现象世界的旅游体验:旅游世界与生活世界

本文从基础理论研究的角度探讨了旅游现象研究的几个基本范畴.作者认为,旅游现象是一种纷繁复杂的社会经济现象,而构成这种复杂现象的内核的元素就是旅游体验.这种旅游体验过程是一个有一定自组织能力的连续系统.它由一个个富有特色和专门意义的情境串联组合而成,这些情境则共同构成了一个有别于人们日常生活世界的另类行为环境:旅游世界.通过对旅游世界结构性要素的分析和描述,本文构建了一个理解旅游现象的新的视角,而这种视角的哲学渊源来自现象学方法.     

基于生活美学的旅游审美探析——从观光到休闲

生活、旅游、美,都是复杂的概念,其内涵在实践领域不断被拓展,其本质在理论领域不断被重新认识和探究.从马克思主义美学的历史起点“美是生活”,到实践论美学,再到美学的生存论转向,以及美学“生活论”回归,这些都为研究本体论视角的旅游审美提供了理论和现实基础.当代的旅游审美趣味是多元和世俗的.在生活美学视野中,旅游之美在于天人合一,在于能动超越.从观光旅游到休闲度假,反映了人们审美情趣和审美方式的流变.观光旅游审美注重感性认识,休闲旅游审美注重感性存在,是对生命中感性价值的确认.从观光到休闲,审美是感性超越的过程,体现在对时空的超越、对审美主客两分的超越,以及对体验的超越.旅游审美通过活泼泼的生命体验,最终超越感性,能动地从生命存在的意义上获得美,完满生活、成就生命.日常生活既充满着感性的愉悦,也承载着深沉的精神期望.生活本身的丰富性造就了旅游审美的丰富性,生活关学视角的旅游审美是激发、是唤醒、是重新发现.旅游审美本质上是对生命归属和文化价值的寻觅,其本体意义在于成就审美的人.     

从消费到生产:大理古城生活方式型旅游企业主移民的生存特征

伴随着全球化的发展,人口流动性不断增强.以度假、养老、休闲等为目的的旅游移民迅速发展.生活方式型旅游企业主移民为了追求一种新的生活方式迁移到旅游目的地,为了维持在目的地的新生活,他们需要创造收入,为了平衡工作与休闲,一般会选择经营旅游小企业,他们集生产与消费于一体.但关于生活方式型旅游企业主移民的研究有限.文章采用定性研究方法,综合运用深度访谈、非参与式观察和二手资料等方法,重点分析生活方式型旅游企业主移民在大理古城的生产和生活特征.研究发现:(1)生活方式型旅游企业主移民主要是来自北上广深的白领和金领;(2)旅游企业主移民将个人的兴趣爱好、价值观及生活方式与企业的经营相结合,使他们既能维持生存,又能按照自己的想法经营企业,平衡工作与生活;(3)生活方式型旅游企业主的日常活动和社会交往集中于住所-旅游小企业的小范围区域内,形成了基于共同兴趣爱好的移民内部“交往圈子”.总之,生活方式型旅游企业主移民在大理古城的聚集形成了小型的流动的移民社区,他们一直保持“在路上”,区别于根植于当地的传统社区居民和典型的游客.     

旅游体验研究的再思

文章将"体验-世界"的关系作为旅游分析的核心概念.通过词源梳理,对体验与经验的概念进行了必要的区分.分析指出,词源上体验应被理解为是对某物的经验.在对Heidegger栖居思想与世界的观念的解析中,研究指出体验即对艺术的经验,由此得出三组命题:(1)艺术揭示世界;(2)对艺术的经验发生在世界与大地的争执当中;(3)经验艺术的形式是一种游戏的方式.结合前人分析,研究就旅游体验的内涵做了定义上的补充:旅是去远,游是游戏.在游戏论的框架下分析指出:旅游世界的封闭是由其观赏者来完成的.相比其他参与者,作为与戏者及观赏者出现的旅游者,在旅游及游戏的三元结构(游戏者-游戏-观赏者)中更具有一种方法论上的优先性.以上观念的提出为旅游体验阐释框架的建构提供出了一种新的可能.     

