关于社会主义市场经济的若干思考

社会主义市场经济理论是邓小平理论的重要组成部分。众所周知,十九世纪,马克思、恩格斯在设想未来的社会形态时,认为商品生产将被取消,市场经济不复存在,取而代之的是社会主义的计划经济。这种观念的细枝末节虽有改动,但作为整体一直延续到十一届三中全会之前。十一届三中全会以后,我国实际上已经开始逐步从计划经济     

A model of the socialist firm in transition to a market economy

This paper models the dynamic adjustment path of a socialist firm in transition to a market economy by a price shock that renders old capital obsolete. The firm can adjust with investment in more productive capital equipments. The optimal time paths of investment, output, and employment are analyzed and the impact of fiscal incentives like investment subsidies and a reduced corporate income tax rate are studied. Like output, the aggregate capital stock follows a J-curve. The conditions for viability of firms and the impact of variables such as wage increases on the value of the firm are discussed.     

Trade in trash: A political economy approach

We study how the opportunity to trade in trash might influence the equilibrium outcome when the tax on the externality is determined by a political economy process. In our model, individuals have heterogeneous preferences for environmental quality, and there is a wastage of real resources when funds are transferred from the pressure groups to the politicians. When hard-core environmentalists and capitalists are organized interest groups while moderate environmentalists are not organized, we find that the politically chosen tax on the externality is below the optimal Pigouvian level. The opportunity to export waste in unlimited quantities, but at a price, is not the environmentalists’ panacea and does not eliminate political social tension and suboptimal results.     

Some capital market failures in the socialist labor-managed economy

We examine the behavior of the labor-managed firm in the capital market and show that the decentralization of capital allocation decisions in the socialist labor-managed economy is hazardous. We first show that the firm's behavior, when equilibrium is disturbed, is disequilibrating, and that therefore the importance of free entry is greater in this economy than in a capitalist one. We then establish that the difficulties raised by the credit-rationing literature are next to insoluble in the labor-managed market, due to the impossibility of requiring any collateral in a socialist market. As a result, free entry is impossible. We conclude that meaningful decentralization is impossible in the socialist labor-managed economy.     

Industrial organization in a restructuring socialist economy: Evidence from Bulgaria

Using new data for all state and cooperatively-owned Bulgarian establishments and enterprises in 1988 and 1989 we portray key aspects of Bulgarian industrial organization. During 1988–89: state ownership became less dominant; there was an abrupt reversal in the twenty year trend towards bigger economic units; more than half of the largest firms were concentrated in certain sectors, notably engineering and construction; using official prices, only about 10% of enterprises made losses. These data and other new data for manufacturing products enable calculation of diverse measures of market structure as this may evolve under the policies introduced in 1991. Indices of market concentration typically show substantial concentration; usually about 50% of manufacturing output was produced in potentially competitive environments. While estimates of minimum efficient scale imply that MES does not constitute a significant barrier to entry for new competitors, the underdeveloped nature of the Bulgarian capital market probably greatly restricted entry.     

Micro-fiscal planning in the regional economy: A general equilibrium approach

The paper presents a general equilibrium model of the effects of grants-in-aid in a many city regional economy using local property taxation. The effects of aid on land values (the Tiebout process) and household and firm investment behavior are explicitly incorporated into the analysis. Failure to consider these feedbacks of aid on land values and investment lead to prediction errors ranging from 2% to 20% of the new local expenditure levels. Conditions for stability of the adjustment, time lags to adjustment, and the impact of adjustment of optimal (SWF maximizing) policies are discussed.     

Changing patterns of transfers in Slovenia in the last three decades: transition from a socialist economy to a market economy

Rapid population ageing increases interest in economic flows across ages and intergenerational transfers in general. This article uses the National Transfer Accounts methodology to measure consumption and production at each age, and how the difference between consumption and production is financed through (private and public) transfers and the interaction with assets, i.e. ‘asset-based reallocations’. During working ages, people earn more than they consume and with the surplus they finance the deficit of the young and old generations who consume more than they produce. Such a pattern of economic dependency is universal across countries and across time, but huge differences exist in the ages at which individuals produce more than they consume and vice versa. Moreover, the importance of private and public transfers and asset-based reallocations varies across countries and times. In the last three decades, life expectancy at birth in Slovenia increased by 9.3 years, while the age span in which production exceeds consumption narrowed rather than increased. Child dependents are predominantly financed by private transfers, whereas the elderly mainly rely on public transfers. Young and old individuals increasingly rely on public transfers. Together with rapid population ageing, this is likely to jeopardise the public finance system in the future.     

