Growth option,debt maturity and cash reserves with bank-tax-interaction

In this paper, we assume a small and micro enterprise(SME, henceforth) invests in a project, of which the investment cost is funded by the private lending and the bank-tax-interaction (BTI, henceforth). We build a tractable model of optimal investment, liquidity and default decisions based on cash flows with liquidity shocks and profitability uncertainty. In contrast to the case with pure private lending, we discover that BTI delays investment and increases the firm value. Furthermore, BTI causes the SME to retain more cash reserves. We also find that the SME prefers to select the BTI as the main financing policy under the higher liquidity risk and small profitability uncertainty. Besides, the impact of debt maturity on financial policies with BTI depends on liquidity shock.     

Excessive risk taking and the maturity structure of debt

This paper analyses the effect of short term debt on equityholders' risk taking decisions. We show that if short term debt limits the expropriation of debtholders, it also implies a lower leverage, which prevents the firm from increasing tax shields. We then examine the incentive of equityholders to increase the firm risk when debtholders hold the option to swap a perpetual coupon bond with short term debt. We find that this option mitigates equityholders' risk shifting incentives. Compared to standard short term debt, this restructuring option deters debtholders expropriation, it increases leverage and it reduces the loss in tax shields due to asset substitution.     

Public debt management and private financial development

In several developing countries, high and rising public debt is an important source of vulnerability. Strengthening debt management is a priority, but its effects on domestic economies have been hardly analyzed. This paper asks whether better public debt management could have spillover effects on the private sector, leading to more (and more stable) private capital flows and domestic credit. This is a relevant question in a context of financial deepening and increasing private capital inflows, which could be prone to episodes of bonanza, sudden stops and crises. Our results, based on a sample of developing countries, show positive spillover effects from better public debt management to private capital inflows and domestic financial deepening.     

Introduction to financial frictions and debt constraints

This is an introduction to the special section on financial frictions and debt constraints.     

Fiscal policy,debt constraint and expectations-driven volatility

Imposing some constraints on public debt is often justified regarding sustainability and stability issues. This is especially the case when the ratio of public debt over GDP is restricted to be constant. Using a Ramsey model, we show that such a constraint can however be a fundamental source of indeterminacy, and therefore, of expectations-driven fluctuations. Indeed, through the intertemporal budget constraint of the government, income taxation negatively depends on future debt, i.e. on the expected level of production. This mechanism ensures that expectations on the future tax rate may be self-fulfilling. We show that this is promoted by a larger ratio of debt over GDP.     

北京市中等职业教育财政专项投入的现状与需求

职业教育的大力发展离不开充足经费的保障。近年来,北京市高度重视中等职业教育的发展,政府财政在增加职业学校日常办学经费的基础上,逐年加大财政专项经费的支持力度。随着中等职业教育事业发展的推进,专项经费投入的方向和模式需要加以研究并适时调整。     

How does a firm's life cycle influence the relationship between carbon performance and financial debt?

In a progressively more stringent regulatory context concerning greenhouse gas emissions derived from a growing awareness of how economic activity affects our environment, this study analyzes how the firm's life cycle affects the relationship between carbon performance and financial debt. Using panel data on a sample of European listed firms during the 2005–2018 period, we find evidence suggesting that firms with better carbon performance have greater access to external financing during their growth stages and lesser access during maturity, although it has no effect during the shake-out stage. Furthermore, carbon performance has a strong positive effect during growth, maturity, and shake-out when firms need to finance additional tangible investments. We also find that the negative relationship between liquidity and debt is reversed during innovative stages for firms with better carbon performance. Our results are robust to the use of alternative measures of life cycle stages and to the consideration of industrial, legal, and cultural contexts.     

Finite lifetimes,long-term debt and the fiscal limit

The U.S. faces exponentially rising entitlement obligations. I introduce a fiscal limit—a point where higher taxes are no longer a feasible financing mechanism—into a Perpetual Youth model to examine how intergenerational redistributions of wealth, the average duration of government debt, and entitlement reform impact the consequences of explosive government transfers. Three key findings emerge: (1) Growing government transfers cause more severe and more persistent stagflation than in representative agent models that do not capture intergenerational transfers of wealth; (2) A longer average duration of government debt pushes the financing of government liabilities into the future and reduces the short-run impacts of explosive transfers; (3) The time it takes the economy to rebound from a period of growing transfers increases exponentially with the number of years it takes to pass entitlement reform.     

利率市场化能抑制企业投融资期限错配么?

以2001—2016年A股上市公司为研究样本,采用双重差分模型考察利率市场化对企业投融资期限错配的影响。研究发现:利率市场化能够抑制企业投融资期限错配,且融资约束发挥了中介作用。具体来说,贷款利率上限放开增加了企业长期贷款的可获得性,贷款利率下限放开则降低了企业的债务融资成本。进一步研究发现,利率市场化对企业投融资期限错配的抑制作用在小规模、高成长性的企业中更加显著。研究结论丰富了利率市场化的经济后果和企业投融资期限错配的影响因素类文献,对于推进我国金融体系深化改革具有一定的启示意义。     

中小企业产业集群:中小型民营企业财务困境的出路

中小型民营企业面临严峻的考验。中小企业产业集群的形成能降低企业的生产成本,形成区域品牌优势,从而提升企业的竞争能力,以达到解决中小型民营企业的财务困境之目的。     

企业的负债风险及其控制

在市场经济条件下,企业负债经营是不可避免的.负债经营可以提高企业的市场竞争能力,扩大企业生产规模,使企业得到财务杠杆效益,减少货币贬值的损失,降低综合资金成本.同时,负债经营也增加了企业的负债风险.那么,怎样才能在企业发展和控制负债风险之间寻求一条最佳途径呢？本文先通过对负债经营的主要风险以及负债风险的成因进行分析,然后针对负债经营企业如何防范和控制负债风险提出了几点建议.     

