The Exchange Rate and Monetary Policy in Kenya

The paper assesses whether the exchange rate is affected by monetary policy and whether these effects are permanent or transitory. In addition, the paper takes the position that once the exchange rate regime has been chosen it determines the flexibility of monetary policy. The real exchange rate is decomposed into cyclical and permanent components. Causality tests are performed between several measures of monetary shocks (consistent with other empirical works) and the cyclical component of the real exchange rate. The results show that excess money supply predict each other with the cyclical movements of the real exchange rate. In the second stage a model of nominal exchange rate is estimated. Since we find cointegration, the model is estimated with first‐difference of the variables, the cyclical component of the real exchange rate and the cointegrating vectors. The results show that the nominal exchange rate over the period is determined by real income growth, the rate of inflation, money supply growth, the cycles in the real exchange rate movements, the cointegrating vectors and shocks. The first cointegrating vector is normalized with money supply and the second with nominal exchange rate; they show a differential in adjustment speeds reflecting the fact that the nominal exchange rate movements responds quickly to one type of disequilibrium and slowly to the other. For the first vector the adjustment speed is consistent with an exchange rate policy that accommodates monetary disequilibrium in order to protect reserves or with a market determined exchange rate responding to excess money supply. This vector portrays the underlying monetary responses during different exchange rate regimes. In addition the results from causality tests between the official exchange rate and the parallel rate show that even though the parallel market was illegal, the central bank in determining the crawl (during the crawling rate regime) took into account the value of the currency in the parallel market, but did not hook the crawl entirely on the parallel market developments. This shows an element of backward indexation. Ce document cherche àétablir si la politique monétaire a des effets sur le taux de change et si ces effets sont permanents ou transitoires. En outre, il estime qu’une fois le régime de change choisi, celui‐ci détermine la flexibilité de la politique monétaire. Le taux de change réel est décomposé en éléments cyclique et permanent. Des tests de causalité sont effectués entre différentes mesures entrant en jeu dans les chocs monétaires (à l’instar de ce qui se fait dans les autres travaux empiriques) et l’élément cyclique du taux de change réel. Il en résulte que l’excédent de masse monétaire et les fluctuations cycliques du taux de change réel s’annoncent mutuellement. Dans un deuxième temps, un modèle du taux de change réel est élaboré. Dans la mesure où il y a co‐intégration, le modèle est évalué grâce à la différence première des variables, à l’élément cyclique du taux de change réel et aux vecteurs de co‐intégration. Il en découle que le taux de change nominal sur la période est déterminé par la croissance du revenu réel, le taux d’inflation, la croissance de la masse monétaire, les cycles de fluctuation du taux de change réel, les vecteurs de co‐intégration et les chocs. Le premier vecteur de co‐intégration est normalisé avec la masse monétaire et le second avec le taux de change nominal; ils font apparaître un différentiel dans les rythmes d’ajustement, donnant à penser que les fluctuations du taux de change nominal réagissent rapidement à un type de déséquilibre et lentement à un autre. Pour le premier vecteur, le rythme d’ajustement cadre avec une politique de change tenant compte du déséquilibre monétaire afin de protéger les réserves ou avec un taux de change déterminé par le marché en réponse à une masse monétaire excédentaire. Ce vecteur illustre les réponses monétaires sous‐jacentes lors des différents régimes de change. Par ailleurs, les tests de causalité entre le taux de change officiel et le taux parallèle montrent que, malgré le caractère illégal du marché parallèle, la banque centrale prenait en compte la valeur de la monnaie sur le marché parallèle pour déterminer l’ajustement à apporter (à l’époque du régime de parité mobile), sans lier entièrement cet ajustement à l’évolution du marché, ce qui indique une certaine indexation régressive.     

货币政策传导机制中的汇率

货币政策传导机制的畅通是货币政策有效的基础。在开放经济条件下．汇率成为货币政策传导机制中非常重要的一个环节。本文在对非抵补利率平价模型和汇率波动的价格转移机制进行分析的基础上．针对如何调整人民币汇率以提高货币政策的有效性提出建议。     

Monetary Policy and the Exchange Rate During the Crisis

This paper examines monetary policy during the Indonesian crisis, looking in particular at what should have been the proper focus of policy. Both the exchange rate and money base have been suggested as appropriate policy objectives, but it is argued here that neither provides adequate policy guidance during a crisis.     

