菌业循环模式促进农业废弃物资源的高效利用

我国是农业生产大国,农业废弃物资源丰富,为食用菌产业发展提供了充足的生产原料。近年来 随着我国食用菌产业快速发展,食用菌菌渣随之大量产生。文章根据循环农业的理念和食用菌产业的特 点,重点分析食用菌对农林废弃物利用和食用菌菌渣的循环利用潜力,并提出建立以食用菌产业为纽带的 6种菌业循环模式,以促进农业资源高效循环利用和食用菌产业可持续发展。     

菌糖综合利用与产业化开发

一、必要性我国是世界上最大的食用菌生产国,年产鲜菇数百万吨,废弃物(菌糠等)上亿吨.这些废弃物多年来得不到充分利用,既浪费了资源,又污染了环境.我国是人口众多、资源相对缺乏的国家,如能将这些废弃物再度利用,变废为宝,使它在农业生态循环中发挥良性作用,不但为广大菇农另辟了一条致富之路,也能给企业带来巨大的经济效益.     

北京农业废弃物现状与循环利用模式探讨

为了了解北京农业废弃物的现状,探讨农业废弃物的循环利用模式,根据统计数据与公开发表文献,利用作物秸秆籽粒系数与畜禽粪便排泄系数法对北京农业废弃物数量及养分进行了估算.结果表明:2008年北京农作物秸秆总量达220万吨,氮、磷、钾含量分别为2.0、1.1和2.7万吨,畜禽粪便总量达786万吨,氮、磷、钾含量分别为5 47...     

农业废弃物循环价值核算方法与案例研究

[目的]以畜禽粪尿、农作物秸秆等可循环利用的农业废弃物为研究对象,以石家庄市为例,测算其农业废弃物循环价值。[方法]文章将畜禽粪尿排放和农作物秸秆均折算成养分,使两种不同类型的农业废弃物以同一量纲进行核算,并运用替代市场法,根据化肥的市场价格,确定养分的折纯价格,进而测算石家庄市农业废弃物循环价值。[结果](1)在时间维度上,可将石家庄市农业废弃物循环价值分为3个时期:2002—2006年为快速增长期,2007—2009年为低谷期,2010—2016年为回升—稳定—下降期,其中2016年全市农业废弃物循环价值量约为21.25亿元,占全市农业GDP的4.42%,占总GDP的0.36%,农业废弃物循环价值潜力巨大。(2)在县域尺度的空间差异上,农业废弃物循环价值与区域农业生产规模密切相关,整体上从西部山区向东部平原地带递增,在农业优势区,如藁城区和辛集市,2个区县农业废弃物循环价值均超过了2亿元,约占全市农业废弃物循环价值量的22.15%,循环价值较小的区县主要分布在不具农业发展优势的市内4区、西部山区和工业区共9个区县,这些地区农业废弃物循环价值约占全市农业废弃物循环价值量的7.86%。[结论]农业废弃物具有大量循环利用价值,这成为实行农业废弃物处理和利用补贴的一大理由,也可成为计算补贴量、相关政策制定的一种依据。     

黄淮海区域循环农业发展的认识与思考

黄淮海区域是我国重要的农产品生产基地。随着区域经济与社会发展,农作物秸秆和畜禽粪便等大量废弃物的综合利用已成为国家及区域农业可持续发展的重要议题。该文紧紧围绕循环农业所倡导的"4R"原则,提出了以农田循环为基础,链接农户循环,铸造农村循环,构建农田—农户—农村"三位一体"的循环农业发展的空间尺度;循环农业的组织形式应以政府为主体,拉动农户,联动合作经济组织,引导农业龙头企业参与;黄淮海区域未来5~10年循环农业的发展应以秸秆原位全量还田循环利用、秸秆菌业循环利用生产和秸秆养畜循环利用生产等为主导模式,并研发创新相应的接口技术,以期建立黄淮海区域农业废弃物高效利用的循环农业生产模式和体系。     

开发利用有机废弃物实现农业可持续发展

论述了我国有机废弃物农业利用的现状与水平，分析了作物秸秆、畜禽粪便、沼气发酵残留物和有机垃圾农业利用的主要生态工程技术及效益，探讨了当前有机废弃物农业利用存在的主要问题及发展趋势。     

动态

正韩长赋:大力推进农业废弃物资源化利用促进种养结合生态循环绿色发展9月7-8日,农业部部长韩长赋在上海调研时强调,各级农业部门要以新的发展理念为引领,以化肥农药减量化、畜禽污染综合治理、秸秆综合利用等为重点,大力推进农业废弃物资源化综合利用,促进种养结合、生态循环、绿色发展,不断改善和优化农业生态环境,提高农业可持续发展水平。     

