Land administration for housing production: An approach for assessment

The integration of land administration processes and the collaboration of land agencies are considered essential for the effective delivery of developable land for housing production. The research upon which this paper is based investigates the interrelationship across land administration functions and between different levels of government in the management and delivery of land for housing production. It focuses on land management policies, land administration processes, and spatial data infrastructure, as they are related to housing production. The study starts from the premise that inadequate integration across land administration functions and between different levels of government impedes land delivery for housing production. Against this background, an assessment framework is proposed as a tool to assess the levels of integration. The parameters for the development of the framework are based on the extensive literature of past and present initiatives which focused on enhancing inter-agency collaboration. It is also supported by interviews with land agencies in the case study areas – Australia and Nigeria – to aggregate the common themes as observed in the literature. The assessment framework was evaluated through selected government departments and agencies. With this approach, the assessment framework develops into the land administration integration assessment matrix. The key consideration of the matrix is to assess the depth of inter-agency relationship ranging from information sharing to consultation, coordination of activities, joint management, partnership arrangement and formal merger of organisations.     

Land contamination risk management in Cameroon: A critical review of the existing policy framework

Land affected by contamination from human activities has been identified as a major environmental problem in developed countries and there are established mechanisms for identifying, prioritising, characterising, assessing and remediating the land so that risks to human health and environmental receptors are minimised. However, comparative mechanisms and approaches for sustainable land management are often lacking in developing countries such as Cameroon. This paper presents a critical review of the existing policy framework in Cameroon in relation to environmental management, particularly land contamination.It is established that in Cameroon, there is an acute lack of comprehensive information on land contamination from economic development and industrialisation, inadequate legal and institutional framework, weak enforcement capacity and unsatisfactory coordination between various stakeholders towards sustainable land management practices. The coastal town of Douala, which has the highest level of industrial activity in the sub region is used to demonstrate how dealing with land contamination is a public health priority and requires attention in the context of sustainable development. The United Kingdom (UK) regulatory policy framework on land contamination risk management is used to show how land contamination issues and risk management approaches, including conceptual site models, could be introduced into the sustainability discourse in Cameroon. A number of recommendations including proposals for a radical overhaul of the current regulatory policy framework are formulated and presented. Specifically, the creation of an independent Cameroon Environment Protection Agency (CEPA) that will be the main regulatory body responsible for developing and implementing the policy proposals in this paper is advocated.     

基于WebGIS的土地整合信息系统的初步设计

根据土地整合的技术路线和管理工作的业务分析,结合WebGIS技术,将软件组件化开发思想应用于软件开发中,对土地整合信息系统的结构、功能进行了初步研究与设计,提出了系统的总体框架。系统设计采用规范化、开放性、实用性、稳定性、可维护性原则;采用基于B/S模式和C/S模式相结合的多层体系结构;根据土地整合信息系统的建设目标,系统需要划分为基础数据处理模块、土地整合分区模块、可整合性分析模块、整合项目实施监管模块、系统维护模块等5个模块。     

中日土地利用管理比较研究

中国是世界上最大的发展中国家，而日本是世界上最发达的国家之一，两国存在较大的差异，但也存在相同之处，如中日两国同为人多地少的国家。本文对中日土地利用的分类、规划管理、法制管理、经济管理等方面进行了比较研究。通过比较研究，作者认为，日本在土地利用管理方面有许多值得中国借鉴的地方。     

基于人地关系的土地管理数据模型研究

研究目的:以土地权籍理论下的人地关系为核心构建土地管理数据模型,为基于统一数据模型的土地管理数据共享集成提供基础。研究方法:综合分析现有的土地数据模型和土地行业标准规范,总结归纳土地管理中的人地关系内涵和结构,在此基础上构建土地管理数据模型。研究结果:分析了土地管理中的人地关系语义,初步建立了基于人地关系的土地管理数据模型。研究结论:土地管理是人地关系的综合体,基于人地关系的土地管理数据模型,能够集成土地管理中的人地关系,并完整地表达土地管理的要素、关系和过程。     

