Two Orthogonal Continents? Testing a Two-country DSGE Model of the US and the EU Using Indirect Inference

We examine a two country model of the EU and the US. Each has a small sector of the labour and product markets in which there is wage/price rigidity, but otherwise enjoys flexible wages and prices with a one quarter information lag. Using a VAR to represent the data, we find the model as a whole is rejected. However it is accepted for real variables, output and the real exchange rate, suggesting mis-specification lies in monetary relationships. The model highlights a lack of spillovers between the US and the EU.     

Testing a Model of the UK by the Method of Indirect Inference

We use the method of indirect inference to test a full open economy model of the UK that has been in forecasting use for three decades. The test establishes, using a Wald statistic, whether the parameters of a time-series representation estimated on the actual data lie within some confidence interval of the model-implied distribution. Various forms of time-series representation that could deal with the UK’s various changes of monetary regime are tried; two are retained as adequate. The model is rejected under one but marginally accepted under the other, suggesting that with some modifications it could achieve general acceptability and that the testing method is worth investigating further.

Testing Macro Models by Indirect Inference: A Survey for Users

With Monte Carlo experiments on models in widespread use we examine the performance of indirect inference (II) tests of DSGE models in small samples. We compare these tests with ones based on direct inference (using the Likelihood Ratio, LR). We find that both tests have power so that a substantially false model will tend to be rejected by both; but that the power of the II test is substantially greater, both because the LR is applied after re-estimation of the model error processes and because the II test uses the false model’s own restricted distribution for the auxiliary model’s coefficients. This greater power allows users to focus this test more narrowly on features of interest, trading off power against tractability.     

Monetary Policy and Natural Disasters in a DSGE Model

In the immediate aftermath of Hurricane Katrina, speculation arose that the Federal Reserve might respond by easing monetary policy. This article uses a dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (DSGE) model to investigate the appropriate monetary policy response to a natural disaster. We show that the standard Taylor rule response in models with and without nominal rigidities is to increase the nominal interest rate. That finding is unchanged when we consider the optimal policy response to a disaster. A nominal interest rate increase following a disaster mitigates both temporary inflation effects and output distortions that are attributable to nominal rigidities.     

供求冲击与人民币汇率的波动：基于DSGE两国模型的模拟分析

为分析人民币汇率的波动,本文应用当前新开放经济学主流的动态随机一般均衡两国模型的研究方法,通过引入垄断竞争的市场结构和粘性的价格调整方式,模拟了在以技术冲击为代表的供给冲击和以货币冲击为代表的需求冲击下汇率的波动,进而用来拟合人民币汇率的波动。结果表明相对于需求冲击,供给冲击对人民币汇率波动的拟合比较好,这表明“巴拉萨-萨缪尔森”效应是解释和预测人民币汇率波动的合理途径,也给我国的人民币汇率稳定政策提供了明确的导向。     

A dissection of Indian growth using a DSGE filter

In order to build a strong and sustainable recovery post the COVID-19 pandemic, we need to draw important observations from the growth experience of the past. In this context, this paper uses a dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (DSGE) model that takes into account persistent growth rate shocks to decompose the Indian GDP into potential output and output gap. Apart from analysing the trajectory of potential output-output gap, it also examines their underlying drivers. The results suggest that a combined deceleration in neutral and investment-specific technology growth post 2016, brought down the potential growth to around 6 per cent in 2020Q1. The output gap also witnessed a persistent decline since 2018Q1, primarily due to weak demand and a rise in investment adjustment costs reflecting heightened stress in the investment and financial sectors. A forecasting exercise is also undertaken which shows that the estimates of output gap from the model possess competing inflation forecasting ability compared to HP filtered output gap.     

Testing for parameter stability in DSGE models. The cases of France,Germany, Italy,and Spain

We estimate a New Keynesian DSGE model on French, German, Italian, and Spanish data. The main aim of this paper is to check for the respective sets of parameters that are stable over time, making use of the ESS procedure (“Estimate of Set of Stable parameters”) developed by Inoue and Rossi (Rev Econ Stat 93(4):1186–1204, 2011). This new econometric technique allows to address the stability properties of each single parameter in a DSGE model separately. In the case of France, Germany, and Italy our results point to structural breaks after the beginning of the second stage of EMU in the mid-nineties, while the estimates for Spain show a significant break just before the start of the third stage in 1998. Specifically, there are significant changes in monetary policy behavior for France, Italy, and Spain, while monetary policy in Germany seems to be stable over time.     