Exchange Rate Dynamics and Monetary Integration in the EAC Countries

A major challenge for most countries in Sub-Saharan Africa is the evaluation of the exchange rate. This is more so in the East African Community (EAC) where macroeconomic and exchange rate management has been particularly challenged by massive foreign aid inflows, which are partly a result of the Heavily Indebted Poor Countries initiative and other debt reliefs. In addition, improved macroeconomic management in the last decade attracted both short- and medium- to long-term inflows to the region, as foreign investors turn to developing and emerging economies for yield. In this paper, we estimate the fundamental equilibrium exchange rate model for all the countries in the EAC and assess the convergence of existing exchange rate regimes in the EAC. Our main contribution is that this exercise could serve as useful background for the ultimate decision of which exchange rate management framework will best fit the region during the transition period to monetary union.     

人民币汇率制度与国际货币体系

本文从目前中国特殊国情,以及国际政治、经济环境等因素出发,论述了中国坚持人民币对美元挂钩政策的国际影响,并指出,目前采取的这种挂钩政策具有一定的合理性、必然性与稳定性。     

Real and Monetary Determination of the Egyptian Real Exchange Rate

Abstract: The purpose of this paper is twofold. First, the question of whether the equilibrium condition of Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) holds is investigated using Egyptian data between 1970(1) to 1990(4). Second, the role played by real and monetary variables on the Egyptian real exchange rates appreciation is also analyzed. The results of this paper suggest that PPP does not hold and that monetary expansion, capital controls, the increase in government consumption and terms of trade deterioration played a key role in the growing Egyptian real exchange rate appreciation. Résumé: Cet article comporte deux volets. Il évalue d'abord l'importance dc la condition d'équilibre que constitue la parité du pouvoir d'achat (PPA), en utilisant les données égyptiennes des années 1970 (1) a 1990 (4). Il analyse ensuite l'influence des variables réellcs et monétaires sur l'appréciation des taux de change réels en Egypte. Les conclusions de cette double analyse font croire que la PPA n'est pas un factcur déterminant et que l'expansion monétaire, les mesures de régulation des capitaux, l'accroissement de la consommation publique et la détérioration des termes de l'échange ont joué un rôle clé dans l'appréciation du taux de change réel en Egypte.     

The political economy of the Exchange Rate Mechanism

The apparent tendency of ERM countries other than Germany to experience high real exchange rates and to subsidize manufacturing is explained by a rational expectations model in which there is optimally asymmetric policy reaction to good and bad times—devaluation in bad, no revaluation in good. The resulting expected depreciation (at all times) causes inflation in normal and good times to be less than expected inflation, raising real wages and the real exchange rate, and creating pressures for subsidy of the traded sector.     

基于人民币汇率走势的货币政策操作策略

进入21世纪以来,在人民币存在持续升值压力的背景下,我国央行逐渐形成了以冲销性干预为主要手段的货币政策操作模式。冲销性干预对汇率长期走势、经济货币化比率和通货膨胀影响不大,但在缩小汇率短期波动、加速外汇储备累积和推高利率方面作用明显。2006年后法定准备金率作为主要冲销手段被不断提高,2010年后随着汇市干预力度的下降,准备金冻结基础货币过多的现象日益严重,加剧了系统性金融风险,并带来了一定的货币紧缩效应。在国际环境和国内因素共同作用下,2014年以来人民币汇率出现了均衡波动态势,面对新的形势,必须改变货币政策操作模式,减少汇市干预,逐渐降低准备金率,加速推进利率、汇率市场化,并充分发挥其调控手段作用。     

EMU, Monetary Policy Interactions and Exchange Rate Stability

EMU leads to the elimination of monetary policy coordination failures within the euro area. Whether this translates into more transatlantic exchange rate stability depends on the origin of economic shocks. Martin's (1997) conclusion that EMU will lead to more stable exchange rates is shown to hold for both symmetric and asymmetric shocks in Europe, but not for shocks that originate outside Europe. The results remain valid when taking into account that the pre-EMU era was characterised by a Bundesbank-led ERM, rather than a free float. Finally, the results are checked for a future expansion of the euro area.     