耕地动态监测应用管理系统框架设计及实现

传统的耕地资源调查方法存在投资大、历时长等问题,不利于耕地现势性数据的快速获取,基于3S集成的耕地动态监测技术可以弥补这一缺陷。基于Arc GIS平台构建了耕地动态监测应用管理系统框架,研究了系统结构、数据库和算法库的设计方案,提出了遥感影像解译、耕地变化信息获取和数据库建设等问题的解决方案,为实现耕地变化信息的自动化获取和对变化信息智能化的决策判断提供了系统框架支撑。以济源市2009~2012年耕地变化情况为例,验证了系统的可行性,通过GIS处理与系统分析法对研究区耕地在数量、质量、性质和位置上的变化进行了分析,并探讨了监测成果在土地利用总体规划、基本农田保护、土地整治、耕地占补平衡和土地执法检查工作中的智能化应用,为政府决策和各级土地管理部门制定管理政策、落实各项管理措施提供科学依据,同时提高了耕地监管技术的信息化水平,推进了国土资源科技的发展。     

近15年来中国土地利用冲突研究进展与展望

研究目的:总结和梳理中国近15年来土地利用冲突研究文献,分析土地利用冲突的研究现状,展望未来的研究方向和重点。研究方法:基于中国知网、中文科技期刊数据库及万方数据知识服务平台学术文献数据库,采用文献调研法。研究结果:当前中国土地利用冲突研究具有很多共同的关注点,主要集中在土地利用冲突概念演变、类型与区域分布、原因及机制、评价与管理等4个方面。研究结论:在全面评析土地利用冲突研究成果的基础上,认为未来应当重点关注5个方面的研究:(1)理论基础和整体分析框架研究;(2)评价指标体系和定量模型研究;(3)多尺度(微观—中观—宏观)综合研究;(4)区域土地利用冲突情景模拟研究;(5)理论与实践相结合研究。     

Towards 3D-enabled urban land administration: Strategic lessons from the BIM initiative in Singapore

Over the last 15 years, there has been great interest and commensurate momentum in the land administration industry on realising the notion of ‘3D cadastres’. This leverages 3D digital technologies for producing, managing, registering and communicating information about complex, volumetrically defined land and property rights, restrictions and responsibilities (RRRs) that are commonly found in cities and urban areas around the world. There has been significant technical progress but implementation remains uncertain. This paper draws on research conducted on the implementation of 3D Building Information Models (BIM) for regulatory processes in the land development industry in Singapore to illustrate the range of strategies used to induce change in an instance of 3D digital innovation. The adoption of institutional theory as an analytical framework provides insight into the cultural and behavioural underpinnings of these strategies and what makes them particularly effective in producing a positive response to change. Given the similarity in the institutional characteristics of the land development and land administration industries, the case study findings are used to develop a framework of strategic principles that could conceivably be used to support ongoing international efforts to realise 3D cadastres.     

Environmental impact assessment of urban land use transitions—A context-sensitive approach

Land consumption due to residential development, economic growth and transportation belongs to the most serious environmental pressures on landscapes worldwide, in particular in urbanised areas. Accordingly, the aim of containing the development of land is rated increasingly high on the agenda of environmental policy, at least in densely populated countries such as Germany, Belgium, the Netherlands or the UK. As a result, different strategies and instruments to prevent excessive land consumption are being discussed. However, many of these strategies and instruments adopt a rather general approach, while it seems more effective to define the particular areas where the goal of reducing land consumption is to be pursued. Such an approach must draw on information about how detrimental specific land use transitions are with regard to, for instance, the functionality of soils, water balance or habitat quality at specific locations. This paper introduces a conceptual framework for the impact assessment of land use transition in urban areas which highlights how such information can be acquired. This framework includes the differentiation of two levels of impact assessment: the level of the single land unit and the context level which takes into account regional and aggregated impacts of land use transition bound to the spatial context. The conceptual framework provides a basis to disaggregate (supra-)national policy targets regarding land use, to scale them down to the regional level, and thus to clarify the spatially explicit implications of land use policies.     

知识经济时代的土地信息服务需求框架构建

通过详细分析目前国内外土地信息服务的现状、存在的问题及土地、土地信息和土地信息服务的关系,阐述了土地信息服务的演变过程,提出土地信息服务的概念、内容和特征.在此基础上,分析知识经济时代不同用户根据土地信息进行工作和生活的特征,提炼出土地信息服务的基本需求,构造出土地信息服务的需求框架,以期能为构建一个适应知识经济时代的土地信息服务体系奠定理论基础,为实现土地管理信息化提供帮助.     

