Banks,Financial Liberalisation and Financial Crises in Emerging Markets

The East Asian financial crisis has raised a series of important issues. Amongst them is the question of the role of the banking sector and financial liberalisation in contributing to financial crises. How do weaknesses in the domestic banking sector, when combined with both domestic and international financial liberalisation, engender currency crises? What is lacking in the literature is a simple conceptual framework within which these connections can be conceptualised and drawn out and in which the role of banks is explicitly discussed. This paper seeks to provide just such a framework. Within it, international financial liberalisation can be seen as fuelling a boom in domestic credit, which leads to acute balance sheet problems for domestic banks, and exposes the country concerned to a currency crisis in the event of a sudden reversal of capital inflows, which banking weaknesses may itself trigger.     

External borrowing,capital formation and growth in developing countries

Since the summer of 1982 the banking community has been faced with an international debt crisis of unprecedented dimensions. The debt rescheduling agreements that have been negotiated since then involve sums totalling no less than $ 100 billion. However, they give the international financial system no more than a breathing-space. The following two articles deal with different aspects of this crisis. Rainer Erbe examines the question as to what growth effects were associated with external borrowing. Can a lack of growth effects be made responsible for the crisis or were other factors more important? This is followed by an article by Anton Konrad who discusses the proposals which have been made for long-term crisis management. What are their chances of success?     

The Euromarket in the face of change

Financial innovations are currently displacing traditional methods of Euro-currency financing, while in Germany and Japan there is talk of establishing international free banking zones along American lines. What are the reasons for these developments and how are they affecting the Euromarket?     

金融危机下中国对外贸易发展战略思考

国际金融危机对全球经济格局的影响是广泛而深刻的。究竟如何判断危机后全球经济格局的变动趋势?尤其是它对外贸依存度高达70%的我国外贸来说将会带来怎样的影响?本文针对当前中国外贸出口锐减、企业倒闭、失业率大增、贸易壁垒高企等方面进行了分析,并从外贸发展方式的转变、吸引外商投资解决就业问题、增强外贸企业自主创新能力等多方面提出了政策建议。     

How to pay for the debt — Coping with the Third World's crisis

The Brady Plan is the first official proposal to give priority to a tangible reduction in the debtor countries' debt service burden and is thus a milestone along the path towards overcoming the international debt crisis. However, the instruments foreseen in the Plan virtually invite criticism and scepticism. What are the main inadequacies of the Brady Plan? How can the international debt strategy be developed further and made more effective?     

Reform of the Common Agricultural Policy

The Common Agricultural Policy faces a number of major challenges. Further reforms are necessary in order to cope with the repercussions of the BSE crisis, the pending enlargement of the EU and the latter’s international trade commitments. What reform steps should be taken?     

Why do currency crises arise and how could they be avoided?

In the 1990s currency crises arose in different regions, e.g. in Mexico, East Asia, Russia, Brazil and Ecuador, to mention only the most important ones. What are the main factors which may trigger such events? How does globalisation and deregulation of financial markets influence the emergence of a currency crisis? What forms of crises exist? Are they driven by fundamental imbalances in a country or are they caused by self-fulfilling mechanisms involving herd behaviour and destabilising speculation? To what extent do such crises reflect implicit governmental and international guarantees which may cause moral hazard and adverse selection, thereby increasing the risk behaviour of enterprises and banks?     

Nightmare on Kaiserstrasse

The overhang of debt (private and surging public) is perhaps the principal reason why recessions following financial crises are so deep and lasting. Frequently, a wave of international financial and banking crises is followed by a wave of sovereign defaults. This is the case of the Eurozone crisis today. How might a sovereign debt default of, say, Greece affect the Eurozone? The nightmare scenario is a complete unraveling of the euro. The euro can still be saved, but perhaps only with the weaker countries undergoing major restructuring of their sovereign debt.     

Tax Policies and the “Going-out” Strategy

In recent years,with the rapid development of China＇s economy,more and more Chinese enterprises have actively begun to participate in international competition,and exerted such tremendous influence that they are playing an increasingly significant role in international trade and cooperation. But since the outbreak of the financial crisis in 2007,the road for Chinese domestic     

The Brexit Dynamics: British and EU27 Challenges After the EU Referendum

Prior to the Brexit referendum, the UK government sent an information brochure to households across the country. Surprisingly, key findings of a study by the UK Treasury — including an expected per capita income loss of £1800 — were not included in the brochure. Calculations indicate that if this information had been included, the outcome of the referendum would have been 52.1% for Remain. Instead, the pro-Brexit campaign utilised anti-immigrant rhetoric to create a scapegoat for the under-provision of local public services, when actually this was due to massive cuts in budget transfers to local communities after the financial crisis. Looking ahead, major reforms are now necessary if the EU is not to disintegrate. Given the fresh support in the UK and US for banking deregulation, the EU must stand firm in support of prudential supervision and banking regulation to prevent a new international banking crisis.     

