中国海外耕地投资东道国的空间分布及地缘关系因素影响路径分析

研究目的：分析中国海外耕地投资东道国的空间分布和地缘因素影响路径,为相关部门规划海外耕地投资活动和企业实施海外耕地投资提供决策参考。研究方法：定向政策矩阵分析法、主成分分析法、空间分析法和路径分析法。研究结果：（1）当前中国在各东道国的海外耕地投资规模具有明显的低水平性和分散性;（2）中国的海外耕地投资在东道国层面符合一般投资规律,但是在整体层面的布局存在较大不足;（3）中国海外耕地投资东道国空间集聚效应明显,东南亚地区是中国海外耕地投资的热点区域;（4）地缘关系对中国海外耕地投资呈现着一种复合传导过程,地缘政治是影响中国海外耕地投资规模的关键因素,而地缘政治则受地缘文化的直接影响和地缘经济的间接影响。研究结论：在农业“走出去”战略深入实施和“一带一路”倡议持续推进的时代背景下,中国海外耕地投资东道国已在全球广泛分布,但分布态势较不合理;国家间地缘政治关系是影响中国企业的东道国选择重要方面,相关部门应重视通过地缘政治关系引导中国企业提升海外耕地投资水平。     

中国海外耕地投资的区位特征及其影响因素*——基于2000—2016年土地矩阵网络数据

［目的］分析中国海外耕地投资的区位特征及其影响因素,以促进我国海外耕地投资的合理布局,提高农业投资效率。［方法］以2000—2016年中国137宗海外耕地投资项目及其所涉及的35个东道国作为研究样本,运用Spearman相关分析方法,分别以耕地投资面积和耕地投资项目数量作因变量,研究其与各影响因素的相关关系,并用对应分析法进一步探究各东道国的相对优势。［结果］（1）我国海外耕地投资区域集中在东南亚且由周边国家向外扩展,被投资耕地用途多样,投资规模自2004年开始急剧上升,近年来呈下降趋势。（2）我国海外耕地投资以效率寻求型和市场寻求型为主,倾向于资源丰富、与我国距离较近、制度相似、经济关系良好但发展水平不高的国家。（3）根据各地区的比较优势,亚洲国家适合效率寻求型和市场寻求型的企业投资,欧洲和美洲国家适合资源寻求型和战略资产寻求型的企业投资,非洲国家适合资源寻求型、效率寻求型和市场寻求型的企业投资。［结论］中国农业企业应结合企业投资目标和各地区的比较优势,合理选择投资区位,适时转变投资策略与模式,积极防范海外耕地投资过程中的自然风险、政治环境风险和道德风险等,以提高投资效果。     

中国企业海外耕地投资东道国选择研究

中国企业海外耕地投资处于对外区位失衡与对内发展失衡的两难境界,有必要识别中国企业海外耕地投资东道国选择的影响因素。运用二元Logit模型基于Land Matrix(土地矩阵)数据库数据,以42个国家为样本从市场容量、农业资源、营商环境、基础设施四个维度选取20项指标进行研究。结果表明,东道国的地均用水量、人均耕地面积、移动电话占有量3个指标对中国企业耕地投资东道国选择有正向影响;人均GDP、汽油价格、农产品贸易逆差具有负向影响;中国企业偏好在市场容量大、农业资源充裕、基础设施完备的东道国的投资。针对中国企业海外耕地投资的市场寻求、自然资源寻求、成本节约、规避风险导向,提出中国企业投资布局优化建议。     

当前非洲海外耕地投资东道国耕地投资潜力评价

研究目的：评价当前非洲34个海外耕地投资东道国的耕地投资潜力,为中国投资者在以上区域辨识被投资国比较优势、找准投资目标、提高投资效率提供参考。研究方法：灰色分析法,数学建模法。研究结果：从资源条件、生产基础、宏观环境、投资现状4个方面对非洲34个海外耕地投资东道国进行了评价,进而在此基础上实现了对以上各国投资潜力的评价。研究结论：当前非洲34个海外耕地投资东道国具有土地资源丰裕、生产基础薄弱、宏观环境稳定、投资空间广阔的特点,中国投资者应及时抓住机遇,积极进行战略布局。     

