中国制造业跨国经营的得与失

企业能否形成竞争优势是跨国经营成功的关键。企业应该利用经济全球化契机,努力让比较优势向竞争优势转化,并通过企业经营活动将其转化为核心竞争力     

中国式金融综合经营得失难料

中国平安成功入主深发展,得到了全国性银行牌照。中国平安距离“一个客户、一个账户、多个产品、一站式服务”的金融超市又近了一步。从1999年至今,中国的金融综合经营制度实行了不过十年。作为一家由外资、国有、民营企业、员工、公众投资者共同持股的上市公司,中国平安在综合经营上已经走在了同行业的前列。     

发展中国家应对发达国家贸易技术壁垒的主要对策

一、增强危机意识，建立预警机制、信息采集机制和查询系统 要正确认识自己产品与国外市场的差距，涉及安全、卫生、健康、环保产品出口，一定要确保质量，不能受人以柄。近年来我国……     

Money stock control in the EEC countries

Zusammenfassung Kontrolle der Geldbest?nde in den EWG-L?ndern. — Der Aufsatz behandelt das allgemeine Problem, wie die Zuwachsrate der Geldbest?nde vorausgesch?tzt und kontrolliert werden kann unter der Annahme, da\ nur der Multiplikator eine stochastische Variable ist. Relativ einfache statistische Verfahren, bei denen die Ver?nderungen der Multiplikatoren in der Vergangenheit sowie die Ver?nderungen der Geldbasis in der Gegenwart und in der Vergangenheit als erkl?rende Variable verwandt werden, deuten darauf hin, da\ die europ?ischen Zentralbanken ihre monet?ren Ziele nur mit betr?chtlichen Fehlermargen erreicht haben. Diese Fehler k?nnen aber bis auf ein Drittel oder ein Viertel vermindert werden, wenn man statt eines viertelj?hrlichen ein j?hrliches Kontrollverfahren benutzt. Au\erdem sind die Fehler für die Zuwachsraten von M2 kleiner als für die von M1. Drei Aspekte der Arbeit erfordern eine weitere Untersuchung: der drastische Anstieg in der Variabilit?t des Multiplikators seit 1969, der betr?chtliche Unterschied in den Ergebnissen von Land zu Land sowie die Frage, ob die Geldbasis eine kontrollierte Variable ist oder nicht. Ein Strukturmodell oder Transferfunktionen mit mehreren Input-Variablen k?nnen bei der L?sung der ersten beiden Probleme hilfreich sein; eine bessere Kenntnis der Institutionen bei der L?sung des ersten Aspekts.

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Résumé Le contr?le de stock de monnaie dans les pays de CEE. -Cet article s’occupe avec le problème de prévoir et de contr?ler le taux de croissance du stock de monnaie sous la supposition que seulement le multiplicateur est une variable stochastique. Des procédures statistiques relativement simples, qui utilisent les changements passés des multiplicateurs et les changements courants et passés de la base monétaire comme ressources, suggèrent que les banques centrales européennes devraient accepter les marges significatives d’erreur pour réaliser leurs buts monétaires. Ces erreurs, cependant, peuvent être réduites jusqu’a deux ou trois fois si on se dirige d’une procédure trimestrielle à une procédure annuelle. Additionellement, les erreurs sont plus petites pour les taux de croissance de M2 que pour ceux de M1. Trois aspects de l’étude exigent des investigations additionelles: l’augmentation expressive de la variabilité du multiplicateur depuis 1969, la différence substantielle inter-pays des résultats et la question si la base monétaire est une variable contr?lée ou non pas. Un modèle structurel ou des fonctions de transfert avec plusieurs inputs peuvent être adéquats pour la solution des deux premiers problèmes, une connaissance plus profonde des institutions pour la solution du dernier.

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Resumen Control de la cantidad de dinero en los países del MCE. —Este trabajo trata el problema de la predictión y el control de la tasa de crecimiento de la cantidad de dinero bajo el supuesto que solamente el multiplicador es una variable estocástica. Procedimientos estadísticos simples que usan como inputs los cambios pasados en los multiplicadores y cambios corrientes y pasados en la base monetaria sugieren que los bancos centrales europeos tendrán que aceptar márgenes de error significativos para alcanzar sus objetivos monetarios. Estos errores, sin embargo, se pueden reducir hasta dos o tres veces en la medida que uno se mueva de un procedimiento de control trimestral a uno anual. Adicionalmente los errores sou menores para las tasas de crecimiento de M2 que M1. Tres aspectos del estudio requieren de investigación adicional: el drástico aumento en la variabilidad del multiplicador desde 1969, la diferencia sustancial de los resultados entre países y el tema de si la base monetaria es una variable controlada o no. Un modelo estructural fonciones de transferencia de inputs pueden sev apropiados para la resoluci?n de los dos primeros problemas; un conocimiento institutional más profundo para el último.

