江苏省农业绿色发展水平区域差异及趋势分析

［目的］农业绿色发展是保证我国农业可持续发展的有效方式,探究江苏省农业绿色发展水平和地区差异,为我国其他地区农业绿色发展研究提供参考。［方法］文章采用熵权法和层次分析法确定农业绿色发展水平评价指标权重,运用锡尔指数对区域内和区域间农业绿色发展水平差异进行测度。［结果］2012—2017年江苏省农业绿色发展水平有明显提高,绿色供给的得分最高,环境友好和生态制度的得分最低。各市农业绿色发展水平综合指数分析结果表明,苏州农业绿色发展水平最高,南京、无锡次之,连云港、淮安和宿迁农业绿色发展水平较低。锡尔指数分析结果表明江苏省区域内农业绿色发展水平差异都在逐渐缩小。［结论］农产品绿色供给是江苏省农业绿色发展的最大优势,资源节约利用和环境友好发展方面较低,由于经济发展对资源利用强度在持续增加,资源节约利用仍是绿色发展的短板,因此江苏省资源效益利用仍有上升的空间,且区域内发达地区农业绿色发展的带动效应明显。     

上海都市现代绿色农业政策研究

乡村振兴的核心是产业兴旺.为推动上海都市绿色农业的发展,促进上海乡村振兴,2018年上海市人民政府制定并出台了“上海市都市现代绿色农业发展三年行动计划(2018-2020年)”,以打造产品绿色、产出高效、产业融合、资源节约、环境友好的都市现代绿色农业发展示范区,积极推进上海都市现代绿色农业的发展.该政策已出台了三年,具...     

乡村振兴背景下浙江省绿色农业发展评价研究*——基于农业资源综合利用的视角

［目的］在系统梳理浙江省绿色农业发展进程基础上,文章从农业资源综合利用的视角,基于经济社会发展、资源减量投入、资源循环利用和资源环境安全4个维度构建绿色农业综合评价指标体系,并评价浙江省绿色农业发展水平。［方法］借鉴BPEIR概念模型构建浙江绿色农业生产系统概念模型和评价指标体系,采用灰色关联分析法并结合宏观统计数据,从动态视角评价了2002—2016年浙江省绿色农业发展状况,并静态比较2015年浙江省11个地级市农业绿色发展的基本状况。［结果］浙江省绿色农业资源综合利用指数呈波动上升趋势,在不同的发展阶段,农业资源综合利用指数也呈现出规律性变化; 浙北地区绿色农业资源综合利用指数明显高于浙南地区; 杭州、嘉兴、宁波位居前三,金华市绿色农业资源综合利用指数最低。［结论］浙江绿色农业发展水平呈不断上升趋势,不同地区差异明显; 实行差异发展、完善政策体系、提高质量品牌、强化科技支撑是推进浙江农业绿色发展的关键。     

安徽省农业生态经济系统能值分析

［目的］生态系统通过物质循环和能量流动得以正常运转,研究安徽省农业生态经济系统的能值效率,以期为今后系统的可持续发展提供切实有效的建议。［方法］运用能值分析法,系统分析了2012—2016年安徽省农业生态系统的能值投入和能值产出,并选用能值投入率、能值自给率、环境负载率和能值可持续发展指数4项指标评价能值效率。［结果］2012—2016年,安徽省农业生态经济系统总投入能值波动不大,不可辅助能值呈上升趋势。可更新能值占总能值投入的比重较高,在可更新能值中,劳动力能值占比为9963%。能值产出中,畜牧业所占比重最高,其次为渔业和种植业。2013—2016年,安徽省农业生态经济系统的能值投入率和环境负载率逐年递减,环境负载率高于全国平均水平。能值自给率和能值可持续发展指数逐年递增。［结论］该阶段农业生态经济的发展水平较为落后,经济的发展依赖于自然环境,但对环境的利用程度较低,属于消费型经济系统,农业的发展有赖于劳动力的投入,今后应充分利用资源环境优势,以环境保护为前提,依靠科学技术而不是劳动力投入来提高农业的发展水平,促进农业生态系统的可持续发展。     