动态视角下中国海外耕地投资空间格局演变及其驱动机理研究

研究目的：研究中国海外耕地投资格局演变特征与驱动机理,从根源上诊断和理清中国海外耕地投资的发展障碍,扩大中国国际农业合作。研究方法：以中国海外耕地投资重心为切入点,采用重心模型,发现中国海外耕地投资重心显著向东、南方向移动;以此为基础,通过最小二乘法和固定效应模型解析格局演变驱动机理。研究结果：中国海外耕地投资表现出较强成熟市场倾向、本地市场效应、制度风险偏好,依赖东道国投资保护政策和政府间的投资协议。研究结论：获取农业资源、避税以提高企业利润是中国海外耕地投资的主要动因;从动态视角看,空间格局演变的驱动机理也具有异质性。本文据此提出了中国海外耕地投资空间格局优化策略和海外耕地投资发展路径。     

人力资本投资规模、投资结构与农村经济增长关系研究

从人力资本流量的角度出发,对农村人力资本投资规模、投资结构与农村经济增长关系进行实证研究,得出结论：（1）人力资本的投资数量和结构同时制约着农村经济的增长,其中投资结构的变动对农村经济增长虽然具有显著意义,但与投资规模相比,其作用机制并不强;（2）在短期内,人力资本投资结构变动对农村经济增长具有即期效应,而经济的增长又反过来促进了人力资本投资规模的扩大。基于此,今后应在继续加大农村人力资本投资力度的同时,注重优化人力资本投资结构,合理确定各部分投资的比例。     

丹尼尔·库玛拉：市场起飞亚洲艺术步向一体化

联合拍卖，一种资源共赢的模式 亚洲联合拍卖会包括艺通雷莎蒂、日本亲和（Shinwa）艺术拍卖株式会社海外附属公司AlAlAlA（AsianArt Auction Alliance）、韩国K-拍卖公司（Korean Premier Auction（K-Auction）和北京翰海拍卖有限公司，几乎覆盖了整个亚洲市场，这是我们的特色，也是我们的特长。艺通雷莎蒂在业内以专营东南亚艺术品闻名，所谓的东南亚包括印度尼西亚、菲律宾、泰国、越南、     

数量质量并重管理的耕地保护政策研究

研究目的：研究中国耕地保护的现状,构建数量质量并重的耕地保护体系。研究方法：文献资料法和因果分析法。研究结果：（1）中国耕地保护的现状是耕地面积逐年减少、等级不高、分布细碎、后备资源少;（2）数量质量并重管理的耕地保护体系是严守耕地红线、提升耕地等级、稳定耕地布局、严格耕地占补。研究结论：农用地分等成果是耕地质量保护的有力技术支撑。     

食物系统韧性视角下的城市区域耕地利用再地化转型

研究目的：探索食物系统韧性视角下的城市区域耕地利用再地化转型路径，旨在为国家农产品稳产保供战略与高质量城镇化发展提供依据。研究方法：归纳分析法与文献资料法。研究结果：（1）城市区域食物系统韧性涉及短期抗冲击能力和长期可持续性，关键在于权衡全球供应和本地自给的关系、适当缩减食物系统耦合距离。（2）国外主要通过增量控制与内部挖潜的方式盘活城市及其周边耕地资源，以规划约束为主、政策激励为辅；国内城市区域耕地利用再地化转型主要受转型动力不足、规划设计缺位以及弹性优化受限等因素制约。（3）城市区域耕地利用再地化转型涵括三个层面：市区遵循节地原则预留、复垦、创造农业空间；城郊耕地利用由刚性约束转向结构和功能性调控；区域乡村腹地以去中心化和产需均衡为目标优化生产基地布局。研究结论：城市区域耕地利用再地化转型应突破城乡二元土地结构冲突的惯性思维、重构都市—农业关系，统筹兼顾粮食安全底线与重要农产品有效供给、高质量城镇化发展与现代农业发展、耕地刚性管制与弹性调控。     

农村劳动力转移对耕地利用生态效率的空间溢出效应

研究目的：探讨农村劳动力转移对不同区域耕地利用生态效率的影响机理及其空间溢出效应。研究方法：非期望超效率EBM模型和空间杜宾模型。研究结果：（1）全国农村劳动力转移率和耕地利用生态效率整体呈上升趋势，但区域差异显著。（2）全国层面，农村劳动力转移对耕地利用生态效率的影响呈“U型”变化，并在劳动力转移至一定程度后具有显著的空间溢出效应。（3）区域层面，中部农村劳动力转移与本地耕地利用生态效率正相关，对其他地区耕地利用生态效率的影响呈“U”型关系；西部农村劳动力转移与本地耕地利用生态效率之间存在“U”型关系，但空间溢出效应不显著；东北部农村劳动力转移率大于23.32%时，其对本地耕地利用生态效率影响显著，并产生负的空间溢出效应。研究结论：激励农地流转，促进耕地集约利用，提升农民技能，推进耕地利用技术效率和规模效率同步增长。     