Monetary Model of Exchange Rate for Thailand: Long-run Relationship and Monetary Restrictions

Abstract

This paper examines the long-run relationship between exchange rate and its determinants based on the flexible-price monetary model. The multivariate cointegration approach is adopted to attain our objective of this study. The empirical results provide evidence favoring the monetary approach to exchange rate for a small and open emerging economy, namely Thailand. In addition, the validity of the underlying assumptions of the monetary approach to the determination of exchange rate is established. The findings suggest that exchange rate players may effectively monitor and forecast the exchange rate movement via the money supplies, incomes, and interest rates variables of both Thailand and Japan. Besides, one has to follow the economic development of Thailand's major trading partner, Japan, to understanding the movement of exchange rate for Thailand. Moreover, our findings add new insights to accompany previous studies that documented the important influence of the US in the emerging Asian economies.     

What Drives Monetary Policy in Post-Crisis East Asia? Interest Rate or Exchange Rate Monetary Policy Rules

This paper estimates a simple small open macroeconomic model to analyse the effectiveness of monetary policy rules (MPRs) where either the nominal interest rate or the nominal exchange rate is the policy instrument. The aim is to ascertain which of those MPRs are best suited for a selection of inflation targeting economies of Asia. Normally, one would associate inflation targeting with interest rate rules but it is thought that, due to fear of floating, exchange rate rules may well be more effective given the openness of these economies. It is found that interest rate rules seem to better reflect the prevailing policy regime than exchange rate rules. It is also found that stronger relationships pertaining to the interest rate rules are found in the case of Korea and Thailand than for Indonesia and the Philippines. Exchange rates appear to be very influential in determining the value of the nominal interest rate but not in a policy sense.     

The Monetary Transmission Mechanism, Non-residential Fixed Investment and Housing

We specify a vector autoregression (VAR) model for the U.S. for 1980–2008 to investigate the statistical causal relationships between private non-residential fixed investment, the effective Federal funds rate, personal consumption expenditures, nonfinancial corporate profits, and the nonfinancial corporate credit market debt to test the validity of macroeconomic relationships in a macro model. The VAR utilizes the Toda-Yamamote procedure to test for Granger causality. Our preliminary results show that the transmission mechanism does not work as expected; we find that fixed investment depends on the level of demand in the economy and profits but not on the interest rate. This casts doubt on the usual assumptions about how the monetary transmission mechanism is expected to work. The second part of the paper investigates the effects of the change in the monetary regime towards low and stable interest rates, a policy pursued by the U.S. Fed since the beginning of the 1990s. We find that the new monetary policy regime has the following effects: (1) our VAR model does not support the hypothesis that low interest rates lead to higher fixed nonresidential investment; (2) low interest rates led to a search for higher yields through increasing risk, and (3) they led to an increase in the demand for securitized assets, especially mortgage-backed securities, which eventually resulted in a housing bubble. The overall results therefore raise doubts about the effectiveness of low interest rates as a policy regime designed as a component of a counter-cyclical policy.     

人民币汇率升值与资产价格泡沫的传导机制和实证研究

文章旨在研究具有资本流动和较低金融市场组织程度的开放经济体中,如果产生某些外部冲击而使得汇率升值,便会产生资产价格泡沫。在传导机制的理论模型推导中,以凯恩斯宏观经济模型为基础,通过模型推导得出实际汇率升值使得均衡收益率上升,股票资产需求迅速增加,进而导致股票价格的快速上涨,形成泡沫。然后通过对人民币汇率升值和上证A股股指变化进行实证研究,并考虑金融危机的影响因素,结果支持了文章的理论分析。     

