Commonage land and farmer uptake of the rural environment protection scheme in Ireland

This paper looks at some of the factors which may influence REPS participation among commonage farmers in the west of The Republic of Ireland and on the impact REPS has had on participating farmers’ income and on their environmental practices and attitudes. Commonage is land held in common ownership on which two or more farmers have grazing rights. There are about 4500 commonages in Ireland and they are important to Irish agriculture, to conservation of the uplands, in managing the environment and in sustaining rural livelihoods. The study reveals that sheep farmers are less likely to join REPS than cattle farmers and that being in receipt of other sources of State income acted as a deterrent to participation. REPS appears to have had a positive impact on participants’ income and seems to have been successful in changing farmer practices in a more environmentally benign direction, when doing so imposed no additional costs on the farmer. Environmental awareness among all farmers appears to be poor although REPS farmers display more appreciation of the degraded state of commonage than do non-REPS farmers. Farmers preference for a continuation of the status quo with respect to commonage management and a lack of discontent with respect to the distribution of past commonage rights points to the potential of building on a more co-operative approach to environmental management.     

An investigation into the type of farmer who chose to participate in Rural Environment Protection Scheme (REPS) and the role of institutional change in influencing scheme effectiveness

This paper examines the voluntary aspect of the Rural Environment Protection Scheme (REPS) in Ireland by modelling the type of farmer who chose to participate in the agri-environment programme from 1995 to 2010. The impact of changing scheme payment rates and organic nitrogen restrictions on scheme uptake are also examined. In order to examine some of the heterogeneity of variable influence on participation across the different phases of REPS, separate models for each of the four phases were ran (one for a reference year in each phase). Results from the random effects model show that the type of farmer who was most likely to participate in REPS over time had an extensive farm system, low income and spent more hours working on-farm than their non-REPS counterparts. Single year logit model results were compared to the random effects panel logit model for the entire sample period. The results suggest that the individual year models do a better job in demonstrating how farmers responded to contractual changes in the scheme over time (in terms of their participation decision) compared to the panel model.     

Modelling Farmers’ Participation in an Agri‐environmental Scheme using Panel Data: An Application to the Rural Environment Protection Scheme in Ireland

Previous studies that have attempted to model the participation decision of farmers in agri‐environmental schemes have used a static framework where it was not possible to examine changes in the participation decision of farmers over time. This is rectified in this paper by utilising an 11‐year panel that contains information on 300 farmers for each year. The structure of this dataset allows us to employ discrete time duration random effects panel data logit models to model the determinants of entering the Irish Rural Environment Protection Scheme (REPS). We introduce a dynamic element into a number of the models by using the random effects logit model estimator, with lagged dependent variables as additional explanatory variables. The results point to the fact that systems of farming that are more extensive and less environmentally degrading remain those most likely to participate in the REPS. In addition, the results highlight the fact that where no attempt is made to control for unobserved heterogeneity or path dependency the effects of the farm‐ and farmer‐specific characteristics may be overestimated.     

The mixing ratio in the Indonesian dairy industry

The Indonesian dairy industry has been viewed by the Indonesian government as an industry that has the potential to improve the welfare of low income and landless farmers through providing them with an additional source of farm income. As well, the government sees the industry as a vehicle for providing opportunities for employment in rural areas. From an economy wide viewpoint, its development is viewed as a way Indonesia might save foreign exchange since a large share of its dairy requirements have to be imported. A variety of measures have been used to assist the industry. This paper investigates one of the measures, the BUSEP scheme or mixing ratio regulation which requires domestic processors to use Indonesian produced milk before imported milk.     

渔业共同管理模式初探

就如何优化我国渔业管理体制而言,目前我国学者还大多停留在对如何完善管理措施的研究上.这与国际社会特别是渔业发达国家的管理理论与实践相结合形成了鲜明的对比,后者不仅重视管理措施是否有效,也重视管理过程是否合理.近二十多年来,共同管理机制之所以在许多国家得到了广泛的应用,正是日益重视管理过程的一个结果.本文介绍了共同管理的基本理念及其优势,建议在我国渔业管理制度建设中应重视建构这样一种机制.     

How cost-effective are result-oriented agri-environmental measures?—An empirical analysis in Germany

Agri-environmental measures (AEM) are the central area-based measures of the second pillar of the Common European Agricultural Policy. Cost-effectiveness of AEMs has to be improved. In this paper a newly designed AEM called result-oriented incentive is empirically analysed for the first time concerning its impacts on environmental effects and cost.     

