试论企业劳动者权益保护的若干问题

本文就企业劳动者权益保护的若干问题进行研究探讨.     

Self-management and protection of consumers in Yugoslavia

Yogoslav socialist society has applied the system of self-management also to the protection of consumers. Social compacts as guaranteed by the Constitution of 1974 and the Law of Associated Labour of 1976 may be negotiated among organizations of producers, trade, and consumers. A system of specific consumer codexes containing standards of quality, price, advertising, claim-handling, etc., has spread in Yugoslav society. A new draft consumer code is available for adoption by all consumer and associated labour organizations as from 1977.

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Zusammenfassung Die jugoslawische sozialistische Gesellschaft hat das System der Selbstverwaltung auch zum Schutz des Verbrauchers entwickelt. Kollektivverträge, wie sie in der Verfassung von 1974 und dem Gesetz über die selbstverwaltete Arbeit von 1976 zugrundegelegt sind, können zwischen Organisationen der Produzenten, des Handels und der Verbraucher abgeschlossen werden. Ein System spezieller »Verbraucherkodizes«, die Regeln über Qualität, Preis und Werbung enthalten sowie die Behandlung von Verbraucherbeschwerden vorsehen, überzieht die jugoslawische Gesellschaft. Ein neuer Muster-»Verbraucherkodex« steht seit 1977 allen Konsumentenorganisationen und Vereinigungen der assoziierten Arbeit offen.

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Jelena Vilus is Professor of Law at the Institute of Comparative Law, Terazije 41, 11000 Beograd, Yugoslavia.     

有关知识产权保护的新思考

知识产权的制度经济学派从不同角度论证了知识产权保护可以提高资源配置效率.知识产权应该保护毋庸置疑,但是知识财产本身的特性决定了知识产权保护具有两面性.     

Factors that influence the financial literacy of young Spanish consumers

This study examines the development of mathematical and financial literacy skills amongst 471 students in Spain. Most studies on this topic have looked at either one or the other skill but they have not examined the relationship between the two.  The use of simultaneous equations has enabled us to do so. The aim of the paper is to disentangle the factors determining the financial skills of young consumers in Spain. To do this, the PISA Financial Literacy Assessment conducted by the OECD in 2012 is used. Our paper’s main contribution lies in the methodological way to deal with the empirical challenges overshadowing our study. Particularly, our methodological strategy is defined by the application of a multi‐level model of simultaneous equations (MSiEM). This method allows us to take into account the simultaneous determination of math and financial skills at school and the nested structure of the database. This MSiEM permits the identification of the determinants of financial skills, differentiating between the influences operating at school level from those at student level. A first conclusion is that the development of financial abilities of young consumers is mediated by their mathematical skills. A second conclusion, in accordance with those of other international studies, is the importance of the family on the financial literacy of 15‐year‐old Spanish students. The family, a first‐order determinant in reading, science and math scores, is also a key variable in the development of financial skills. Finally, school type (public vs. private) does not display any effect on either the financial or math performance of Spanish young people.     

城市电网10kV配电系统继电保护分析探讨

文章介绍了城市电网10kV配电系统在电力系统中的重要位置及城市电网10kV配电系统继电保护的基本类型,着重介绍了几种目前国内常用的电流保护:反时限过电流保护、定时限过电流保护,并分析了各类保护装置的基本构成、保护范围、动作原理、配合方法、优缺点,给出了详细的整定计算过程.     

Fair trade and global cognitive orientation: a focus on Spanish fair trade consumers

In the past few years, there has been an increase in the ‘ethical consumer’, characterized by more reflexive values like solidarity, social responsibility, multiculturalism and ecology. This idea has found support in the appearance and development of proposals like fair trade, along with others, such as responsible consumption, the recycling business or sustainable development. In a parallel way, also during the past few years, various analysts have pointed out that the phenomenon of globalization is changing not only the aspect of the world but also our way of perceiving it, which is progressively becoming a ‘global orientation’. In the framework of these two tendencies, this paper examines the extent to which ‘global orientation’ is also a characteristic of consumers of fair trade products. The paper presents a two‐phase exploratory study. The first phase, of a quantitative nature, showed the greater global orientation of Spanish consumers of fair trade products, and it obtained a typology of them. This typology showed, however, that not all the clusters of consumers of fair trade products have a high global orientation, which reveals that the relationship between this dimension and the consumption of fair trade products is not a direct, straightforward one. The subsequent qualitative study examined the components of this global orientation in each of the three clusters where the consumption of fair trade products was the highest. The results showed that the purchase of fair trade products is influenced by the ‘global orientation’ of the consumer, although other factors, such as a sense of social responsibility and trust in international non‐governmental organizations, can condition this influence.     

