Purchasing Power Parity before and after the Adoption of the Euro

This paper examines the purchasing power parity (PPP) hypothesis for the post–Bretton Woods era including the period after the introduction of the euro. The study applies a new nonlinear unit root test to the bilateral real exchange rates (RERs) of both European and other industrial countries with the French franc and German mark (and the euro after 1998), as well as the US dollar as numeraire currencies. The results of the study provide stronger support for PPP than any earlier studies of bilateral PPP for industrial countries and suggest that (1) PPP tends to hold well within the European Union (EU) even before the adoption of the euro, (2) the evidence for PPP becomes more significant for both EU and non-EU countries when the sample period is extended to the euro era, and (3) convergence toward PPP between the EU countries, especially between the euro-area countries, tends to be nonlinear, while it is likely to be linear for the non-EU industrial countries. JEL no. F31, F33, G15, C22     

Granger因果检验的文献回顾

本文首先介绍了Granger因果关系的概念,探讨了其内涵,并将其与哲学意义上的因果关系、经济学意义上的因果关系进行了比较。进一步从统计学数字特征的角度,对均值Granger因果检验、方差Granger因果检验、分位数Granger因果检验;从序列的平稳性角度,对平稳序列和非平稳序列的Granger因果检验;从函数形式的角度,对线性Granger因果检验与非线性Granger因果检验;从数据类型的角度,对时间序列的Granger因果检验和面板数据的Granger 因果检验进行了综述。在每种分类下,给出了定义、常用的检验模型,及其在经济、金融领域的实证研究。文章最后对滞后阶数的选取、信息准则的选取、Granger因果关系与观测频率、Granger因果检验的实施步骤等关键问题进行了深入的探讨。     

Central Bank Independence and Sacrifice Ratios: Some Further Considerations

The existing literature reports a positive relationship between sacrifice ratios and central bank independence. This paper discusses two critical points related to the usual procedures employed by this literature. One concerns the issue of non-stationarity of the inflation rate, the other the problem of correlation between the error terms for different disinflation episodes in the same country. The way in which the sacrifice ratio-central bank independence relationship is tested is reconsidered taking into account these points. Our results shed considerable doubts on the nature and robustness of such a relationship and on the usual interpretation given to it in the literature.     

Evidence of panel stationarity from Chinese provincial and regional income

The aim of this paper is to examine whether Chinese provincial and regional real GDP and per capita real GDP are panel stationary for the period 1952–2003. We allow for multiple structural breaks based on a technique developed by Carrion-i-Silvestre et al. [Carrion-i-Silvestre, J. L., Barrio-Castro, T, D., & Lopez-Bazo, E. (2005). Breaking the panels: An application to the GDP per capita. Econometrics Journal, 8, 159–175]. Allowing for at most five structural breaks, we find that for 67% of the provinces, per capita real GDP is stationary; while we only find stationarity of real GDP for 17% of the provinces. However, when we extend the analysis to panel data models, we find statistically strong evidence of panel stationarity of Chinese provincial and regional income.     

含跳跃过程的单因子利率模型研究——基于中国国债回购市场的实证分析

在CKLS模型的基础上,笔者提出了一个加入跳跃过程的单因子利率期限结构模型。通过对我国国债回购利率的实证检验,发现加入跳跃过程后,模型不但能更好地拟合实际数据,而且揭示了利率均值回复和水平效应的部分原因,从而增强了模型的解释能力。     

Regional convergence and migration： The case of Mongolia 1989-2004

This paper investigates the convergence of GDP per capita across Mongolia＇s twenty-two aimags and five regions. According to international and domestic surveys, one third of the Mongolian population is living under the poverty line. Specifically, poverty is deeper in rural areas than in urban areas. Thus, one main objective of economic growth should be reducing the cross-regional income differences and maintaining real long-run per capita income growth. However, in Mongolia there is almost no research on regional economic development and regional income disparities. It is the first time that the speed of convergence to the steady state has been estimated, using a Mongolian cross-regional data set （1989-2004）. The results show that there is convergence across all Mongolian aimags and regions. The speed of convergence towards the steady state position is 3 percent in the Solow model and 4.3 percent in the Ramsey model. That is substantially higher than other convergence studies. The study also finds that migration has played an important role in the evolution of regional disparities.     

On the Equality of Real Interest Rates Across Borders in Integrated Capital Markets

The purpose in this note is first to review briefly the empirical results on the relationship between real interest rates and real exchange rates; this empirical literature provides little support for the hypothesis of Roll that expected real interest rates are equal in general. Our second aim is to discuss the theoretical conditions that have to be met for his hypothesis to hold.

利率市场化对小额信贷的多元影响

利率市场化是我国金融界的发展趋势,而利率市场化对小额信贷具有多元影响。正面影响主要体现在拓展小额信贷的市场,改善小额信贷的服务和优化小额信贷的流程等方面;负面影响主要表现在利率波动的两难选择、政策导向的弱化趋势和信贷消费的盲目冲动等方面。因而,应用渐进式的方法推进利率市场化,用商业化和政策性的手段平衡效益和公平。     

中国上市公司业绩增长持续性及市场预测

上市公司的业绩增长能力对公司价值具有非常显著的影响,投资者希望找到市场上具有持续稳定成长性的公司。本文考察了公司业绩的增长水平,业绩增长的持续性以及市场对公司业绩增长的预测能力。本文发现公司业绩增长不具有持续性,呈现较大的波动性,投资者无法通过公司历史业绩增长情况预测未来业绩增长。市场对公司的未来业绩增长的预测能力较弱,只能预测大约未来3年时间的业绩增长情况,对更长时间的业绩增长无法预测。这可能与中国股市政策变动频繁,上市公司存在较多利润操纵行为有关。     

The Complex Dynamics of Real Exchange Rates with Countercyclical Balance of Trade

We extend Dornbusch's (1973) model to determine whether the countercyclical trade balance which is often observed in real business cycle studies can be rationalized and show that the sum of export and import elasticities being less than one is responsible for the complex fluctuation of exchange rates within this exogenous-shock-free framework.     

