Male nudity in advertisements: A modified replication and extension of gender and product effects

This article explores the relatively unknown effects of male nudity in print ads on selected consumer responses. A previously used experimental design that examines different model dress levels in conjunction with two different products was replicated to test dress level, respondent, and product effects. Multivariate analysis of variance results indicated that respondent gender and dress level of the model significantly affect measures of mood, attitude toward the advertiser, attitude toward the ad, and attitude toward the brand. These findings provide important information to advertisers considering using male nudity or suggestive poses in ads and provide support for oppositesex and product congruency effects found previously in other research. She received her D.B.A. from Louisiana Tech University. Her research has appeared in theJournal of Business Ethics, Journal of Health Care Marketing, and numerous conference proceedings. His research has been published in regional journals and conference proceedings. His articles have appeared in journals such as theJournal of the Academy of Marketing Science, Journal of Marketing Research, Journal of Personal Selling and Sales Management, Journal of Advertising, Journal of Business Research, Journal of Retailing, andJournal of Business Ethics.     

On the reduced effectiveness of some sexually suggestive ads

Existing research on the effects of sexually suggestive illustrations in advertising has reported reduced recall of brand names and product information as well as negative product attitudes. This study evaluates two explanations for the reduced recall. A negative affect explanation hypothesizes that a viewer's attitudinal response to the suggestive material interferes with recall. An attention-distraction explanation hypothesizes that the visual draw of the suggestive illustrations decreases reading time for the ad copy. Ads varying in suggestiveness were viewed by male and female college students. Recall of both brand names and product information was lower for all suggestive ads. Recall differences were found to be totally unrelated to all affect differences, to measures of general attitudes toward the use of sex in advertising, and to demographic variables but were generally consistent with independent ratings of the visual characteristic of the illustrations. These results favor the attention-distraction hypothesis. Implications for advertising strategy are discussed.     

A social cognition model of consumer problem recognition

A social cognition model describing the cognitive determinants of problem recognition is introduced and tested. Problem recognition is hypothesized to be a function of the directional discrepancy between the valence level of the perceived performance of one’s current product and the valence level of a referent (standard of comparison). More specifically, problem recognition is hypothesized to be greatest under negative incongruity, followed by negative congruity, positive congruity, and positive incongruity, respectively. The model was tested in two studies, and the results were consistent with the hypothesis. Advertising implications of the model are discussed in terms of primary demand advertising.     

UG CAM模块在集成制造中的应用

随着贸易市场的全球化,对产品需求逐渐人性化从而引发零件外观结构趋向复杂及多样,导致模具成型零件（型芯和型腔）曲面流线光顺而难于加工,三维设计数控集成加工呈流行趋势,敏捷制造柔性加工模式应运而生,高端软件UG似乎成为其中引领潮流的佼佼者。可以直接使用UG CAD数据模型作为UG CAM加工环境的几何区域,配搭简便的人机交互形式,利用UG CAM模块强大的信息集成功能,完成刀具路径生成、仿真加工演示、后置代码处理等一系列自动加工过程。这一方法比较适合没有大型CAPP系统但不乏经验丰富的工艺人员的中小型企业。     

An analysis of congruous relationships between self-images and product images

This study examined the congruous relationship between self-image and the image of a preferred brand. The empirical data supported past findings when similar analytical techniques were applied to the data. However, an alternative conceptualization of congruency as absolute rather than a relative phenomenon resulted in different findings. Subsequently, these results provide additional directions for theory building. The findings suggest that congruency often occurs at some distance from self-image (in the tails of the distributions) and that for many dimensions of image, other variables besides congruency may be more important in the purchase process. UAB The Authors wish to thank Wendy Martin, Ira Dolich and an unknown reviewer for their helpful comments.     