利率市场化及其传导效率的时变效应——基于DSGE和SV-TVP-VAR模型的分析

文章首先构建新凯恩斯DSGE模型从理论上模拟了我国政策利率传导的基准效应,然后构建SV-TVP-VAR模型实证研究了利率市场化进程中传导的时变效应并根据基准效应计算了传导效率。DSGE理论模拟结果显示,在理想的情况下政策利率可以传导至产出、价格、消费、投资等变量以及影响劳动力市场和工资水平,同时理想的政策利率传导没有时滞效应。从持续期来看,政策利率冲击对产出、价格、消费、投资、劳动力需求等变量的调控效果在中长期趋于收敛,但对工资的影响并没有表现出收敛趋势。基于SV-TVP-VAR模型的实证结果表明,我国政策利率对产出、通货膨胀率、消费、投资变量均产生了良好的逆周期调控效果,对通货膨胀率、消费和投资的调控存在一定的时滞效应。综合两个模型结果的进一步分析表明,随着利率市场化的推进,政策利率对产出、通货膨胀率、消费、投资的传导效率不断提升,1996-2019年对四个变量的传导效率分别由43%、27%、18%、52%上升至86%、36%、54%、95%。文章推断,所有制差异和利率双轨制可能是现阶段制约传导效率提升的两大问题,应以破解利率双轨制逐步取消存贷款基准利率为抓手推进利率市场化,形成政策...     

中国对欧盟出口贸易的计量方法

由于中欧双边贸易规模与中欧双方在世界上的实力、地位、作用和潜力都很不相称,本文通过建立中国对欧盟出口贸易的模型,对影响中国对欧出口贸易的因素进行定量分析,试图找到促进中欧贸易发展的对策。     

中国货币政策的福利损失与政策规则选择——基于新凯恩斯DSGE模型的分析

本文在新凯恩斯主义DSGE模型框架下,运用福利损失函数和脉冲响应方法研究我国最优货币政策规则选择的问题。研究结果表明,货币供应量规则相对于利率规则,使外生冲击对产出和通货膨胀的影响更持久,造成更大的福利损失,因此中央银行的货币政策规则应该逐步从货币供应量规则转向利率规则;在一定条件下,前瞻型利率规则、后顾型利率规则和泰勒规则所造成的福利损失相差不大,从便利的角度出发,中央银行应该选择后顾型利率规则。     

Testing the Taylor Model Predictability for Exchange Rates in Latin America

Exchange rates forecasting performance is tested by a model which incorporates endogenous monetary policy through a Taylor rule reaction function. Other usual monetary and equilibrium empirical exchange rate models are also evaluated for comparison purposes. Predictability is tested by comparing the models to a benchmark random walk specification. We contribute to the recent literature in many ways. First, we include models of forward-looking endogenous monetary policy to the exchange rate forecasting exercise, the Taylor model. Second, our data, set across countries, is uniform in terms of economies adopting both inflation targeting and a flexible exchange rate. Third, our study sheds light on exchange rate determinants for emerging economies: Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Peru and Mexico. Our results show strong predictability evidence for the Taylor model and indicate that assuming models of endogenous monetary policy and the present value of expected fundamentals is a rewarding strategy to model exchange rate determination.     

The Effect of Using a Lattice Model to Estimate Reported Option Values

Statement of Financial Accounting Standards 123R suggests that lattice valuation models may improve the estimates of reported employee stock option values relative to the more commonly used Black–Scholes (BS) model. However, lattice model critics have expressed concerns that managers may use lattice models' flexibility to opportunistically understate option values. In this study, we investigate a sample of firms that recently adopted a lattice model to value employee stock options to provide evidence on this issue by identifying the determinants of lattice model adoption and examining the effect of lattice model use on reported option values. We report three main results. First, we find that firms are more likely to adopt a lattice model when it is more likely to produce lower values than the BS model and when managers have incentives to lower stock option expense. Second, we find that firms adopting a lattice model increase understatement of reported option values more than firms that continue to use the BS model and that the incremental understatement is due to use of the lattice model. Third, we conduct several tests to examine whether the valuation effect of lattice model use is consistent with efforts to correct for documented shortcomings in the BS model and find no evidence that this is the case. Taken together, the evidence in this study suggests that firms adopt and implement lattice models primarily to lower reported option values.     