Services and consumer protection the proposed Swedish consumer services act

The Nordic countries are at present preparing a regulation of consumer services contracts. Proposals for comprehensive Consumer Services Acts have been submitted by Governmental Committees in Sweden and Norway. The author, himself Chairman of the Swedish committee, reports about the Swedish proposals which soon may become applicable law. They will cover most service contracts with the exception of insurance and professional services. The Act will be of a private law character and regulate the performance of and liability for the contract in a mandatory way. The consumer's position in service contracts will be improved in many respects, and these are outlined in some detail in the paper.

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Eine schwedische Gesetzesvorlage zur Verbesserung des Verbraucherschutzes bei Dienstleistungen

Zusammenfassung Die intensive verbraucherpolitische Gesetzgebung der Nordischen Staaten — Schweden, Dänemark, Norwegen, Finnland — war bislang auf Handelspraktiken, Verbraucherkredit, Haftungsfragen und Kaufrecht konzentriert. Dienstverträge waren bislang nur sehr lückenhaft geregelt, obwohl erhebliche Werte umgeschlagen werden.Inzwischen hat eine schwedische Regierungskommission, die vom Autor dieses Beitrages geleiter wurde, ebenso wie eine norwegische Kommission einen umfassenden Gesetzgebungsvorschlag für Konsumentendienstverträge vorgelegt. Die Kommission beschreitet dabei bewußt rechtspolitisches Neuland.Der Beitrag geht auf die wichtigsten Vorschläge der Kommission ein, die weitgehend schon öffentliche Zustimmung gefunden haben und vermutlich zu einer entsprechenden legislativen Initiative führen. Das Gesetz wird nicht alle Dienstleistungen erfassen, etwa nicht Versicherungen, die einer besonderen gesetzlichen Regelung unterliegen, und Arztverträge. Zentraler Regelungsgegenstand sind Werkverträge (Reparaturverträge) an beweglichen Sachen und Gebäuden.Folgende Einzelvorschläge der Kommission verdienen besondere Beachtung: Werbeaussagen des Unternehmers, etwa über die Qualität seiner Dienstleistungen, werden grundsätzlich Vertragsinhalt und lösen bei Täuschung entsprechende Vertragssanktionen aus. Der Verbraucher kann den Vertrag jederzeit widerrufen, wenn das Werk noch nicht fertiggestellt ist, muß aber die geleisteten Dienste vergüten. Ausführlich und zwingend werden die Verzugsfolgen und die Gewährleistungshaftung des Unternehmers geregelt. Die Gewährleistungshaftung setzt eine entsprechende Anzeige des Konsumenten voraus, die spätestens zwei Jahre nach Gefahrübergang, bei unerkennbaren Mängeln auch länger, erfolgen muß. Bei Mängeln hat der Konsument ein kostenloses Nachbesserungsrecht. Unter bestimmten Umständen — nämlich Vertragsbruch durch Verzug oder gravierende Mängel — hat der Kunde ein Kündigungsrecht. Bei weniger gravierenden Mängeln kann der Konsument Minderung verlangen, sofern der Unternehmer nicht den Mangel beseitigt.Das Recht des Konsumenten auf Schadenersatz wird erweitert und in seiner Durchsetzungsmöglichkeit durch Beweislastregeln erleichtert. Es tritt grundsätzlich neben die sonstigen Rechtsbehelfe auf Nachbesserung, Kündigung und Minderung. Die Vorschläge regeln auch die Schadensberechnung, wobei im Verzugsfall vernünftige Pauschalen vereinbart werden können. Die Regelungen sollen zugunsten des Kunden zwingend sein.Schließlich enthält der Entwurf noch Vorschläge über Rechtsfolgen bei Verzug des Konsumenten mit seiner Leistung. Hier wird ein gerechter Interessenausgleich zwischem dem Zahlungs- und dem Ersatzanspruch des Unternehmers einerseits und dem Schutzanliegen des Konsumenten, insbesondere gegenüber übermäßig belastenden Verzugsfolgen, andererseits versucht.

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Ulf Bernitz is Professor of Private Law, Institute for Intellectual Property and Market Law, University of Stockholm, Fack, S-106 91 Stockholm 50, Sweden. From July 1980 he holds a chair of Consumer and Market Law at the same University. Parts of this paper appear also in the English language summary of the Swedish Government Official Report listed under References.     