基于结构调整的青岛市海洋休闲渔业发展初探

由于近海渔业资源的减少,青岛市传统渔业面临困境,急需进行海洋渔业结构调整。基于青岛市海洋渔业调查分析,发展休闲渔业是缓解传统渔业困境,促进渔业转型的重要措施。青岛市休闲渔业有了较大的发展,但存在规划、管理、资金等方面的问题。可通过构建多元化对策体系,促进青岛市休闲渔业的健康可持续发展。     

我国流域水管理法律体制的演变与发展

依据水事四法、流域立法、国家政策和改革实践,对我国流域水管理法律体制的演变和发展进行了历史分析和定性评价,指出我国流域水管理从最初的区域管理体制,演变为流域管理与区域管理相结合的体制,目前仍然处于变革之中。近年来的流域管理机构改革强化了流域管理,河长制的实施强化了区域管理与科层协调,环境监管体制改革要求在生态环保部门建立流域管理机构,国务院和地方政府机构改革则优化了多部门区域管理;这些先后实施的政策和措施之间缺乏统筹,使流域管理与区域管理相结合的体制出现了一定程度的割裂,需要通过进一步的改革予以健全和完善。     

Quantitative Assessment of U.S. Wheat Performance for Quality Characteristics

Quality of U. S. grain exports has been a contentious issue over the past decade. Nowhere is the issue more hotly debated than for wheat. At the core of the debate has been the ability of Canada to command a premium for its wheat in foreign markets. Buyers' perceptions of quality have been suggested as an explanation, but empirical evidence on the quality attributes responsible for this country-of-origin premium has been limited to hedonic pricing studies. This paper quantifies purchasers' perceptions of the relative importance of quality characteristics for the world's major importing countries. This is done by calculating three indices. The attainment index measures how well buyers' perceptions of the importance of the characteristic matches buyers' perceptions of how well it is being supplied. The supply index measures buyers' perceptions on how well a characteristic is being supplied. The demand index measures how important the buyers perceive a particular characteristic to be. Then buyers' perceptions of the performance of U.S. and Canadian wheats are evaluated, given the perceived importance of each characteristic, and related to previous empirical results. Finally, these results are compared for alternative groupings of importing countries.     

煤矿安全生产监督管理工作中的技术手段——图像监控系统在煤矿安全监管中的应用

近年来,煤炭生产事故频发,安全生产问题日益突出。加强安全生产监督,理应充分发挥科技手段的重要作用。基于计算机网络的图像监控系统,实时地捕捉监控点的信息,给生产监督管理工作中的技术手段带来了前所未有的局面。文章从煤炭安全生产监督管理的概念、特点、保障措施、组织框架以及应用中应注意的问题等方面入手,论述了图像监控系统在煤矿安全监管中的应用。     

企业负债经营风险控制之我见

在市场经济条件下 ,负债经营对企业进行正当经营活动有其客观必然性 ,保持一定的借入资本是企业调节资金余缺和增加所有者权益 ,扩大经营规模的前提。但过度负债经营会加大企业的财务风险。文章从负债规模、负债结构、资金成本三个方面论述了企业对负债经营风险进行控制的具体措施     

逐步衰老矿区吨煤收益发展规律数理预测模型

针对邢台矿区出现的矿区或矿井后备储量不足、优质资源逐渐枯竭的问题,通过多年的探索与实践,总结出一套有效提高资源回收率的措施,通过实施取得了良好的社会效益。采用灰色系统理论和回归分析经济模型对矿区煤炭吨煤收益及其随着社会经济发展而变化的规律进行了预测分析,得出了在当前条件下,无论是烟煤还是无烟煤的回收开采都能为企业带来良好的经济效益,并提出了以烟煤产量保障矿区经济效益的企业发展战略模式,为提高资源回收率措施的推广提供了理论支持。     

新建轨道交通城市的投融资模式选择初探

城市轨道交通投资巨大,为拓宽筹资渠道和缓解政府财政压力,有效解决建设资金短缺问题,我国和世界一些发达城市在轨道交通投融资管理模式上积累了许多丰富的经验,形成了一套比较完整的实施措施。通过对其分析和比较,从中得到很多有益的启示。本文分析比较了国内外几种投融资模式的优势和不足之处,并结合石家庄市城市轨道交通建设的情况,对新建轨道交通城市的投融资模式进行了研究。     

