的思路。     

我国上市公司资本结构的问题、成因及其优化——以我国三大行业上市公司为例

目前,我国上市公司的资本结构存在外源融资较多、内源融资较少,债务融资较少、股权融资较多,流动负债较多、长期负债较少等问题。我国资本市场发展不完善、公司治理结构不健全、公司利润分配不合理等是导致上述问题的主要原因。为了优化我国上市公司的资本结构,必须完善资本市场结构,完善公司治理结构,努力提高公司的盈利水平。     

数字金融能否缓解企业融资困境——效用识别、特征机制与监管评估

针对缓解企业融资困境的现实要求,本文采用2011-2017年沪深两市A股上市企业数据,从数字金融视角切入,深入考察其与企业融资困境的关系.研究结果显示:数字金融发展对于缓解企业融资约束至关重要,随着数字金融发展水平的提高,这种缓解效应将得到显著加强;在考虑到企业自身属性的条件下,数字金融发挥的融资缓解效果表现出明显的异...     

我国农业上市公司的政治关联与融资便利性

本文以社会资本理论为切入点，实证分析政治关联对我国农业上市公司获取银行信贷融资及其期限结构的影响。以1996—2010年间在沪深两地上市的农业企业为样本，以董事长是否现在或曾经担任政府官员、人大代表、政协委员来判断政治关联。检验结果发现，农业上市公司的政治关联与银行贷款数量显著正相关；政治关联所带来的融资便利性，更多表现为获取银行的短期贷款。研究表明，政治关联作为一种特殊的社会资本，能够作为非正式制度帮助农业企业获得银行信贷支持。     

Patterns of Corporate Financing and Financial System Convergence in Europe

The paper investigates the possibility of convergence in the European Union (EU) in terms of the patterns of corporate financing by banks, bond markets, and stock markets; and in the context of whether the economies are converging towards an Anglo‐Saxon (capital‐market‐oriented) or a continental (bank‐oriented) financial system. GMM estimation of a dynamic fixed‐effects model is implemented to test for conditional and unconditional convergence using a panel of flow of funds data for the period 1972–1996 for seven EU member countries. It is found that the pattern of corporate financing is consistent with the pecking order theory of financing choices. Overall, the evidence suggests convergence of the EU financial systems on a variant of the Anglo‐Saxon model, depicting heavy reliance on internal financing as well as direct financing via equity and bond markets, while bank debt is becoming relatively less important.     

我国国有企业融资机制的变迁与发展

随着20世纪70年代末期以来中国经济体制的改革,企业融资机制经历了财政拨款型→银行贷款型→市场调节型的变迁过程。其资金配置以纵向划拔、行政性流动向纵横交融市场化流动发展。在这篇文章中,先简要讨论财政拨款型融资机制的特点及其融资效应,然后重点讨论市场调节型融资机制下国有企业融资结构的变化以及带来的公司治理结构的变化。     

创业板企业融资决策对企业创新绩效的影响

在我国经济结构转型、债务压力化解的新形势下,企业通过融资能够有效提高资源利用效率,从而提升企业创新绩效。选取2010—2018年中国创业板上市公司为研究样本,并从企业债务治理角度,实证研究探讨融资类型以及融资限期对创业板企业创新绩效的影响。研究发现：①创业板企业融资决策与企业创新绩效显著相关;②商业信用融资、银行贷款等外源融资与企业创新绩效呈负相关;③股权的内源融资与企业创新绩效呈显著正相关;④在融资限期结构中,长期借款对企业绩效的负向作用比短期借款更大。基于以上发现,从风险控制角度提出相关建议,以期找到适合创业板企业的融资方式,促进企业创新绩效提升。     

Government debt and private leverage: An extension of the Miller theorem

This paper shows how government financing decisions can influence the corporate decision to use debt or equity finance. In particular, it is shown that an increase in the stock of taxable government debt reduces the equilibrium quantity of corporate debt, and that an increase in the stock of tax-free government debt reduces the equilibrium quantity of corporate equity. The effects of inflation rate and tax rate changes are also considered.     

股权结构、治理机制与城市银行绩效--来自山东、河南两省的调查证据

银行体系的重要地位和银行危机的频繁发生显示了加强银行公司治理的重要性 ,在我国银行体制改革的背景下 ,研究商业银行公司治理问题具有重要的现实意义。本文利用山东、河南两省 2 8家城市银行的调查样本对我国地方商业银行的股权结构、治理机制及其效果进行了实证分析。结果发现 ,虽然我国地方性银行国有和集中的股权结构特征明显 ,但大股东的国有性质并没有对银行绩效产生影响 ,同时集中型股权结构对银行绩效有明显的积极影响。银行高管人员薪酬有较明显的负激励效果。此外我们还发现 ,外部董事比例和银行规模基本没有对银行绩效产生影响 ,而且山东、河南两省城市银行在公司治理方面也不存在省际间的显著差异。     