Education policy and inequality: A political economy approach

Regression results show that more unequal societies tend to spend comparatively more on higher levels of education. In a two-period model with heterogeneous agents, this paper investigates the political determinants of this bias. In the first period, public education is financed by the incumbent government by issuing bonds. Investments in basic and higher education have conflicting effects on future labour income distribution and net returns to these investments depend on the tax and transfers system being selected in the following period through the democratic process. Our idea is that public investment in basic education, by decreasing future labour income inequality, may induce future policy-makers to redistribute resources through financial rents taxation, thus making unfeasible the issuing of debt to finance basic education. This will be the more probable the greater wealth inequality is.     

Federal homelessness policy: A robust political economy approach

In the wake of the financial crisis, the United States government introduced a new large-scale initiative to address homelessness. The policy mandate is marked by both an unprecedented increase in federal funding and a dramatic reallocation of resources toward Housing First, a service model emphasizing immediate housing subsidization. Although this service paradigm has received support from a sizeable literature, our knowledge of its success to date has been limited. This paper sheds light on the unobservable or unmeasured costs of this new centralized approach to ending homelessness. I argue that federal homelessness policy under the Housing First approach 1) generates resource misallocation, 2) exacerbates the Samaritan’s dilemma, and 3) invites rent seeking.     

Measuring the power to monopolize: A simple-game-theoretic approach

This paper proposes a measure of the power to monopolize based on the ability of firms to induce a shift from a competitive to a non-competitive regime, through coalition formation. First, in the framework of monotonic simple games, we show how to use the Shapley value in terms of a power index for individual firms within an industry. Second, we construct an aggregate power index for industries. It is based on axioms allowing to make explicit the respective roles of the number and size of the minimal winning coalitions and aggregates additively non-normalized individual power indices.     

D-GMDH: A novel inductive modelling approach in the forecasting of the industrial economy

This work proposes a new forecasting model to analyse the economic development of Sichuan province of China. The model, which introduces the concept of diversity, is based on an improvement of the -GMDH algorithm. The new method, called D-GMDH, is compared with two ensemble approaches which are introduced by Dutta (2009), and D-GMDH is better than the two approaches in forecasting accuracy. D-GMDH is also applied to forecast the industrial added value of the Sichuan province. The obtained results are compared with those of the traditional GMDH model, GMDH combination model and the widely used ARMA model. The results show that D-GMDH has good prediction accuracy and is an effective means for economic forecasting when data is contaminated by noise.     

论跨国公司直接投资的社会责任

进入21世纪以来在全球范围的经营理念出现了新的调整,其重大变化之一就是开始强调直接投资的社会责任,许多跨国公司在发布年度财务报告的同时发布社会责任报告.     

Accounting for the social economy: the socioeconomic impact statement

Abstract ** :  Organizations within the social economy have unique characteristics, yet their accounting procedures do not reflect this uniqueness, and rather are designed for private‐sector organizations that exchange their goods and services in the market. We argue that conventional accounting creates a perception that social economy organizations are users of resources and separate from the private and public sectors, rather than creators of value and an integral part of our society (Quarter, Mook, and Richmond, 2003a). This paper addresses the accounting needs of social economy organizations by presenting a model of social accounting—the Socioeconomic Impact Statement—that may help bring out the impact of such organizations. The paper presents a demonstration project of the potential utility of the Socioeconomic Impact Statement .     

Women and the social economy in transitional Russia

The present article analyses the role of the social economy in transitional Russia and its consequences for women. The changes in the economic system in the former Soviet Union and its effects is often analysed in general terms. One interesting aspect is whether the changes have similar effects on men and women. The aim here is to highlight how women's situation changes when the economic system changes and how Russian women adapt to these changes. Three types of activities which are carried out by women within the social economy are discussed below, where each of these activities are built on strategies for survival from the Soviet period: distribution of vital goods in rural areas, distribution of information to women and production of services. Although the social economy has a considerable gap to fill in Russia, this has not yet implied that the cooperative sector flourishes. Instead there is a danger that women go from paid work in the state sector to non-paid work within the voluntary sector.     

寺院经济与社会经济关系疏议

当代佛教寺院在商品经济的浪潮中纷纷从事农林业生产、工商业经营以及宗教服务、旅游服务等活动,形成了多样化的形态,不仅解决了自养问题、改善了生活条件,也为社会积累了财富。寺院经济作为社会主义市场经济中的一个重要的特殊实体经济,不仅是社会经济的重要补充,而且还发挥着“经济水库”的调节作用。