The life cycle concept as a long term forecasting model

This paper presents a model for long term sales forecasting based upon the product life cycle concept. The life cycle concept is first reviewed with an emphasis on sales behavior in each of the life cycle stages. A simple model consistent with the life cycle concept is then presented. Based upon this model a sales forecasting methodology is developed and tested. The results are generally promising particularly considering the nature of the test data. The article concludes by suggesting future applications of the product life cycle concept. Ralston Purina Company     

Consumer online privacy concerns and responses: a power–responsibility equilibrium perspective

We use the Power–Responsibility Equilibrium (PRE) framework and advance that consumers balance perceived deficits in privacy protection by power holders (businesses and regulators) with defensive actions. In our model, consumer privacy concern is the endogenous mediating entity linking business policy and regulatory perceptions to negative online user responses. The model was empirically tested and confirmed in an experimental setting. In a second study, we added the nature of consumer information involved into a sub-model. Here, we investigated the moderating role of information sensitivity and congruency on the business policy–concern relationship across three industry contexts. Both hypothesized two-way interactions were confirmed, suggesting that a strong business policy is effective in reducing concern when low sensitivity data are gathered, but insufficient in reducing concern for highly sensitive data. Furthermore, concern increased dramatically when sensitive data were collected that were incongruent with the business context.     

企业破产预测实证模型评述

随着计量方法的改进,对企业破产的实证预测,重新成为理论界和实务界关注的重点。40年来代表性的破产预测实证模型包括专家评分系统、分离模型、多元分离模型、Logit模型、生存分析模型、神经网络模型等。对于每种模型的假设前提、所选择的解释变量、预测能力以及可能的局限性进行评述,可以得出结论:多元分离模型虽然传统,但实用性最强;分时风险模型因为改善了分离模型的静态性,预测准确率也更高,是目前应用最广泛的模型。     

The influence of price,store name,and brand name on perception of product quality

The relationship between product price and perceived product quality has been developed extensively in the literature. Less work has been done to investigate the possible effects of other variables in combination with price as perceived-quality influentials. This paper examines the effect on perceived product quality of price, brand name and store name. The results tend to confirm the hypothesis that consumer quality perception is dependent on a combination of controllable marketing attributes, but that not all classes of products are subject to the same type of interaction.     

Great expectations and broken promises: misleading claims,product failure,expectancy disconfirmation and consumer distrust

Previous research in the product failure literature shows that such failures have important implications for evaluations of the target product, and even for evaluations of closely related products. The current studies identify distrust as an additional byproduct of negative expectancy disconfirmation and show that such perceptions are capable of producing even broader carryover effects—pertaining to unrelated products/companies. The effects of distrust are identified through tests of mediation and moderation, and are shown to be distinct from other processes known to relate to product failure. The results also show an asymmetry in the effects of positive and negative disconfirmation, consistent with the predicted negativity bias in judgments of generalized trust versus generalized distrust. Finally, generalized distrust continued to exert a negative influence despite the opportunity to directly examine the second product, and these effects were actually augmented to some extent. The results have implications for the expectancy disconfirmation and product failure literatures, as well as the defensive bias model of distrust.     

新产品概念

作为一个企业,其经营的轴心应该是产品,随着社会的发展和竞争的加剧,致使产品的生命周期缩短,更新速度加快,为此新产品就成为企业成长的法宝和命脉,企业必须增强产品创新的意识和能力。那么,企业应如何创新产品?产品的创新过程有无理论可依?有无规律可循?本文试图从产品创意入手,从方法论的角度,应用数学理论、物元理论分析产品创意的生成及筛选方法和过程,探索其内在规律性。     

Criteria for the evaluation of product managers—An application of multiple group solution

One of the criticisms of factor analytic applications is that it is seldom used in verification of hypothesis and thus most of the interpretation is ex post facto. This paper presents a discussion and application of a technique, Multiple Group Solution, which can be used to verify a hypothesis about the number and nature of factors in a set of data. For this procedure to be meaningful, it is important to hypothesize factors a priori on the basis of existing theory or previous related research. The application of this technique is concerned with the criteria used to evaluate product managers. Because the role of the product manager includes such diverse areas as appraising markets and products and utilizing the various resources available within the company, a question arises as to what evaluative criteria should be used. The superiors of product managers were asked to rate nineteen criteria on their importance for appraising product management performance. The results of a principal component analysis were then compared to “a priori” hypothesized factors.     