Price transmission between products at different stages of manufacturing in forest industries

The theory of demand and supply implies a positive relationship, or “price transmission” between the prices of products at different stages of manufacturing. This relationship was investigated with quarterly prices of softwood stumpage in the US South, and national prices of forest products, from 1977 to 2002. All prices, net of inflation, were found to be nonstationary and there was no evidence of co-integration between prices. Vector autogressive models, augmented by Granger causality tests and multiplier analysis showed that there was a one-to-one permanent positive response of the southern sawtimber stumpage price to a permanent change in the national lumber price. There was also a one-third permanent positive response of the national paper price to a permanent change in the national pulp price. There was no relation between regional pulpwood prices and national pulp or paper prices. When price transmission was significant, the full adjustment took about 2 years.     

Application of an ecosystem function framework to perceptions of community woodlands

Owners, local residents, government, and conservation organisations can express divergent preferences in the development and management of local woodlands. The perceptions of these four groups were examined, in the context of three community woodlands in Eastern England, using an ecosystem function framework. In a pilot study, residents were able to allocate a relative importance to woodland ecosystem services which were then related to “regulation”, “habitat”, and “production” or “information” functions. However residents also placed importance on negative services or “dis-services” associated with the woodland ecosystem. Therefore a fifth category of “dis-services” was included in the main survey which included 84 local residents, three woodland owners, three government institutions, and six representatives from conservation groups. Each of the four groups placed greatest importance on services associated with habitat (16–39% of the total importance) and information (30–50%) functions suggesting, in this example, mutual interest in the use of woodlands as a habitat or recreational resource. By contrast a potential area of difference was the particularly high importance placed by one owner on dis-services such as fly tipping. In addition the woodland owners placed higher importance (10–20%), than local residents and conservation groups (7–9%), on the productive services of the wood. This suggests a need for communication when production-related operations affect recreation. The ecosystem function framework appears to be a useful approach for highlighting potential tensions and areas of mutual interest in the management of semi-natural ecosystems.     

In Vino ‘No’ Veritas: impacts of fraud on wine imports in China

China is one of the largest wine importing countries in the world and is poised for continued import growth in the future. Increased wine purchases throughout China have given rise to persistent fraud where fake wines are packaged and sold with counterfeit contents and labels. For exporting countries like France, counterfeit wines displace market share, damage foreign brand reputation, and cause distrust in consumers who are aware of counterfeiting problems throughout the country. We examine the impact of fraudulent wine events (as measured by negative media reports) on Chinese wine demand differentiated by supplying country. We employ the Rotterdam demand system and a switching regression procedure to estimate import demand and compare results across different media variable specifications. Results consistently show that negative reports disproportionately affect French wine regardless of how the media variable is specified. This is not surprising because most fraudulent events involve French wine counterfeits.     

An evaluation framework for earthquake-responsive land administration

In recent years earthquakes and their secondary hazards have claimed the largest number of lives of all large natural disasters. Some of the world’s most earthquake-prone zones are also areas of high population density. The impact is magnified by vulnerability factors including non-enforcement of building codes, knowledge gaps, urban poverty and poor governance capacity to manage and reduce earthquake risks. Poor security of land tenure and property rights increases the vulnerability of people and affects their ability to respond to natural disasters.Earthquake recovery and reconstruction provides very significant challenges for land agencies, with these challenges differing from one country to the next due to differences in the local context. Drawing on contrasting case studies in Haiti, Nepal and New Zealand this paper identifies the common post-earthquake land administration functions and challenges that may apply to many contexts. These lessons provide land agencies and other key stakeholders with a summary of the challenges an earthquake poses for land administration at different post-disaster stages. We also discuss the policy and regulatory, institutional, operational and preparedness lessons for land administration. From these lessons we propose a framework for evaluating the earthquake-responsiveness of a land administration system. This framework can be used by a land agency in an earthquake prone region, or where an earthquake has recently occurred, to assess what challenges to land administration might occur in the event of an earthquake, and the preparedness of their land administration system.     