Non-Tariff Trade Regulations in Indonesia: Nominal and Effective Rates of Protection

Non-tariff regulations on imports and exports have spread in Indonesia since 2011. I report findings of a study of many of these regulations, in which a variety of methods were used to estimate the associated nominal rates of protection. These findings were then used to estimate effective rates of protection (ERPs) across 140 tradable-goods sectors in the Indonesian economy in early 2015, taking into account also the effects of the most-favoured-nation and preferential-import tariff schedules, anti-dumping and safeguard duties, export levies, duty drawbacks and exemptions, domestic sub-sidies, and excise taxes. I find that the magnitude and dispersion of ERPs were higher in 2015 than in early 2008, for which a similar study was previously conducted, and that much of the variability was related to quantitative trade restrictions. In particular, the regulations examined boosted a measure of the cost of living by 7.6% in 2015, compared with 2.5% in 2008.     

养老保险基金:问题与出路

利率市场化是我国金融业发展的客观要求 ,但在现实的政治经济社会条件约束下 ,利率市场化面临着较大的金融风险。本文在分析利率市场化的成本和收益的基础上 ,对如何降低我国利率市场化的成本 ,提出了若干对策建议。     

城市居民住房保障问题几点思考

我国城市住房改革十年,走过了从健全保障的初衷到过度市场化,再到回归保障的历程。各地新近出台的"保障新政"要得到有效落实,除了法制、政策层面的长期建设,思想上也要进一步理清思路。本文就城市居民住房保障几个热点问题做一点思考。     

Fixed Exchange Rates and Disinflation in Emerging Markets: How Large Is the Effect?

We examine developing countries which have institutional quality ratings for the effects of exchange rate rigidity on inflation. The level of institutional development exerts no effect on the impact of currency regimes. However, the interaction of institutional quality and exchange rates has, in the most plausible specifications, a negative impact on inflation. This suggests that fixed exchange rates exert at most a contingent effect on inflation, and indicates that countries in Eastern Europe and Latin America contemplating currency pegs would be better off improving institutional quality prior to adopting the euro or dollar and expecting a large subsequent disinflationary effect. JEL no.  F31, O11     

国际热钱流人及对中国经济的影响

作为短期投机资本的国际热钱是导致历次金融危机的主要元凶之一。无论是墨西哥金融危机还是亚洲金融危机都给世界人民敲晌了热钱扰害经济的警钟。由于热钱的隐蔽性和流动性往往很难把握其来龙去脉,给各国监管当局造成很大的困难。中国经济的稳定快速发展使人们担忧热钱会搅动中国经济健康发展的局面。文章首先就热钱对经济可能产生的影响进行理论分析,然后利用计量经济模型分析了影响热钱进入中国的因素以及由此给我国的相关经济变量所造成的影响,并针对热钱带来的负面影响提出趋利避害的应对建议。     

A Primer on Real Effective Exchange Rates: Determinants, Overvaluation, Trade Flows and Competitive Devaluation

Several alternative measures of “effective” exchange rates are discussed in the context of their theoretical underpinnings and construction. Focusing on contemporary indices and recently-developed econometric methods, the empirical characteristics of these differing series are examined for the U.S., the euro area, and several East Asian countries. The issues that confront the applied economist or policymaker in using the measures of real effective exchange rates available are illustrated in several case studies from current interest: (i) evaluating exchange rate misalignment; (ii) testing the Balassa-Samuelson effect; (iii) estimating the price responsiveness of trade flows; and (iv) assessing the potential impact of competitive devaluations. JEL Classification Numbers: F31, F41     

Terms of trade, catch-up, and home-market effect: The example of Japan

This paper explores theoretically and empirically the medium- and long-run relation of the terms of trade (ratio of traded goods prices) and economic growth of a pair of countries—one of which experiences a major catch-up process towards the other. Two theoretical interdependencies between the terms of trade and economic growth are offered: the home-market effect and the productivity-shock effect. These two effects are tested against each other in a cointegration analysis on data for Japan and the US from 1971 until 1997. Income is cointegrated with the terms of trade. The relevant empirical channel is the home-market effect. However, financial-market effects appear also to be relevant. J. Japanese Int. Economies 21 (4) (2007) 470–488.     

Labour Market Adjustments to Exchange Rate Fluctuations: Evidence from Canadian Manufacturing Industries

This paper provides some of the first empirical evidence on labour market adjustments to exchange rate movements in Canadian manufacturing industries. Controlling for endogeneity using generalized method of moments estimation, it is found that during the 1981–1997 period, exchange movements have a substantial impact on labour input and that this impact has grown over time as the manufacturing industries have become more exposed to trade. In contrast, the exchange rate effect on real wages is estimated to be virtually zero for all manufacturing industries.