     

Yen carry trades and stock returns in target currency countries

The proliferation of carry trade – a strategy of simultaneously shorting a low-yielding currency and longing a high-yielding currency raises the concern on its impact on global asset prices. In this exercise, we examine the implications of yen carry trade for stock markets in a few selected target currency countries. Three alternative proxies for carry trade activity – a currency-specific profit measure, a currency-specific futures position variable, and the Deutsche Bank G10 Currency Futures Harvest Index – are used. It is found that the three measures of carry trade display various degrees of influences on stock returns in Australia, Canada, Britain, Mexico, and New Zealand. The empirical carry trade effect is robust to the inclusion of three control variables; namely the US stock return, the VIX Index that represents market volatility, and commodity prices. Further, the estimation results suggest that the three measures of carry trade share some common information about stock returns in target currency countries.     

Special gains from trade with socialist countries: The case of Tanzania

Trade does not necessarily benefit all trading partners and heavy dependence on trade is a precarious matter. Trade with socialist countries could confer special advantages on Third World trading partners thus making a net benefit more likely. However this requires conditions in which trade ceases to be ‘mere exchange of commodities’ and becomes an element of planned economic integration. Given a non-planned Third World country like Tanzania and given recent approaches to international trade by most socialist countries, it is not surprising that Tanzania is shown to have derived no particular benefits from its trade with the socialist countries. The trade was merely an exchange of commodities, with the possible exception of the trade with China.     

The political economy of trade liberalization in developing countries

The paper addresses the issue of trade liberalization in developing countries from a political economy perspective using the theory of collective action. The role of collective action and interest group behavior is analysed critically both with respect to the initiation of attemps at liberalization and its outcome in terms of success or failure. A probit model is then used to test empirically the various hypotheses as to the determinants of likelihood of success of liberalization attempts. A sample of 51 liberalization episodes relating to 24 countries and spanning the period 1950–80 is used. Five factors are found to be critical in the process of liberalization: the strength of exporters groups as represented by the diversification and importance of manufactures and traditional exports, the strength of import-competing sector's opposition as measured by the share of manufacturing in GDP, the time elapsed since the beginning of import substitution, the size of country and the leadership committment and role.     

Powerless: gains from trade when firm productivity is not Pareto distributed

Most trade models featuring heterogeneous firms assume a Pareto productivity distribution, on the basis that it provides a reasonable representation of the data and because of its analytical tractability. However, recent work shows that the characteristics of the productivity distribution crucially affect the estimated gains from trade. This paper thoroughly compares the gains from trade obtained under three different productivity distributions (Pareto, lognormal, and Weibull) and investigates their policy implications. We find that both the magnitude of the welfare gains and the relative importance of the fixed versus variable trade costs change significantly. Hence, relying blindly on a single distribution is dangerous when performing trade policy analysis.     

Overall trade specialization and economic development: countries diversify

This paper provides evidence for an aspect of trade often disregarded in international trade research: countries’ sectoral export diversification. The results of our semiparametric empirical analysis show that, on average, countries do not specialize; on the contrary, they diversify. Our results are robust for different statistical indices used to measure trade specialization, for the level of sectoral aggregation, and for the level of smoothing in the nonparametric term associated with per capita income. Using a generalized additive model (GAM) with country-specific fixed effects it can be shown that, controlling for countries’ heterogeneity, sectoral export diversification increases with income.

Free trade and income redistribution in some developing and newly industrialized countries

A competitive general equilibrium model of production is specified and the long-run comparative static elasticities of changing prices on factor prices are examined in eight developing and newly industrialized countries. Unskilled labor in these developing countries stands to gain from a program of global free trade characterized by increased manufacturing exports and falling prices of imported business services, while capital owners and skilled labor lose. Results are contrasted with developed countries, the United States in particular, where unskilled labor will lose while capital and skilled labor enjoy gains with global free trade.     

Restructuring European union trade with central and eastern European countries

Central and eastern European countries (CEECs) participate in the European economy with trade shares of the European Union (EU) and levels of intraindustry trade comparable to peripheral EU countries. However, the opening of CEECs has induced increased specialization in EU countries, which contrasts with the development in previous decades. This partially explains the cautious approach to the eastward enlargement in the EU. Furthermore, CEECs are more similar to each other than to EU countries. The pattern of the CEECs' trade with the EU resembles that of Turkey. Trade diversion is likely to present a significant burden for countries omitted from the first wave of the enlargement.     