对基层国土信息化建设的思考——以浙江丽水市为例

信息化的建设与应用,是促进工作流程优化,提升工作效率,提高科学决策能力,加强机构有效服务的重要手段,也是提升监管能力、强化监管措施的重要途径。基层国土信息化建设,就是采取信息化顶层设计的理论和方法,设计土地规划、土地利用、地矿业务、数据、应用、技术构架,明确信息化建设内容与管理业务的关联,通过市、县（市、区）、基层国土所三级的广泛和充分应用,将信息化贯穿于土地规划、土地利用、地矿（地质环境）的调查评价、日常管理、监测监管、政策研究、社会服务等业务的全过程。     

基于插件技术的多用途土地评价信息系统研究

研究目的:研制多用途土地评价信息系统,实现不同类型评价业务、评价方法模型的系统集成。研究方法:在分析与归纳现有评价技术流程的基础上,建立多用途土地评价的"业务结点—业务过程"逻辑关系模型,并设计包含数据接口、专业算法和应用表现等层次结构的评价业务插件和调用插件的宿主程序架构。研究结果:开发了土地评价业务结点插件库,在统一的数据库和软件平台上,实现了多用途土地评价业务需求环境下的系统功能集成。研究结论:基于插件思想设计的业务结点插件和宿主模型,有效地解决了多用途土地评价业务的系统集成问题,开发的评价业务结点插件库提高了相关业务系统的开发效率。     

露天矿区土地复垦适应性管理：内涵解析与框架构建

研究目的：探讨露天矿区土地复垦适应性管理的理论内涵，阐释其主要管理要素与组织框架。研究方法：系统回顾法、类比分析法和逻辑推理法。研究结果：（1）基础铺垫、案例引导、需求倒逼、使命号召4层缘由共同驱动着露天矿区去探索一种与其生态系统内外部机理相适应的土地复垦动态管理模式—适应性管理；（2）矿区土地复垦适应性管理是以矿区土地生态系统健康发展与可持续开发利用为目标，通过监测、评估、反馈、调整等一系列活动，不断探索并认识矿区土地复垦发展过程中的不确定因素及其内在规律，从而促使土地复垦不断适应矿区社会、经济、生态等方面协调发展的管理过程；（3）“目标制定—规划设计—方案执行—监测评估—信息反馈—模式修正”六要素一体构成矿区土地复垦适应性管理的基本组织框架。研究结论：适应性管理具有灵活性、动态性等特征，如果管理者能把握矿区生态系统内部演化机理与外部干扰规律，并借鉴吸收相近领域研究成果经验，那么适应性管理有望成为破解露天矿区土地复垦过程管理难题的有效途径。     

论土地规划的环境影响评价

研究目的:<中华人民共和国环境影响评价法>确立了中国的环境影响评价制度,作者为开展土地利用规划的环境影响评价提供参考.研究方法:文献资料综合分析法、借鉴已经开展的有关工作的经验与相关领域的研究成果的方法.研究结论:将LUPEIA分为LUOPEIA、LUSPEIA、LUPPEIA三个层次,初步构建了中国LUPEIA体系;提出了基于PSR框架、FAO相关文件及项目EIA的LUPEIA方法论,建立了基于PSR框架的地市级土地利用规划环境评价指标体系,讨论了FAO相关文件在LUPEIA的作用,将土地利用持续性评价归结为LUPEIA的主要内容,土地利用结构的调整与空间布局对环境的影响是LUPEIA的特色,美国国家环保局的BASINS工具对土地利用造成的流域水环境质量影响评价是值得借鉴的方法.     

Managing China's pastoral lands: Current problems and future prospects

China has the second largest area of pastoral land in the world, and these lands and their peoples play a very beneficial role in the global environment. Because of China's huge population, rate of social reform, and economic development, the pastoral ecosystems are at a critical turning point. There is a conflict between national benefit and the land users (mainly herders) benefit. This paper introduces the scale of pastoral land, the history of its management institutions, past and current projects and programs, as well as the current framework of policy and law as relevant to land management. The challenges for pastoral management in terms of institutions, administration, technology and their shifting role in regional economies of scale are also analyzed. Opportunities for sustainable development in China's pastoral lands are presented. Finally, this paper highlights the available approaches for enhancing livelihoods and conserving pastoral land, including establishment of law and policy framework at the national level, redefining use rights for community management, promoting Integrated Ecosystem Management (IEM) as a basis for natural resource utilization, preserving and respecting cultural aspects of pastoral peoples, and shifting the focus from GDP generation to environmental protection.     