现象学体验学说及其对旅游体验研究的启示

Erick Cohen的旅游体验现象学研究没有为现象学在旅游研究中的应用奠定一个坚实基础,后续学者的工作也同样不能令人满意.文章从胡塞尔的体验学说开始,延伸到现象学运动中其他重要人物对这一学说的发展,最后尝试勾勒出现象学体验学说对旅游体验研究的3个方面启示:(1)形成一个新的研究框架,即以焦点-边缘的视域结构为基础的生活世界;(2)推出一些新的研究命题,如对于旅游的意义的研究;(3)引入或创立一些新的研究方法,包括多模态方法和富文本方法.     

从体验视角看旅游的本质及旅游学科体系的构建

自从马里奥蒂首次从经济学角度对旅游现象作了系统的剖析和论证迄今已近百年,学术界对旅游本质的认识,依然呈现“诸家学说,百花齐放”的局面,严重影响了旅游学科的建构和旅游教育的发展。本文通过理性分析和比较分析两种途径来理解旅游的本质,并由此认为旅游研究应采纳从心理学视角进去,从地理学、社会学和经济学等其他学科的视角出来。整个研究的切入点应该是旅游体验。也就是说,旅游研究应该以体验作为基本视角。最后,本文以此为根基,构筑了旅游学科的基本框架。     

中国旅游60年 从“到此一游”到“享受世界”

从高不可攀到触手可及中国幅员辽阔,山水奇特,历史悠久,文化多样,是旅游资源大国。就现代旅游业的起点而言,中国比西方国家晚了近百年。从新中国成立到1978年,旅游业作为中国外交事业的延伸和补充,承担的是民间外事接待的功能,不具备现代产业的特征。1949年至1977年,全国入境游客接待量合计不到70万人次。同期,世界旅游业经历了加速发展的黄金时期,全     

从极性思维到多元互动:乡村旅游规划模式的变迁

从象征的角度看,乡村旅游规划的实质就是将乡村生活从原有的环境、功能和意义中剥离出来,转换到旅游文化的环境之中,并赋予旅游经济的功能和意义的过程.     

旅游凝视:从福柯到厄里

1992年,以米歇尔·福柯(Michel Foucault)有关"凝视"的著述为基础,英国社会学家约翰·厄里(John Urry)提出"旅游凝视"理论.厄里认为,"旅游凝视"是旅游欲求、旅游动机和旅游行为融合并抽象化的结果,是旅游者施加于旅游地的一种作用力,旅游者拍摄旅游地人文事象的摄影行为以及各类旅游广告图片等都是"旅游凝视"的具体化和有形化,旅游地由此在时间上和空间上被社会性地重新构建."旅游凝视"理论可帮助我们深刻理解当代中国的某些旅游现象.     

从形式到实质:旅游经济学之路

从理论到理论的旅游经济学 旅游经济学的发展少说也有80年的历史,对于一门新兴学科来说,这是一段较长的历程,不过相比较而言,旅游经济学并没有取得较令人满意的成果,时至今日,旅游经济学仍在蹒跚前进,在理论及形式方面仍未成熟,以至于当人们提起来的时候总不免要批评一下.     

从混沌理论哲学观对旅游学混沌态及学科体系探讨

从混沌理论哲学观,对旅游学混沌态进行了分析,将其分为"前科学阶段"混沌态和"内在随机性"混沌态,认为旅游学的"内在随机性"决定了旅游学多学科、交叉性的特点.从混沌学的"初值敏感性"理论,阐明了旅游研究应以游客为初始路径的观点.根据混沌理论,确定了体验和服务是旅游系统的两个奇异吸引子,并分析了它们之间的联系与区别.从旅游系统动力机制分析,提出了由体验维、服务维、影响维和信息、技术维等4个维度构成的旅游学科体系框架.     

From lost space to third place: The visitor's perspective

Although studies on place attachment in tourism have expanded greatly during the past decade, most have focused on nature-based settings, thereby neglecting the social dimension of place. The triadic relationship of activity involvement, place attachment, and visitor loyalty has received limited attention. In response, we investigated visitors' attachment to activities and settings within cultural creative districts (CCDs) in a manufacturing hub of China, with the aim to advance the theory of place attachment and elucidate geographic and psychological factors that can affect visitor experience. Results of an onsite questionnaire (n = 252) indicated that: 1) activity involvement positively affected place attachment; 2) attraction and social bonding were strong predictors of visitor loyalty. We identified a more effective way to implement CCDs as part of urban-regeneration strategies—namely, to become visitors' favourite third places, CCDs need to offer high-quality social encounters with a suitable mix of physical, cultural, and entertainment amenities.     