基于SSM模型的甘肃省农业综合实力结构分解与类型划分

［目的］以农业生产水平、农业成长水平和农业产出水平为研究变量分析甘肃省农业综合实力发展总体水平和结构性现状。［方法］运用SSM模型,从农业生产水平、农业成长水平和农业产出水平3个维度动态分析和比较2004—2010年和2010—2016年甘肃省农业综合实力结构状况并进行类型划分。［结果］2004—2016年农业成长水平和农业产出水平均为推动甘肃省农业综合实力发展的贡献要素,农业生产水平是主要的制约因素; 甘肃省各地农业综合实力呈现不同程度变化,武威、张掖表现为较大幅度的提升,酒泉、金昌、嘉峪关、兰州则出现一定程度的下降,平凉、临夏、甘南表现为小幅提升,其他地区则表现为不同程度的下降。甘肃省农业综合实力划分为优势发展型、滞后发展型、结构突破型和竞争突破型4类,酒泉一直属于优势发展型,张掖、平凉一直属于结构突破型,金昌、兰州由竞争突破型发展为优势发展型,武威由结构突破型发展为优势发展型,嘉峪关、白银、定西、天水、庆阳由竞争突破型发展为结构突破型,临夏由结构突破型发展为竞争突破型,甘南、陇南由结构突破型发展为滞后发展型。［结论］2004—2016年甘肃省农业综合实力地区差异明显,武威、张掖、酒泉、金昌、嘉峪关、兰州农业综合实力保持全省重心位置; 农业综合实力内部结构差异明显,农业成长水平相较于农业生产水平和农业产出水平对农业综合实力贡献率更高,农业生产水平是主要的制约因素,农业产出水平作为农业成长水平的补充是进一步提升地方农业综合实力的主要动力。针对甘肃省农业综合实力状况提出今后提升建议。     

农业机械化发展的新动能何在——基于山东潍坊的调研

正2016年12月份到2017年1月,为了厘清农业发展的动能、寻找新动能,我带领课题组构建计量经济学模型,采用随机前沿生产函数,估计了劳动力、土地、农业机械和化肥的产出弹性。结果发现,其他几个要素的产出与惯常的认知基本一致,例如劳动力和化肥产出弹性为正向,也就是说劳动力和化肥投入越多,农业产出越多。然而,农业机械动力产出弹性却表现出了违背常理的情况:1994年之后,农业     

环渤海地区农业绿色发展水平评价与区域差异分析

[目的]科学评价农业绿色发展水平,测度环渤海地区农业绿色发展区域异质性,厘清农业绿色发展关键路径,对促进该地区农业高质量发展具有重要意义。[方法]文章以环渤海地区4省2市1区为研究对象,构建农业绿色发展评价指标体系,采用熵权法测度农业绿色发展水平,综合运用耦合协调度模型和变异系数法解析该地区农业绿色发展空间异质性特征。[结果]（1）环渤海地区农业绿色发展水平整体呈现递增态势,其中产出效益变化显著;（2）对比2005和2019年,环渤海地区4省2市1区农业绿色发展路径具有典型区域差异性：2005年京晋和内蒙古资源节约表现显著,津冀辽鲁环境友好表现显著;而2019年京产出效益表现显著,津鲁辽冀环境友好表现显著,晋和内蒙古资源节约表现显著。（3） 2005—2019年环渤海地区4省2市1区农业绿色发展耦合协调度呈现上升趋势,但处于低度耦合协调阶段,耦合协调度变异系数呈现下降趋势,农业绿色发展区域差异性逐渐降低。[结论]资源节约与环境友好层面是推进环渤海地区农业绿色发展的重点方向,制定差异化区域发展战略,加强区域间联系,发挥京津城市辐射效应,缩小区域之间差异,促进环渤海地区绿色农业的协调发展。     