再论中国货币政策与汇率政策的冲突

自1994年以来中国货币政策与汇率政策有三次冲突。根据笔者的研究,中国存在事实上的资本自由流动,根据这一结果和克鲁格曼“三元悖论"理论,中国的货币政策和汇率政策存在不可调和的冲突。从一定意义上讲,中国政府在经济决策方面必须就内部经济均衡和外部经济均衡何者优先的问题做出选择;对货币当局而言,人民币对内币值稳定和对外币值的稳定何者优先也同样是一个值得考虑的问题。谢平和张晓朴在2002年《国际经济评论》第3期上撰文《货币政策与汇率政策的三次冲突》,对1994―2000年中国货币政策与汇率政策的三次冲突进行了探讨。张斌在2004年…     

欧元区及德国汇率错位问题研究

文章从欧元汇率错位的形成机制出发,在分析均衡汇率相关构成因素的基础上提取相关经济变量,采用行为均衡汇率的研究路径计算得出欧元区和欧元区德国的汇率错位情况。研究结果显示,欧元区整体汇率长期被高估,但受到欧元区内部结构失衡的影响,这种整体错位并未能得到及时纠正。美元走强和欧洲央行量化宽松为欧元币值回调提供了一个契机,当前欧元大幅贬值可被视为欧元币值趋向均衡汇率的回归过程。因此,文章也从另一个角度分析了欧元大幅贬值的内在逻辑。尽管如此,由于欧元区内部结构性问题的存在,即便当前欧元区整体汇率回归均衡,但德国仍将享有非对称性汇率竞争优势。     

Direct and Spillover Effects of Unconventional Monetary and Exchange Rate Policies

This paper explores the direct effects and spillovers of unconventional monetary and exchange rate policies. We find that official purchases of foreign assets have a large positive effect on a country’s current account that diminishes considerably as capital mobility rises. There is an important additional effect through the lagged stock of official assets. Official purchases of domestic assets, or quantitative easing (QE), appear to have no significant effect on a country’s current account when capital mobility is high, but there is a modest positive impact when capital mobility is low. The effects of purchases of foreign assets spill over to other countries in proportion to their degree of international financial integration. We also find that increases in US bond yields are associated with increases in foreign bond yields and in stock prices, as well as with depreciations of foreign currencies, but that all of these effects are smaller on days of US unconventional monetary policy announcements. We develop a theoretical model that is broadly consistent with our empirical results and that highlights the potential usefulness of domestic unconventional policies as responses to the effects of foreign policies of a similar type.     

稳定汇率目标与货币政策自主性

中央银行通过增减外汇储备量发行货币现已成为我国货币发行的主要渠道之一。但稳定人民币汇率又是中央银行肩负的主要责任与义务，这使中央银行实际增减的外汇储备量成为维持汇率稳定的被动结果，而非主动调整的结果。本文试图通过理论与实证分析，阐述说明稳定汇率目标与央行根据国内经济发展状况自主决定货币供给量间的矛盾，以此提出改革现行汇率制度的必要性。     

当前固定汇率制与货币总量目标制的内在冲突

本文通过比较从计算得出的两种不同汇率数据与人民币名义汇率,发现中国当前实行的固定汇率制度与货币总量目标制存在着内在冲突,即固定汇率下的货币供应量的内生性与货币总量目标制下货币供应量的外生性的矛盾。正是这种货币供应量的“内生性”与“外生性”的冲突,不仅导致中央银行在东亚金融危机后货币政策效果不明显,也导致人民币汇率存在着变动的压力,以至于中央银行为同时实现内外均衡而不得不最终放弃这种多目标制的货币政策,实行单一目标制。     

Preface—Monetary and Exchange Rate Strategies for the European Union's Eastern Enlargement

Open Economies Review -     

新的人民币汇率形成机制下企业规避汇率风险的选择

新的人民币汇率形成机制下,央行继续维护人民币汇率在合理均衡水平上的基本稳定.但可以预见未来我国汇率的变化的频率将会加快、波动幅度将会扩大,进出口企业面临的汇率风险加大,企业应当通过加速出口产品的结构调整、拓展海外投资、充分利用现有的金融工具等几个方面规避日益增大的汇率风险.