环保、奥运与恩保大陆互动

随着世界经济的不断发展和国际间各种交流的不断增多,人们越来越认识到环境保护的重要性,特别是汽车与环保的相关性.     

Dimensions of cosmopolitanism and their influence on political consumption: an analysis focused on Spanish consumers

The purpose of this study was to confirm the hypothesis that political consumption – a form of consumerism whose importance has increased during the past few years – can be considered a form of critical action, and that cosmopolitanism contributes to its development. The main objective was, first, to analyse an unexplored dimension of political consumption and, second, to obtain a measurement proposal for what some authors have called ordinary cosmopolitanism. The study, based on a survey, was divided into three sections. The first section offers a theoretical introduction to the study proposal. The second describes the hypothesis and the data analysis strategy, and proposes an operationalization of cosmopolitanism in three dimensions – symbolic cosmopolitanism, experiential cosmopolitanism and moral cosmopolitanism – which have been obtained by means of the application of categorical principal components analysis. By applying one‐way analysis of variance and Tukey's test, the third section shows the existence of significantly higher scores in these three dimensions for those individuals who have bought or boycotted products for ethical, political or environmental reasons. Finally, an ordinary least squares regression analysis was performed to test the association between cosmopolitanism and political consumerism, controlling the effect of the main socio‐demographic variables. The study confirms the initial hypothesis; therefore, political consumption could be considered a type of consumerism that is clearly related to cosmopolitanism.     

浅析基层工会组织维权职能的充分发挥

工会是企业与职工联系、沟通的重要纽带,企业的思想建设、文化建设及政治建设等都通过工会得以传播.而维护职工的合法权益也是工会组织的基本责任,随着职工个人意识的提高,基层工会应充分发挥其职能优势,帮助职工切实解决问题,才能真正得到广大职工拥护,对开展工作具有重要意义.     

浅析基层工会组织维权职能的充分发挥

工会是企业与职工联系、沟通的重要纽带,企业的思想建设、文化建设及政治建设等都通过工会得以传播.而维护职工的合法权益也是工会组织的基本责任,随着职工个人意识的提高,基层工会应充分发挥其职能优势,帮助职工切实解决问题,才能真正得到广大职工拥护,对开展工作具有重要意义.     

Consumer protection in the EEC after ratification of the single act

The paper analyses those aspects of the Single European Act which have an impact on consumer policy in the EEC. Consumer protection is only indirectly referred to by the Act, whereas environmental policy, and thereby also health aspects, are expressly addressed.Consumers have little to gain but much to lose by a strict application of the integration concept of the Act which is an expression of the intention to create a single market before 1992. It is not clear how EEC and Member State measures are to be co-ordinated.Unfortunately, implementation of EEC consumer and environmental policies has not been improved through the Act. In the future, implementation policy should concern not only the creation of a Common Market forproducers, but should be extended to include common standards of protection for Europeanconsumers.

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Verbraucherpolitik in der EG nach der Ratifizierung der Einheitlichen Europäischen Akte

Zusammenfassung Die Stellungnahme der European Consumer Law Group, eines Zusammenschlusses europäischer juristischer Praktiker und Forscher auf dem Gebiet des Verbraucherrechts, beschäftigt sich mit den Auswirkungen der Einheitlichen Europäischen Akte auf die Verbraucherpolitik in der EG. Es überwiegt eine skeptische Einstellung, weil die Akte die Verbraucherpolitik nur indirekt erwähnt und vor allem bezweckt, einen einheitlichen Binnenmarkt bis 1992 zu schaffen. Positiv ist die ausdrückliche Verankerung der Umweltpolitik als neuer Politikbereich der EG zu vermerken, die über Gesundheitsaspekte auf den Verbraucherschutz zurückwirkt. Die Implementation des EG-Verbraucherrechts ist allerdings auch durch die Akte nicht verbessert worden. Gefordert wird insgesamt eine neue Einstellung zur EG-Integration: der Begriff des Gemeinsamen Markets muß um gemeinsame Schutzstandards für alle europäischen Verbraucher ergänzt werden.

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The European Law Group (ECLG) is a group of lawyers and law scholars in the EEC, concerned with legal aspects of consumer protection. Correspondence regarding the paper should be directed to: Professor Norbert Reich, Centre for European Legal Policy, Universitätsallee GW1, D-2800 Bremen 33, Federal Republic of Germany.     