绿色发展背景下农业水价综合改革研究

［目的］在我国生态环境问题愈渐严峻的背景下,绿色发展已经成为新时代发展的必然选择,开展绿色发展背景下农业水价综合改革研究,为适应经济社会发展的新形势、加强农业水资源管理、促进农业绿色高质量发展、持续稳定推进农业水价改革工作提供理论支持。［方法］文章在论述绿色发展背景下农业水价综合改革研究意义的基础上,阐述了绿色发展对农业水价综合改革提出的要求：提升改革工作效率、抓住高效节水核心、提升农户用水商品意识和促进农业生产效率,并以此为依据进行农业水价综合改革绿色评价。［结果］我国农业水价综合改革过程中,在实现节水、提升效率、加强分工、推动技术推广和强化社会化服务体系等方面,以不同形式体现了绿色发展的理念。［结论］研究显示农业水价综合改革工作取得了重要进展,但也仍然存在一些问题和不足,对此提出了政策建议,以期推动改革工作地进一步落实,适应农业绿色发展新形势。     

天津市美丽乡村建设模式及效益评价体系构建

［目的］“美丽乡村”建设是全面推进现代化农业发展,加强生态文明建设的重要举措。归纳天津市“美丽乡村”建设模式,构建效益评价体系,并对乡村建设效益进行评价,以期为实现该市乡村建设奋斗目标提供理论参考。［方法］通过调研天津市乡村发展现状,在归纳总结该市乡村建设模式的基础上,采用层次分析法和综合加权法,从社会、经济和生态效益3个层面构建了美丽乡村建设效益评价体系,并对“美丽乡村”建设项目实施前和2016年的建设效益进行评价。［结果］（1）天津市乡村建设模式可分为4种类型,分别为休闲旅游、文化传承、高效农业和环境整治型,涌现出了一批各具特色的典型村落,发展较为迅速。（2）从启动美丽乡村建设项目止2016年,该市乡村建设取得了明显的生态、社会和经济效益,评价分值相比项目实施前分别提高了6513%、4167%和3621%,综合效益评分提高了50%。［结论］天津市美丽乡村建设取得了较好的成效,其他村庄在建设过程中,可参考已建设成型的典范,因地制宜,选择适合规划的发展模式。已建设成型的村庄发展空间还很大,仍需不断缩短城乡差距,推动美丽乡村的可持续健康发展。     

基于碳排放的河南省粮食绿色全要素生产率分析及对策建议

［目的］为探索粮食绿色增产模式,推进农业供给侧结构性改革和绿色可持续发展。［方法］分别运用SBM-ML指数模型与DEA Malmquist指数模型对2004—2016年河南省粮食绿色全要素生产率和传统全要素生产率进行测算和对比分析,并采用ESDA法探讨了粮食绿色全要素生产率与粮食产出的空间关联性。［结果］河南省粮食绿色全要素生产率明显低于传统全要素生产率; 2004—2016年河南省粮食绿色全要素生产率的驱动因素经历了由技术进步驱动转变为技术效率驱动再转变为技术进步和技术效率共同驱动的过程,但技术进步的贡献率明显高于技术效率; 河南省粮食绿色全要素生产率与粮食产出的二元全局空间自相关大体呈“N”型变化,粮食绿色全要素生产率和粮食产出由不平衡发展逐渐趋向平衡发展。［结论］忽视碳排放的传统粮食全要素生产率测算与实际有较大偏差。建议通过转变发展模式,探索粮食绿色增产道路; 因地制宜,有效利用技术进步和技术效率双轮驱动; 不断推进河南省粮食绿色全要素生产率与粮食产出的平衡发展3项措施来实现粮食生产的综合提升。     

Price transmission between products at different stages of manufacturing in forest industries

The theory of demand and supply implies a positive relationship, or “price transmission” between the prices of products at different stages of manufacturing. This relationship was investigated with quarterly prices of softwood stumpage in the US South, and national prices of forest products, from 1977 to 2002. All prices, net of inflation, were found to be nonstationary and there was no evidence of co-integration between prices. Vector autogressive models, augmented by Granger causality tests and multiplier analysis showed that there was a one-to-one permanent positive response of the southern sawtimber stumpage price to a permanent change in the national lumber price. There was also a one-third permanent positive response of the national paper price to a permanent change in the national pulp price. There was no relation between regional pulpwood prices and national pulp or paper prices. When price transmission was significant, the full adjustment took about 2 years.     