县域农用地生态安全评价体系研究

通过评价农用地生态安全,为农用地的生态管护提供参考,为实现农用地的微观评价奠定基础。采用理论分析与资料论证相结合的方法,从农用地生态安全评价理论入手,以河南省为例,构建了基于县域尺度的19个评价因子层、6个评价因素层、3个评价目标层的农用地生态安全评价指标体系。研究表明:(1)农用地的生态安全评价属基础性、前瞻性研究课题,目前只处于宏观研究阶段;(2)用分层多因素指数和法对农用地生态安全进行评价,其因子层、因素层、目标层都具有空间性,每个层次均可应用。     

三维地籍形态分析与数据表达

研究目的：建立三维地籍模型,描述三维地籍产权体并兼容二维地籍宗地,实现不同维度土地权属的统一管理和登记。研究方法：结合中国城市发展的实例和地籍管理需求,分析三维地籍基本形态,比较各类三维空间数据模型。研究结果：提出适应三维地籍管理功能需求的三维地籍空间数据模型及其相应的数据自动组织方法和思路。研究结论：三维地籍通过地理空间坐标这个“基因”来管理不动产,为土地和房产的统一登记提供了统一的技术框架,是对现行不动产管理技术的升级和超越。     

中国土地复垦监管体系问题与对策

研究目的：类比提出中国土地复垦监管体系的概念,总结分析中国土地复垦监管体系的阶段特征和存在的问题,提出构建完善中国土地复垦监管体系的对策。研究方法：文献分析,典型调研,专家咨询和类比分析法。研究结果：中国土地复垦监管体系基本框架已形成,但仍然存在监管机构不健全、监管机制不完善、矿业用地政策存在缺陷、监管手段薄弱和监管技术标准不完备等。研究结论：建立专业化和层级化管理机构、加强部门协同、单列矿业用地指标、加强信息化监管、研制土地复垦实施与监管系列标准是构建完善中国土地复垦监管体系的重要方向。     

Methods and tools for integrated assessment of land use policies on sustainable development in developing countries

For stimulating sustainable development in developing countries, land use patterns and land use changes are considered critical, and therefore effective and efficient land use policies are needed. In this paper we present a methodological framework that has been developed in a joint European and developing countries project (LUPIS – Land Use Policies and Sustainable Development in Developing Countries), to assess the impact of land use policies on sustainable development in developing countries. An illustrative application is presented for a case study in China, where water pollution due to agriculture in Taihu Basin is a major problem.     

Monitoring land governance: Understanding roots and shoots

Despite a growing interest among land use policymakers to identify the indicators that measure changes in land tenure systems, little consensus exists about what framework can functionally analyze land tenure systems, and how it should be developed. The existing indicators have mainly focused on measuring the “effects” of land tenure (in)security and often neglected the “causes”. Hence, comprehensive monitoring of land tenure systems has been poorly understood and practiced. Given their multifaceted meanings, land and its related concepts have been a challenging issue for policymakers. Accordingly, the overall objective of this paper was to propose a functional and analytical framework on how to study monitoring land governance from roots to shoots through five main studies: i) understanding the historical trajectories of land, ii) recognizing institutional arrangements on land, iii) identifying land governance grammar, iv) defining land governance typology, and v) assessing land use changes. In line with this objective, the general research question of this study is how and by whom a monitoring system should be developed. Overall, this study can be considered as a conceptual framework that has been designed to conceptualize, develop, build, and apply a functional and analytical framework for formulating land governance grammar to explain how access to land is governed. Unlike previous studies, this study focuses on both causes and effects of strong land governance (SLG) and weak land governance (WLG). The paper discusses that land governance allows various stakeholders to participate in government decisions and ensures the security of their livelihoods. However, land governance could be either poor or strong depending on the government decision-making process. The paper also concluded that SLG is a precondition for economic growth and poverty alleviation in rural areas of developing countries.