Intellectual property rights protection and total factor productivity

This study examines the role of intellectual property rights (IPR) protection in total factor productivity (TFP) in countries developed at different levels. By undertaking two tests using data of 1,696 observations across 95 countries during 2001–2018 and data of 906 observations covering 87 countries in the 1965–2015 period, we find that the linkage of IPR protection to TFP is negative in least-developed countries while inverted U-shaped in developing and developed countries. In addition, developed countries have the strongest IPR protection and least-developed countries offer the weakest protection, and the optimal IPR protection level for TFP in developed countries is greater than that in developing countries. This study enriches our knowledge of both antecedents of TFP and implications of IPR protection. It provides empirical support for the institution-based view of IPR history and extends the view to the context of developed countries. This study also informs policymakers the proper level of IPR protection if the goal is to promote TFP.     

Older Americans' knowledge of consumer rights and legal protection

Consumer knowledge and legal protection were measured in a telephone survey of a stratified random national sample of 1,305 older adults in the United States. The sample was divided into five age groups: 25–49, 50–64, 65–74, 75–84 and 85 and older. Respondents were aksed eight questions dealing with knowledge of consumer rights and protection. Consumer knowledge was poor and was not gender specific. As the age of the respondents increased, their knowledge score decreased. Those who were married or who were previously married scored higher than other groups.     

Wheelchair users as consumers: accessibility of supermarkets in Gaborone,Botswana

Even though some accessibility standards have been set in Botswana to create accessible public buildings including supermarkets by wheelchair users, architectural barriers are still found in these places. The purpose of the study was to assess the interior and exterior accessibility of supermarkets by wheelchair users including determining their shopping experiences. The research used a mixed model study design in which data were collected using an observation checklist to assess 30 supermarkets alongside in‐depth interviews with six wheelchair users. The quantitative data were analysed using the computer software Statistical Packages for Social Sciences 19.0 and qualitative data were grouped into emerging themes. The findings indicated that in the exterior, all supermarkets did not have directional arrows to the disabled parking. However, all the supermarkets had an accessible wide entrance and suitable non‐slippery flooring. The interior revealed that all supermarkets did not have appropriate devises to assist wheelchair users to pick items from higher shelves and in some supermarkets, till counters were high for wheelchair users. From the interviews, the emerging themes were loss of freedom to shop, poor maintenance for disability facilities and disregard for disability parking spaces. In conclusion, while supermarkets had made some provision for wheelchair users from the parking lot to the entrance, there was less accessibility inside the supermarkets. There is need for an Act in Botswana that will ensure accessibility of public spaces.     

A study of e‐retailing management: analysing the expectations and perceptions of Spanish consumers

This article analyses various elements that influence the purchasing behaviour of online consumers. These elements include the aesthetic aspects of a web site and the interactive processes that take place at the time of purchase. The study analyses the expectations and perceptions of a sample of Spanish online customers. On the basis of these attitudes, the sample of respondents is segmented. In addition, the main factors that determine online service satisfaction are identified. The segments of respondents are then positioned with respect to these identified factors in online service quality. The analysis thus allows differentiation of both customers and service quality. The paper concludes with recommendations for online retailers who wish to operate a successful ‘virtual’ retail outlet.     

科技工作者权益保护认知与需求现状调查研究

加强科技工作者权益保护对于激发科技工作者创新活力,提升我国科技竞争力具有十分重要的意义。为更好地维护科技工作者权益,本文在对我国典型科技工作者群体开展访谈及问卷调查的基础上,考察了科技工作者权益保护认知状况以及权益保护需求状况。调查发现,我国科技工作者对自身权益认知程度普遍较低,维权意识相对淡薄;科技工作者对不同权益的关注程度存在差异,现阶段科技工作者最关心的权益为薪酬平等权和薪酬保障权、职称考核晋升知情权和身心健康相关权益,且不同科技工作者群体的权益保护需求存在显著性差异。在此基础上,本文提出了现阶段更好维护我国科技工作者权益的政策建议。     

消费者权益保护：理论解释及其政策含义

刺激消费、扩大内需需要从多方面着手，保护消费者权益就是一个十分重要的方面，本文在消费者权益保护的双重约束假说的基础上，提出进一步保护消费者权益的政策建议。     

Intellectual property rights: Changing levels of protection under GATT NAFTA and the EU

Revisions in the laws protecting intellectual rights have occurred across the board in the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), the European Union (EU) and the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). Chaudhry and Walsh focus on the eurrent problem of patent piracy in the pharmaceutical industry and the effect these changes have on this sector.