Application of an ecosystem function framework to perceptions of community woodlands

Owners, local residents, government, and conservation organisations can express divergent preferences in the development and management of local woodlands. The perceptions of these four groups were examined, in the context of three community woodlands in Eastern England, using an ecosystem function framework. In a pilot study, residents were able to allocate a relative importance to woodland ecosystem services which were then related to “regulation”, “habitat”, and “production” or “information” functions. However residents also placed importance on negative services or “dis-services” associated with the woodland ecosystem. Therefore a fifth category of “dis-services” was included in the main survey which included 84 local residents, three woodland owners, three government institutions, and six representatives from conservation groups. Each of the four groups placed greatest importance on services associated with habitat (16–39% of the total importance) and information (30–50%) functions suggesting, in this example, mutual interest in the use of woodlands as a habitat or recreational resource. By contrast a potential area of difference was the particularly high importance placed by one owner on dis-services such as fly tipping. In addition the woodland owners placed higher importance (10–20%), than local residents and conservation groups (7–9%), on the productive services of the wood. This suggests a need for communication when production-related operations affect recreation. The ecosystem function framework appears to be a useful approach for highlighting potential tensions and areas of mutual interest in the management of semi-natural ecosystems.     

In Vino ‘No’ Veritas: impacts of fraud on wine imports in China

China is one of the largest wine importing countries in the world and is poised for continued import growth in the future. Increased wine purchases throughout China have given rise to persistent fraud where fake wines are packaged and sold with counterfeit contents and labels. For exporting countries like France, counterfeit wines displace market share, damage foreign brand reputation, and cause distrust in consumers who are aware of counterfeiting problems throughout the country. We examine the impact of fraudulent wine events (as measured by negative media reports) on Chinese wine demand differentiated by supplying country. We employ the Rotterdam demand system and a switching regression procedure to estimate import demand and compare results across different media variable specifications. Results consistently show that negative reports disproportionately affect French wine regardless of how the media variable is specified. This is not surprising because most fraudulent events involve French wine counterfeits.     

An evaluation framework for earthquake-responsive land administration

In recent years earthquakes and their secondary hazards have claimed the largest number of lives of all large natural disasters. Some of the world’s most earthquake-prone zones are also areas of high population density. The impact is magnified by vulnerability factors including non-enforcement of building codes, knowledge gaps, urban poverty and poor governance capacity to manage and reduce earthquake risks. Poor security of land tenure and property rights increases the vulnerability of people and affects their ability to respond to natural disasters.Earthquake recovery and reconstruction provides very significant challenges for land agencies, with these challenges differing from one country to the next due to differences in the local context. Drawing on contrasting case studies in Haiti, Nepal and New Zealand this paper identifies the common post-earthquake land administration functions and challenges that may apply to many contexts. These lessons provide land agencies and other key stakeholders with a summary of the challenges an earthquake poses for land administration at different post-disaster stages. We also discuss the policy and regulatory, institutional, operational and preparedness lessons for land administration. From these lessons we propose a framework for evaluating the earthquake-responsiveness of a land administration system. This framework can be used by a land agency in an earthquake prone region, or where an earthquake has recently occurred, to assess what challenges to land administration might occur in the event of an earthquake, and the preparedness of their land administration system.     

Agrarian Poverty,Nutrition and Economic Class – A Study of Gujarat,India

This paper analyses poverty and calorific undernourishment in the Indian state of Gujarat, where high and market‐led industrial growth has resulted in rapid economic improvement. The study is carried out through a combination of secondary and survey‐based data. We conclude that the neoliberal agenda of uncontrolled, outward‐looking growth has not resulted in significant reduction of poverty or malnourishment in rural areas. Furthermore, while land ownership is officially used as a proxy for wealth distribution, class position appears a better predictor of poverty status in the rural areas than landownership per se. At the policy level, there is a need to revive the agrarian economy and create new non‐agricultural assets, and the primary focus in the state must shift to the distribution of created assets rather than a single‐minded focus on growth.     