Testing Efficiency of the Taiwan-US Forward Exchange Market - A Markov Switching Model

The 30-day Taiwan-US forward exchange market was tested in this study. The hypothesis that the sample was drawn from a finite mixture distributions could not be rejected, which justified the use of a two-state, first-order Markov switching model. The first state rejected the null hypothesis of SEMH, whereas the second state was consistent with the hypothesis. During most of the time, the smoothed probability of state 2 was around 90%, which indicates that the efficient state has the dominant effect. This smoothed probability was observed to change over time.     

On the choice of monetary policy rules for China: A Bayesian DSGE approach

Motivated by the institutional features of China's monetary policy, this paper aims at identifying the most data favored monetary policy rule for China within a dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (DSGE) model framework. In a canonical New-Keynesian DSGE model, we carry out a positive analysis by employing Bayesian methods to estimate three main categories of monetary policy rules, namely a Taylor-type interest rate rule, a money growth rule and an expanded Taylor rule with money. Based on China's quarterly data from 1996Q2 to 2015Q4, our estimation shows that the expanded Taylor rule obtains the best empirical fit to the data. Moreover, impulse responses and forecast error variance decompositions demonstrate that monetary policy rules with or without money provide very different implications for the policy behavior. Our results ultimately suggest that money has so far been more closely targeted than nominal interest rate and still plays an important role as a monetary policy target in China. Furthermore, a conventional Taylor-type interest rate rule is not good enough yet to describe China's monetary policy behavior.     

CEV模型的参数估计及检验方法——基于单位根假设被接受的情形

本文首先指出,如果常用利率模型CEV模型的单位根假设被接受,其参数检验不能沿用检验。针对此情形下的CEV模型,本文用最大似然法估计其参数,找到了合适的统计量并证明其渐进分布的存在,最后通过蒙特卡洛方法求出该统计量的分布表,并建议以此方法来进行参数的检验。     

Measuring the Economic Costs and Benefits of the EU

The EU has pursued protectionist policies not merely in food but also in manufacturing at the customs union level. In services it has not dismantled much of the existing national protectionism. The economic costs are calculated here at some 3% of GDP for the UK and some 2% for the rest of the EU. Added to its social interventionism, these costs suggest that the EU has put political integration before economic efficiency. This paper draws heavily on my book with Vidya Mahambare and Eric Nowell (Minford et al., 2005). I am grateful for helpful comments to Kim Huynh, Michele Fratianni and other participants at the IU 2006 conference in Fratianni’s honour. I contributed this paper in recognition of many pleasurable discussions with Michele over the years on this and many other topics. JEL Classification Numbers: F13, F14     

欧盟区域间集体安全的构建——基于欧盟在非洲危机管理行动经验分析

欧盟区域间集体安全是欧盟在共同安全防务政策的制度和区域间合作框架中形成的对外危机管理概念。欧盟在非洲的危机管理行动经验表明,作为普遍性集体安全与区域性集体安全的"中间体",它既有集体安全的共同逻辑,如主权国家通过组织化的集体行动应对战争或其他大规模暴力的发生,具有大国主导和利益导向等特征;又有普遍性和区域性集体安全的共有特征,如依据《联合国宪章》等通行的国际法来指导其行为;也有区域性集体安全的共同特征,如拥有独立的制度框架和冲突预防的机制化;更有显著的"自我特性",如超国家机构的引入,综合安全方法和安全部门改革的机制化,军事权力、民事权力、规范权力的综合运用以及有效多边主义下的包容性进程等。作者认为,虽然欧盟区域间集体安全亦有明显的局限性,如行动的选择性、军事能力的不足、决策的单向性等,但它构建起了一种新的集体安全实践模式,进一步丰富了集体安全的内涵。