Impact of Tourism Openness Across the Taiwan Strait: Perspective of Mainland Chinese Tourists

ABSTRACT

Millennials, who are different from the older generations in leisure and consumption propensities, constitute more than 30% of the global population. The increase in the proportion of millennials in the population has motivated national museums in Korea to implement a new operational strategy for attracting this generation. Using data envelopment analysis, this study reveals that Korean millennials are more interested in special exhibitions and participatory events compared to the earlier generations. The results also indicate that enhancing the overall revisit rate significantly improves the overall performance of national museums. This study is expected to help museums and event organizers to establish differentiated operational strategies according to visitor types for “what service should be provided for whom.”     

The main paths of medical tourism: From transplantation to beautification

Medical tourism, combining the very polarized purposes of pleasurable travel and potentially stressful health care services, is an emergent and growing business worldwide. Medical tourism patients are willing to travel abroad to seek better quality, lower cost, domestically unavailable, no wait-time destinations for non-emergency medical care. There are numerous related studies in the academic literature that are substantiated with multidisciplinary and diverse backgrounds. This study uses the main path analysis, a unique quantitative and citation-based approach, to analyze the significant development trajectories, important literature, and recent active research areas in medical tourism. We find that there are two distinctive development paths: one path focuses more on the evolution of medical tourism, the motivation factors, marketing strategies, and economic analysis; the other path emphasizes organ transplant and related issues. These two paths eventually merge to a common node in the citation network, which foretells transplantation to beautification as the future research direction trend.     

Developing creativity in tourist experiences: A solution to the serial reproduction of culture?

As culture is increasingly utilised as a means of social and economic development, the cultural tourism market is being flooded with new attractions, cultural routes and heritage centres. However, many consumers, tired of encountering the serial reproduction of culture in different destinations are searching for alternatives. The rise of skilled consumption, the importance of identity formation and the acquisition of cultural capital in (post)modern society point towards the use of creativity as an alternative to conventional cultural tourism. This paper considers the development of creative spaces, creative spectacles and creative tourism from the perspective of supply and demand. The need for creativity in developing new products and how to address the challenge of serial reproduction are discussed, and examples of creative tourism projects are examined and contrasted to traditional models of cultural tourism.     

Tourism destination decisions: the impact of risk aversion and prior experience

This study broadly explores the impact of risk aversion on tourists' destination decisions and, in particular, explores for differences in individuals' leisure and medical tourism destination decisions. The results of this study indicate that risk aversion significantly distinguishes tourists' destination decisions in both leisure and medical tourism in Indonesia, but not in Singapore. All risk-averse groups are less likely to visit Indonesia than Singapore for leisure and medical purposes. By contrast, all risk-averse groups are likely to visit Singapore for leisure purposes, although they remain unlikely to travel to Singapore for medical tourism. In addition, the study found that the impact of prior experience on the likelihood that the two risk-averse groups will travel to Indonesia and Singapore for leisure was significant. Conversely, the effects of prior experience on medical tourism generally do not significantly differ between the two countries.     

旅游体验研究:进展与思考

本文从旅游体验和体验经济两个方面的理论综述和进展追踪出发,提出了基于该两方面理论具体到体验塑造实践的应用.文章总结了旅游体验的分类、概念化发展、真实性、体验质量、体验管理等问题.基于对体验分类的理论分析,提出了通过主体体验化和支撑主题化的旅游体验塑造途径;基于考察体验的影响逻辑,提出了改善体验质量的方法.     

认同：旅游体验研究的新视角

作为旅游现象的内核,旅游体验具有丰富的内涵,可从不同的视角加以诠释。文章从认同角度对旅游体验中的认同（成分）加以诠释,指出在旅游体验中认同呈现出多种形态,从外在的目的地认同,到对旅游者角色认同,再到文化认同,最后到自我认同,呈现出一定的层次性。通过各种形态的认同,旅游体验才能彰显其独特价值。     

北京郊区休闲度假旅游用地现状及未来趋势研究

文章分析了北京郊区高尔夫球场、滑雪场、度假村和主题公园四大类型休闲度假旅游用地现状及未来增长,认为近期和远期北京郊区休闲度假旅游用地将比2005年分别增长0.62万公顷和1.36万公顷.文章还分析了未来休闲度假旅游用地供给可能性,认为部分用地需求能够得到供给保障,部分用地需求则无法保障.最后提出北京郊区休闲度假旅游用地将呈现出集约化发展、复合化利用和向边界外围周边地区转移三大趋势.