中小企业融资难与现代企业制度的建立

文章从分析中小企业融资难问题的根本原因入手,就建立现代企业制度与解决中小企业融资难问题之间的关系提出自己的看法。     

Sovereign default risk,debt uncertainty and fiscal credibility: The case of Brazil

Since Credit Default Swaps spreads reflect the sovereign risk and, thus, the uncertainties related to government solvency, the goal of this study is to examine the relation between sovereign risk and debt uncertainty (measured by the disagreement in expectations about public debt) in an important developing country – Brazil. Furthermore, the paper analyzes whether fiscal credibility plays a key role in mitigating the effect of debt uncertainty on sovereign risk. The results suggest the disagreement in expectations about public debt affects the sovereign risk, and fiscal credibility plays a twofold role, it reduces sovereign risk, and it mitigates the effect of debt uncertainty on sovereign risk. Besides, quantile regression estimates reveal that fiscal credibility improvements are even more important when sovereign risk levels are higher.     

非财务信息与财务危机预警——来自我国上市公司的证据

本文从我国上市公司中,选取30家财务危机公司,与30家财务健康公司作为样本。首先对两组公司的13个财务变量,进行均值的t检验和Wilcoxon秩检验。选择合适的财务变量集,再将此财务变量集分别与董事会高管人员持股比例、股权集中度、股票价格变动趋势,及是否更换会计师事务所等,四个非财务变量一起作为解释变量,建立Logistic回归模型。实证研究结果表明,股票价格变动趋势与财务危机风险显著相关,加入非财务变量的预测模型效果更优。     

Corporate commitment to climate change action,carbon risk exposure,and a firm's debt financing policy

Motivated by the rising consensus that corporate engagement in climate change actions holds the key for society's transition into environmentally resilient economy, the study examines whether a firm's commitment to climate change action and its carbon risk exposure shape the firm's debt financing policy. Based on insights drawn from signaling, corporate reputation, and agency theories, we develop models that link corporate commitment to climate change actions and a firm's carbon risk exposure with its debt financing decisions. Using data drawn from S&P 500 companies, for years 2015 to 2019, we find a robust evidence that firms that engage in higher levels of commitment to climate change actions issue a higher proportion of debt with longer terms to maturity, even after controlling for their carbon risk exposure. However, we do not find a robust evidence corroborating an association between firms' carbon risk exposure and their debt financing policy. These findings are consistent with arguments that high-commitment firms enjoy positive reputation, better credit rating, and reduced agency and information asymmetry costs, allowing them to gain easier access to long-term debt markets.     

Creditor rights,financial health,and corporate investment efficiency

This paper analyzes the influence of creditor rights on investment efficiency and how firms’ financial health shapes this influence. Using time-series changes within a country and cross-country variations in creditor rights, I find that stronger protection of creditors improves investment efficiency in healthy firms but worsens it in distressed firms. The impact on investment efficiency operates more through changes in overinvestment than in underinvestment. Alternative proxies for creditor rights control for both contractual and enforcement rights. The results are robust to alternative model specifications and to controls for omitted variables.     

终极控制权、负债融资与公司投资行为

本文以2003年～2007年的上市公司为样本,研究了终极控制权、负债融资与公司投资行为之间的关系。研究结果表明：①我国上市公司的负债融资能够抑制过度投资行为,负债融资的相机治理作用强于负债融资的代理成本效应;②虽然国有上市公司和非国有上市公司负债融资都能够抑制过度投资行为,但非国有上市公司负债融资减少股东—债权人冲突及负债融资相机治理作用在整体上要优于国有上市公司。     

GM(1,1)灰色模型对化学损伤下混凝土强度的预测

混凝土的无侧限长期抗压强度与许多因素有关,而这些因素又是不能确定的。利用灰色系统来预测混凝土在化学损伤长期作用下的抗压强度。用加速腐蚀试验方法对混凝土抗压强度进行验证,分析比较,预测结果与实测数据较好吻合,预测结果比较精确。     

Prices,debt and market structure in an agent-based model of the financial market

We develop an agent-based model in which heterogeneous and boundedly rational agents interact by trading a risky asset at an endogenously set price. Agents are endowed with balance sheets comprising the risky asset as well as cash on the asset side and equity capital as well as debt on the liabilities side. A number of findings emerge when simulating the model: we find that the empirically observable log-normal distribution of bank balance sheet size naturally emerges and that higher levels of leverage lead to a greater inequality among agents. Furthermore, greater leverage increases the frequency of bankruptcies and systemic events. Credit frictions, which we define as the stickiness of debt adjustments, are able to explain a key difference in the relation between leverage and assets observed for different bank types. Lowering credit frictions leads to an increasingly procyclical behavior of leverage, which is typical for investment banks. Nevertheless, the impact of credit frictions on the fragility of the model financial system is complex. Lower frictions do increase the stability of the system most of the time, while systemic events become more probable. In particular, we observe an increasing frequency of severe liquidity crises that can lead to the collapse of the entire model financial system.