Agrarian Poverty,Nutrition and Economic Class – A Study of Gujarat,India

This paper analyses poverty and calorific undernourishment in the Indian state of Gujarat, where high and market‐led industrial growth has resulted in rapid economic improvement. The study is carried out through a combination of secondary and survey‐based data. We conclude that the neoliberal agenda of uncontrolled, outward‐looking growth has not resulted in significant reduction of poverty or malnourishment in rural areas. Furthermore, while land ownership is officially used as a proxy for wealth distribution, class position appears a better predictor of poverty status in the rural areas than landownership per se. At the policy level, there is a need to revive the agrarian economy and create new non‐agricultural assets, and the primary focus in the state must shift to the distribution of created assets rather than a single‐minded focus on growth.     

Does sustainable agricultural growth require a system of innovation? Evidence from Ghana and Burkina Faso

This paper tests the ‘systems of innovation’ hypothesis for a selection of crops in Ghana and Burkina Faso that have shown significant growth in production over an approximately 20-year period. The question is whether such growth can only occur if supported by a system of innovation. Using two indicators (a common understanding on objectives and priorities, and a high level of interactivity), we find little evidence for the existence of anything that might be considered a high functioning system of innovation.     

Local impacts of industrial tree plantations: An empirical analysis in Indonesia across plantation types

The values ascribed to industrial tree plantations are often controversial. Hence knowledge of their perceived impacts is important for improving their integration in rural landscapes. In 2016 we conducted household surveys with 606 respondents living in villages adjacent to acacia, teak and pine plantations across three islands in Indonesia (Java, Borneo, Sumatra). Results show that perceptions toward pine and teak plantations tend to differ from those toward acacia pulpwood plantations in several ways. Pine and teak plantations are perceived to have a higher number and variety of benefits and services, a higher number of positive impacts, a better environmental record, and to present more opportunities to local people for use of plantation land and products for improving rural livelihoods. In addition, we find that villagers around acacia pulpwood plantations tend to seek economic development and infrastructure to open up remote areas, yet their expectations were often only partially met. Recommendations from our analysis include: the role of the State in plantations must be clarified and potentially reinforced; the role of institutions as intermediaries is fundamental; and contributions by communities to design of management plans should be accommodated.     

土地学科的建设和发展——"土地学科发展规划研讨会"综述

中国土地科学学科发展已取得很大成就,表现为专业教育和人才培养成绩突出、初步形成学科体系、取得大批研究成果.而存在的问题主要是基础理论研究欠缺、独特的土地科学研究方法体系尚未形成、研究角度单一、学术交流质量不高和学科带头人的影响力不足.土地科学学科发展目前面临着巨大的机遇和挑战,应明确土地科学学科发展的基本思路、发展目标及2010-2020年的主要建设任务和保障措施.     

Upstream demand for water use by new tree plantations imposes externalities on downstream irrigated agriculture and wetlands*

Large‐scale tree plantations in high rainfall upstream areas can reduce fresh water inflows to river systems, thereby imposing external costs on downstream irrigation, stock and domestic water users and wetland interests. We take the novel approach of expressing all benefits and costs of establishing plantations in terms of $ per gigalitre (GL) of water removed annually from river flows, setting upstream demands on the same basis as downstream demands. For the Macquarie Valley, a New South Wales sub‐catchment of Australia’s Murray‐Darling Basin, we project changes in land and water use and changes in economic surpluses under two policy settings: without and with a policy requiring permanent water entitlements to be purchased from downstream parties, before plantation establishment. Without the policy, and given a high stumpage value for trees ($70/m³), upstream gains in economic surplus projected from expanding plantations are $639 million; balanced against $233 million in economic losses by downstream irrigators and stock and domestic water users for a net gain of $406 million, but 345 GL lower mean annual environmental flows. With the policy, smaller gains in upstream economic surplus from trees ($192 million), added to net downstream gains ($138 million) from sale of water, result in gains of $330 million with no reduction in environmental flows. Sustaining the 345 GL flow for a $76 million (406–330) reduction in gains to economic surplus may be seen to cost only $0.22 million/GL; but this is much lower than the market value of the first units of that water to agriculture and forestry.     

Underpayment of Small Producers of Coffee and Cocoa in Sierra Leone

Fieldwork shows that many Sierra Leonean producers do not receive the official producer price for their coffee and cocoa, due to the concentration of buying stations, credit relations, the small quantities offered for sale, and the lack of marketing knowledge of the numerous and unorganized farmers. To the traders underpayment may seem economically justifiable to a certain extent, but to the farmers it means poverty and debt. A new village marketing centre project aims at remedying this situation and has already led to higher prices. Although no longer allowed to take their "just" share from the producers, traders are still willing to deal with the new centres.