企业融资中的银行角色与最优融资契约

本文对企业融资中银行所扮演的角色进行分析,发现银行以债权人身份参与企业融资时,只有当企业的自有资金达到一定数量时银行才会接受契约,但是银行的清算威胁不起作用;当银行以股东角色参与企业融资时,清算威胁会降低企业的道德风险,企业的清算价值与自有资金之间的关系会对企业的融资起到至关重要的作用;当银行以混合角色参与企业融资时,银行的清算威胁仍会起到一定的作用,但是对企业的清算价值具有一定的放松,同时企业与享有股权的银行会产生共谋,损害以债权进行投资的银行的利益,企业的最优努力程度会发生偏离,增加了企业的道德风险.     

中国上市公司融资偏好问题的重新审视

基于对中国上市公司股本融资偏好问题的重新审视,我们发现:(1)如果将短期债务考虑在内并剔除首次公开募股的影响,股本融资偏好就不复存在;(2)在企业债务比率的调整过程中,融资缺口所起的作用超过了传统的企业特征因素,这意味着顺序偏好理论能在一定程度上解释企业的融资行为;(3)股票市场状况和政府管制政策会对企业外部融资的构成产生一定的影响。以上经验证据表明,中国上市公司的融资行为并不像原先所想的那样独特,主流的资本结构理论对企业的债务政策具有相当的解释能力。     

市场微观结构视角的公司财务研究前沿综述

以往一直处于平行发展状态的市场微观结构理论和公司财务学近来出现了交叉融合的趋势,且这一视角的研究将随着我国股权分置改革的完成而变得日趋重要。文章系统回顾了市场微观结构中的两个重要研究主题股票流动性和信息不对称对公司财务行为影响的学术前沿动态,具体包括股票流动性和信息不对称对资产定价、融资决策、投资决策和公司治理等方面影响的文献。文章在对这些文献做出回顾与评述的基础上进一步指出了未来的研究方向。     

Corporate governance in Germany: the role of banks and ownership concentration

The German system of corporate governance is often thought to be effective at addressing problems arising in large firms. In addition to the usual emphasis on the role of German banks, it is increasingly recognized that the German system also involves a high concentration of the ownership of large firms. We analyse the relative significance of these two features of the German system and conclude that high ownership concentration is more important. Although banks may influence corporate governance via their control of proxy votes, positions on supervisory boards, and provision of loan finance, in practice they do not play a role in the governance of large German firms which is distinct from that of other types of large shareholders. Any case for the superiority of German corporate governance of large firms must therefore be based on high ownership concentration rather than a special role of banks, and must consider the costs of ownership concentration as well as the benefits.     

Financing R&D in Chinese private firms: Business associations or political connection?

Using a new and unique dataset of Chinese private firms, this paper explores how private firms access bank loans to finance innovative activities. The results reveal that political connection, rather than membership in a government-controlled business association, largely determines private firms' innovations by providing access to bank loans. Furthermore, the “grease-the-wheels” mechanism of political connection is stronger if the firms are more constrained financially, located in regions with low levels of financial development, or located in regions with relatively under-developed institutional environments. Finally, cash flow, used to measure internal financing, and trade credit, used to measure informal financing, are important alternative financing channels and support firms' R&D investments. Our paper implies that China's government needs to continue fostering a good financing environment and supporting innovation activities.     

公司资本结构与公司治理关系分析

资本结构是公司治理的基础和依据,不同的资本结构产生不同的公司治理机制。通过分析公司资本结构和公司治理之间的关系。阐明公司股权融资的治理效应和债权融资的治理效应。并针对我国上市公司在资本结构和公司治理结构方面存在的问题,提出降低代理成本,提高债务融资比例的对策与建议。     

国内上市公司的股权融资偏好的原因分析

国内上市公司融资的啄食顺序和成熟市场经济国家相反,表现出较强的股权融资偏好特征;融资结构中股权融资比重偏高,内部融资比重偏低。本文从公司金融角度出发,结合目前中国国情,分析得出国内上市公司对股权融资如此热衷的原因主要有：股权融资的成本优势、股权分置和国有股一股独大、公司治理结构不完善以厦经济高速发展期企业的扩张冲动。     

The political economy of seigniorage

While most economists agree that seigniorage is one way governments finance deficits, there is less agreement about the political, institutional and economic reasons for relying on it. This paper investigates the main political and institutional determinants of seigniorage using panel data on about 100 countries, for the period 1960–1999. Estimates show that greater political instability leads to higher seigniorage, especially in developing, less democratic and socially-polarized countries, with high inflation, low access to domestic and external debt financing and with higher turnover of central bank presidents. One important policy implication of this study is the need to develop institutions conducive to greater political stability as a means to reduce the reliance on seigniorage financing of public deficits.