An analysis of need-appeals in television advertising

No empirical data is available that analyzes the need-appeals currently being used by advertisers. To fill this void, an extensive study is presented which analyzed the need-appeals in every television advertisement for nine product categories over a three month period. Need-appeals were classified acording to both Murray's and Maslow's lists of needs. The authors wish to acknowledge the extensive research efforts of the following graduate students: Charles Foster, Julia Humphries, Susan Jenkins, Leslie Levitan, Judson Loupot, Jr., Larry O'Neal, Lisa Penaloza, Stanley Schoeppey, Robin Schriefer, Physllis Vincent, and Rae Wilkinson. Avertisers “have concentrated far too much attention on the product and far too little on the need the product satisfies.”-George Gallup This list of twenty needs in what Murray calls the “manifest” needs. In all, Murray originally cited thirty-seven needs. However, these twenty were the only ones that Murray empirically defined. Therefore, only these twenty are usually included in “Murray's List of Needs.”     

地区间竞争外商直接投资的福利效应分析

本文放松Barros和Cabral的假定,在跨国公司的决策集为{对外直接投资,出口}的情况下,建立动态的博弈模型对较发达地区、欠发达地区通过优惠政策竞争FDI的福利效应进行探讨。研究发现就一国整体福利而言,地区间吸引FDI的恶性竞争使引进FDI的成本过大,将导致福利损失。针对我国FDI的流向、中西部和东部差距不断扩大的趋势,本文提出逐步取消东部地区外资的优惠政策,给予中西部地区适当的外资优惠政策将是我国整体福利的改进。     

Marketing utilities: A new look

Utility, it is usually agreed among marketers, is not just that which makes an item physically more useful; it is also that which makes a customer conceive of an item as being more useful. This usefulness is generally reflected in a customer's willingness to spend extra money to receive this service. Traditionally marketers have associated utility with time, place, possession, and form. While no one will disagree with these four categories, it may be that they are too narrow. This article expands these traditional four utilities to include other activities such as image creation, confidence building, and product customization which may lead to modifying the predisposition and perception of customers. It is with this expanded list that the marketer can better design his total product package so that customer utility can be maximized.     

公允价值计量与银行信贷风险——来自当前金融危机的思考

公允价值以"活跃市场的公平交易假设"为计量基础,是对历史成本计量的矫正,因此也成为一种能代表未来的计量模式。但公允价值也因其严重缺陷面对着诸多的指责,主要是指公允价值计量具有顺周期效应,在市场经济运行活跃时会使得相关产品的价值过高估计,而市场萎靡时由于交易价格低会使得相关产品的价值过低估计。正确的使用公允价值计量会有利于银行风险管理,真实反映出银行的资产和负债状况。为此,要为公允价值计量创造有利的运行环境,完善其评估方法。     

基于结构方程模型的产地认知效应影响因素分析

产地认知效应的影响因素包括产地地区形象、产品属性和消费者个人因素。通过结构方程模型对产地认知效应影响因素分析结果的验证表明:产地地区形象和产品属性对产地认知效应有正向影响。     

The structure of perceived risk: Some further progress

This study investigates (1) the homogeneity of subjects' perceptions of the relative magnitude of perceived risk for seven product classes, and (2) the component structure of perceived risk, both individually and aggregated, for the same product classes. It is concluded that (1) while it may prove possible and useful to define homogeneous subgroups of consumers generally there is substantial heterogeneity of perception of the relative magnitude of perceived risk across consumers and (2) that the component structure of perceived risk is generally consistent across the seven product classes studied with explained variances being relatively large.     

产出服务化战略:维度、研究假设及其管理含义

越来越多的企业的产出正在由实物产品为主向服务产品为主转变,但很少有学者关注产出服务化战略概念的测量问题.本文运用文献分析法,阐明了产出服务化战略的维度,开发了相关的研究假设,构建了产出服务化战略的影响因素及其绩效的概念框架,并指明研究的管理含义.这种理论分析为未来的实证研究提供了重要的基础.