Bearish mood on world commodity markets

For two years now the international raw materials markets have been characterised by a lasting slump. The weak and short-lived reactions to the Falklands crisis and to the intensification of hostilities between Israel and its Arab neighbours are indicative of the situation. During this year's summer months prices on markets for industrial raw materials and food and tropical beverages hit their lowest level since spring 1978. What are the prospects for the development of raw materials prices?     

Upturn overshadowed by asian crisis

The German economy is beginning to show signs of a steady recovery which is increasingly being reflected on the labour market. How do trends in the western and eastern parts of Germany differ? What are the effects of the Asian crisis? What is the outlook for the coming year?     

The European Union’s Constitutional Crisis—Causes and Consequences

The rejection of the treaty establishing a European constitution by French and Dutch voters has thrown the EU into a deep crisis. What developments in the EU contributed to these referenda results? What consequences are to be drawn for the continuation of integration and the integration goal, the governance of the EU-25 and the further planned enlargements? What flaws are there in the present draft constitution and how can these be dealt with?     

National and international developments in technology

Declining R&;D intensities at the national level coincide with growing international technological links. In this context a number of questions arise: Do companies research in the same field of technology abroad as they do at home? Are the fields of technology in which R&;D is concentrated within a country those in which it has a comparative advantage? What drives the process of the internationalisation of technology? What are the implications for host countries and home countries? What are the implications for policy on a national and an international level?     

Financial integration and banking crisis. A critical analysis of restrictions on capital flows

We investigate the effect of financial integration on a banking crisis. In contrast to existing works, we allow for capital restrictions while studying the impact of financial integration on a banking crisis. Using firm-level lending and borrowing information in the global market of syndicated loans; we generate aggregate measures of financial integration and examine how countries with capital flow restrictions thrive in the wake of a banking crisis. We concentrate on basic network measures of integration for a panel of 62 countries that allow for capital restriction at any time within the sample period. Financial integration increases the incidence of a banking crisis, and capital restrictions worsen a banking crisis. However, capital restrictions reduce the negative impact of financial integration on the incidence of a banking crisis. Thus, financial integration becomes beneficial when countries allow for some forms of capital control.     

Macroeconomic adjustment: the Baltic states versus euro area crisis countries

Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania have succeeded in rapidly reducing their current account deficits despite fixed exchange rates. Which factors have played a major role in this? What similarities, and what differences, do the Baltic states show compared to Greece and Portugal? What insights can be gained for the political debate on the euro area debt crisis?     

危机中的中国品牌

中国品牌现在处于危机中 :在国际市场上缺乏知名度 ,在国内市场上面临外企的蚕食吞并 ,国内消费者的漠视误解……种种状况 ,危机四伏。造成这种现象的原因是什么 ,企业该如何应对 ,以缓解这场危机 ,本文进行了探讨。     

Commercial Council Wave

What is appropriate developing model for China's economy in the financial crisis prevailing in the world?     

金融全球化背景下流动性危机放大机制研究

2007年夏天开始的次贷危机继续肆虐着全球经济,此次危机影响程度之深,影响范围之广,与人类历史上最出名的经济危机大萧条相比,有过之而无不及。随着流动性危机的逐渐深入,人们开始思考,为什么由只占美国金融资产百分之三的次级抵押贷款证券市场出现的问题,能触动全球经济总产出发生如此大的损失?危机是怎样放大的,它放大的路径是什么呢?针对这些问题,国外学术界出现了大量研究流动性危机放大机制的文献,而国内对这一方面的研究还处于起步阶段。因此,本文试图从投资者逃离、去杠杆化、流动性危机在金融市场的放大路径、流动性危机由金融市场向实体经济的放大效应以及流动性危机的管理几个方面综述国外学术界对流动性危机放大机制研究的阶段性成果,一方面为国内学术界进一步深入研究该问题提供理论线索和研究方向;另一方面为我国管理流动性危机提供理论线索和研究方向。     

Energy policy constraints and perspectives in Russia

Once one of the world's most important energy producers, Russia is increasingly incapable of maintaining energy supplies to its industries and private households. However, the crisis in the energy sector has also become an ecological crisis. What chances are there for finding a solution to this double crisis?