Does sustainable agricultural growth require a system of innovation? Evidence from Ghana and Burkina Faso

This paper tests the ‘systems of innovation’ hypothesis for a selection of crops in Ghana and Burkina Faso that have shown significant growth in production over an approximately 20-year period. The question is whether such growth can only occur if supported by a system of innovation. Using two indicators (a common understanding on objectives and priorities, and a high level of interactivity), we find little evidence for the existence of anything that might be considered a high functioning system of innovation.     

Local impacts of industrial tree plantations: An empirical analysis in Indonesia across plantation types

The values ascribed to industrial tree plantations are often controversial. Hence knowledge of their perceived impacts is important for improving their integration in rural landscapes. In 2016 we conducted household surveys with 606 respondents living in villages adjacent to acacia, teak and pine plantations across three islands in Indonesia (Java, Borneo, Sumatra). Results show that perceptions toward pine and teak plantations tend to differ from those toward acacia pulpwood plantations in several ways. Pine and teak plantations are perceived to have a higher number and variety of benefits and services, a higher number of positive impacts, a better environmental record, and to present more opportunities to local people for use of plantation land and products for improving rural livelihoods. In addition, we find that villagers around acacia pulpwood plantations tend to seek economic development and infrastructure to open up remote areas, yet their expectations were often only partially met. Recommendations from our analysis include: the role of the State in plantations must be clarified and potentially reinforced; the role of institutions as intermediaries is fundamental; and contributions by communities to design of management plans should be accommodated.     

Upstream demand for water use by new tree plantations imposes externalities on downstream irrigated agriculture and wetlands*

Large‐scale tree plantations in high rainfall upstream areas can reduce fresh water inflows to river systems, thereby imposing external costs on downstream irrigation, stock and domestic water users and wetland interests. We take the novel approach of expressing all benefits and costs of establishing plantations in terms of $ per gigalitre (GL) of water removed annually from river flows, setting upstream demands on the same basis as downstream demands. For the Macquarie Valley, a New South Wales sub‐catchment of Australia’s Murray‐Darling Basin, we project changes in land and water use and changes in economic surpluses under two policy settings: without and with a policy requiring permanent water entitlements to be purchased from downstream parties, before plantation establishment. Without the policy, and given a high stumpage value for trees ($70/m³), upstream gains in economic surplus projected from expanding plantations are $639 million; balanced against $233 million in economic losses by downstream irrigators and stock and domestic water users for a net gain of $406 million, but 345 GL lower mean annual environmental flows. With the policy, smaller gains in upstream economic surplus from trees ($192 million), added to net downstream gains ($138 million) from sale of water, result in gains of $330 million with no reduction in environmental flows. Sustaining the 345 GL flow for a $76 million (406–330) reduction in gains to economic surplus may be seen to cost only $0.22 million/GL; but this is much lower than the market value of the first units of that water to agriculture and forestry.     

土地学科的建设和发展——"土地学科发展规划研讨会"综述

中国土地科学学科发展已取得很大成就,表现为专业教育和人才培养成绩突出、初步形成学科体系、取得大批研究成果.而存在的问题主要是基础理论研究欠缺、独特的土地科学研究方法体系尚未形成、研究角度单一、学术交流质量不高和学科带头人的影响力不足.土地科学学科发展目前面临着巨大的机遇和挑战,应明确土地科学学科发展的基本思路、发展目标及2010-2020年的主要建设任务和保障措施.     

Underpayment of Small Producers of Coffee and Cocoa in Sierra Leone

Fieldwork shows that many Sierra Leonean producers do not receive the official producer price for their coffee and cocoa, due to the concentration of buying stations, credit relations, the small quantities offered for sale, and the lack of marketing knowledge of the numerous and unorganized farmers. To the traders underpayment may seem economically justifiable to a certain extent, but to the farmers it means poverty and debt. A new village marketing centre project aims at remedying this situation and has already led to higher prices. Although no longer allowed to take their "just" share from the producers, traders are still willing to deal with the new centres.