西藏渔业资源保护及其利用的思考

随着渔业经济的发展,保护渔业资源和发展高效渔业已成为必然。西藏地处世界屋脊,特殊而严酷的自然环境造就了其独特而又脆弱的渔业资源,如何正确处理好渔业经济发展和渔业资源保护、利用的关系成为西藏渔业面临的主要问题。本文综述了西藏渔业资源及其保护和利用现状,评述了当前西藏渔业资源保护和利用工作中存在的突出问题,并提出了一些改进措施和建议。     

Food Stamp Benefits and Child Poverty

In 2000, 8.8 million children lived in households participating in the Food Stamp Program, making this assistance program a crucial component of the social safety net. Despite its importance, little research has examined food stamps' effect on children's overall well-being. Using the Current Population Survey from 1989 to 2001, we consider the impact of food stamps on three measures of poverty—the headcount, the poverty gap, and the squared poverty gap. We find that in comparison to the headcount measure, food stamp benefits lead to large reductions in the poverty gap and squared poverty gap measures.     

海北高寒地区发展青稞产业化刍议

青稞是海北高寒地区的主要栽培作物之一，但长期以来种植效益不高，农民增产不增收的问题比较突出。采取有效措施，发挥地区优势，提高青稞的产出效益，发展产业化是惟一的选择。该文从当地实际出发，通过分析优劣和查摆问题，提出了发展龙头企业、增强辐射带动能力等5项发展青稞产业化的对策措施。     

中国水产品出口贸易流量与潜力分析——基于引力模型的研究

中国作为世界上最大的水产品生产国,近30年水产品出口一直保持增长,在全球水产品市场中的比重大幅度增加,同时面临着与其他国家同业间的竞争。本文运用拓展的引力模型对1999年～2007年中国水产品出口相关的面板数据进行了实证检验,并对主要出口市场水产品贸易潜力进行了测算与分析。研究表明,引力模型只能对中国水产品出口贸易流量和潜力起到部分的解释作用,虽然中国水产品出口对欧美日等市场呈现出所谓的“过度贸易”,对泰国、印度尼西亚等表现为“贸易不足”,但这一总体趋势不会有太大改变。另外,进出口市场之间的产品竞争程度、进口市场的消费习惯也是进出口贸易可能的影响因素。     

环京津贫困地区基于退耕的土地利用变化及其与经济发展关系研究

以2001～2007年为研究时段,对环京津地区31个贫困县进行了土地利用变化及其与经济发展相关关系的分析,得出退耕还林政策的实施并未明显加重该区域人民生活的贫困程度,但相关扶助措施也未明显改变该区域的贫困状况;文章对该区域贫困的相关原因进行了分析,试图为环京津贫困带的经济发展及制定反贫困措施提供科学依据。     

Incorporating the effect of urbanization in measuring climate adaptive capacity

Measuring the ability of a community to face climatic changes, or its adaptive capacity, is necessary in order to plan and guide development as the global climate continues to warm. One factor that has not been thoroughly addressed by previous attempts at measuring adaptive capacity is urbanization. This study looks to measure adaptive capacity in relation to urbanization, as many areas of the world are undergoing this rapid transition. An indicator system was created with land-use sensitive measures and applied to three different land use projection scenarios (A, BAU, and B − high, medium, and low growth, respectively) to 2030 and 2050 for two case study areas, Tamsui, Taiwan and West Palm Beach, USA. In Tamsui, the adaptive capacity decreased in all scenarios, but most dramatically for the high growth scenario. The low growth scenario decreased more slowly through each time slice. For West Palm Beach, the high growth scenario had the highest score in 2030, but declined in 2050. The medium growth Scenario BAU, also had a higher adaptive capacity score in 2030 than in 2050. The low growth Scenario B had a score that improved less dramatically but continued to rise through 2050. Scenario A would be ideal for short term gains, but its benefits would plateau in the long term. Scenario B, with conservation measures and more restricted growth would be the most ideal alternative. This study shows that urbanization has short term socioeconomic gains, but long term environmental consequences. The results also successfully incorporates the effect of land use change into an adaptive capacity indicator system, and can be applied in other localities expecting significant increases in urbanization.     

韶关市森林旅游资源的深度整合开发研究

韶关市拥有丰富多样的森林旅游资源,发展森林旅游的潜力极大。目前应立足资源优势,针对开发中存在的问题,对森林旅游资源进行深度整合开发。在对森林旅游资源优势和开发现状进行分析的基础上,探讨韶关市森林旅游资源深度整合开发的原则、战略和对策。