Determinants of intra-industry trade: Among countries and across industries

Zusammenfassung Determinanten des intraindustriellen Handels: Eine internationale und interindustrielle Querschnittsanalyse. — In der vorliegenden Untersuchung werden in einem kombinierten Ansatz die Hypothesen empirisch überprüft, da\ (i) die Intensit?t des intraindustriellen Handels zwischen L?ndern systematisch mit bestimmten Charakteristika der Handelspartner und (ii) die Intensit?t des intraindustriellen Handels in einzelnen Branchen systematisch mit bestimmten Industriecharakteristika zusammenh?ngt. Als Stichprobe werden bilaterale Handelsstr?me der Jahre 1972 und 1973 zwischen den OECD-L?ndern auf der Basis dreistelliger Positionen der SITC-Gruppen 5–8 herangezogen. Die Untersuchungsergebnisse lassen darauf schlie\en, da\ es in der Regel zu einer Zunahme von intraindustriellen Handelsstr?men kommt, wenn Handelspartner im wirtschaftlichen Entwicklungsniveau oder in der (heimischen) Marktgr?\e aufholen, die heimischen M?rkte von Handelspartnern simultan wachsen und natürliche oder künstliche Handelshemmnisse abgebaut werden. Im Branchenquerschnitt sind intraindustrielle Handelsstr?me insbesondere in jenen Industrien ausgepr?gt, in denen Transaktionskosten eine vergleichsweise geringe Rolle spielen; gewisse Anhaltspunkte deuten überdies darauf hin, da\ die Intensit?t des intraindustriellen Handels mit abnehmendem Standardisierungsgrad des Sortiments zunimmt.

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Résumé Déterminants du commerce intra-industriel: Une analyse transversale internationale et interindustrielle. — Dans cette analyse nous testons empiriquement à l’aide d’une approche combinée les hypothèses que (i) l’intensité du commerce intra-industriel entre des pays dépend systématiquement des certains caractéristiques des partenaires commerciaux et que (ii) l’intensité du commerce intra-industriel dans les branches dépend systématiquement des certains caractéristiques de líndustrie. Comme échantillon nous utilisons le commerce extérieur bilatéral des années 1972 et {dy1973} entre les pays de l’OCDE au niveau des groupes 3-digit de la CTCI 5–8. Les résultats démontrent qu’il y a une augmentation du commerce intra-industriel en général, si les partenaires gagnent du terrain en niveau de développement économique ou en dimension du marché local, si les marchés locaux des partenaires croissent simultanément et si les obstacles commerciaux naturels ou artificiels sont diminués. En section transversale des branches, le commerce intra-industriel est particulièrement prononcé dans les branches oú les frais de transaction jouent un r?le comparativement faible; de plus, certains signes indiquent que l’intensité de commerce intra-industriel augmente si le degré de standardisation diminue.

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Resumen Determinantes del comercio intra-industrial: entre países e industrias. — Este trabajo examina conjuntamente, determinantes especificos de naciones y bienes, que pueden influir sobre la intensidad del comercio intra-industrial, basándose en flujos bilaterales desagregados de comercio entre países pertenecientes a la OCDE. Los resultados son consistentes con las hipótesis de que una equiparación en el nivel de desarrollo o en tama?o del mercado, o crecimiento simultáneo en los mercados nacionales de los países que comercian entre si, o una disminuciń de barreras naturales o artificiales contra el comercio, tienden a ser acompanadas de un incremento en el comercio intra-industrial entre países. A lo largo de las diferentes industrias, este comercio parece ser especialmente intenso cuando los costes de transacción son bajos. Finalmente existe evidencia positiva aunque no definitiva, de que el comercio intra-industrial disminuye con el aumento en la uniformidad de los productos.

     

浅谈中国与东南亚国家的国际贸易关系

中国与东南亚国家在出口贸易中的关系一直是经济学界讨论的一个热点问题。根据目前比较流行的两种范式、即“雁行模式”和“贸易竞争关系模式”,对中国与东南亚国家的关系有两种完全不同的解释。目前有一些学者,特别是一些国外学者比较倾向于后一种关系。本文分析了中国与东南亚各国的出口市场份额,出口结构及决定各国出口贸易的因素,认为中国与东南亚各国的经贸关系更多程度上属于产业和技术引进的合作伙伴,良好的东亚经济关系和经济环境是该地区持续发展的一个根本前提。     

发展中国家面临的国际贸易所造成环境问题分析

本文主要从目前国际贸易而产生的环境问题出发,分析了现在的跨境污染问题带来的严重后果,特别是对于发展中国家造成的主要影响分析,以及现行一些解决方法的总结。期望从分析过程中找出一定的解决措施,寻求发展中国家面临现在状况的改善办法和措施,为进一步控制贸易对环境的影响并进行进一步的探究提供一点意见。     

Fiscal deficits, public debt, and government solvency: Evidence from OECD countries

This paper discusses different empirical tests of public sector solvency and applies them to a sample of 18 OECD countries. Under the maintained hypothesis that the government solvency constraint needs to be imposed, these tests develop from the idea of verifying whether the intertemporal budget constraint of the public sector would be satisfied (a) if the fiscal and financial policy in the sample had been pursued indefinitely and (b) if the relevant macro and structural features of the economy were stable over time. If solvency is not supported by the empirical evidence, a change either in the policy or in the relevant macro and structural variables (growth, inflation, interest rates, demographic factors) must occur at some point in the future. Among the G-7 countries, public sector solvency seems a serious issue in Italy, whereas it does not appear to be a problem in Germany and Japan. The evidence for the United States is mixed. Problems of sustainability of the current path of fiscal policies are also present in Belgium, Ireland, The Netherlands, and Greece.