农民对农业生产废弃物的价值感知及其影响因素分析——以食用菌栽培废料为例

利用对中国东部和中部6个省份207户食用菌种植户的调查数据,以食用菌栽培废料为例,本文分析了农民对农业生产废弃物的价值感知状况,并通过建立二元Logistic模型分析了其影响因素。结果表明:农民对食用菌栽培废料的价值感知有助于改善其对食用菌栽培废料的处理行为;农民个人特征因素中,是否参加农业协会等农民合作组织显著影响农民对食用菌栽培废料的价值感知,而年龄、性别、文化程度、是否是干部、是否具有专业技能则影响不显著;在外部环境因素中,地区经济发展状况、到最近农产品批发市场的距离、居住地附近道路等级显著影响农民对食用菌栽培废料的价值感知。     

武威市食用菌产业的时空分布特征及其可持续发展对策

文章采用区位商法及比较优势理论,利用2000~2012年的资料数据,测定了武威市食用菌产业的区位优势,分析了武威市食用菌产业发展过程中的时空分布特征。结果表明:武威市食用菌产业在时间发展上呈现出整体上升的趋势,空间布局上集中体现了南部祁连山浅山区与中部平原沿山冷凉罐区等2个具有明显地域特征的食用菌产业带。此外,该文分析研究了食用菌发展所需的自然资源、原料资源、劳动力资源、产品质量等方面的有利因素与劳动力价格上涨、生产者素质不高、产品附加值低等方面的不利因素,认为武威市食用菌发展优势与劣势同在、机会与威胁并存。发挥资源优势、品质优势及市场优势,提高食用菌产品附加值,是武威市食用菌产业发展的战略选择;进一步稳定食用菌产业地位、加大扶持力度、加快食用菌菌种引进及繁育技术提升、推广标准化生产技术、推广病虫害绿色防控技术、推广废弃物循环利用技术、加大市场开拓力度是武威市食用菌产业可持续发展的对策。     

沼气——发展循环农业的重要纽带

循环农业是运用物质循环再生原理和物质多层次利用技术,实现较少废弃物的生产和提高资源利用效率的农业生产方式。循环农业作为一种环境友     

Price transmission between products at different stages of manufacturing in forest industries

The theory of demand and supply implies a positive relationship, or “price transmission” between the prices of products at different stages of manufacturing. This relationship was investigated with quarterly prices of softwood stumpage in the US South, and national prices of forest products, from 1977 to 2002. All prices, net of inflation, were found to be nonstationary and there was no evidence of co-integration between prices. Vector autogressive models, augmented by Granger causality tests and multiplier analysis showed that there was a one-to-one permanent positive response of the southern sawtimber stumpage price to a permanent change in the national lumber price. There was also a one-third permanent positive response of the national paper price to a permanent change in the national pulp price. There was no relation between regional pulpwood prices and national pulp or paper prices. When price transmission was significant, the full adjustment took about 2 years.     

Application of an ecosystem function framework to perceptions of community woodlands

Owners, local residents, government, and conservation organisations can express divergent preferences in the development and management of local woodlands. The perceptions of these four groups were examined, in the context of three community woodlands in Eastern England, using an ecosystem function framework. In a pilot study, residents were able to allocate a relative importance to woodland ecosystem services which were then related to “regulation”, “habitat”, and “production” or “information” functions. However residents also placed importance on negative services or “dis-services” associated with the woodland ecosystem. Therefore a fifth category of “dis-services” was included in the main survey which included 84 local residents, three woodland owners, three government institutions, and six representatives from conservation groups. Each of the four groups placed greatest importance on services associated with habitat (16–39% of the total importance) and information (30–50%) functions suggesting, in this example, mutual interest in the use of woodlands as a habitat or recreational resource. By contrast a potential area of difference was the particularly high importance placed by one owner on dis-services such as fly tipping. In addition the woodland owners placed higher importance (10–20%), than local residents and conservation groups (7–9%), on the productive services of the wood. This suggests a need for communication when production-related operations affect recreation. The ecosystem function framework appears to be a useful approach for highlighting potential tensions and areas of mutual interest in the management of semi-natural ecosystems.     

In Vino ‘No’ Veritas: impacts of fraud on wine imports in China

China is one of the largest wine importing countries in the world and is poised for continued import growth in the future. Increased wine purchases throughout China have given rise to persistent fraud where fake wines are packaged and sold with counterfeit contents and labels. For exporting countries like France, counterfeit wines displace market share, damage foreign brand reputation, and cause distrust in consumers who are aware of counterfeiting problems throughout the country. We examine the impact of fraudulent wine events (as measured by negative media reports) on Chinese wine demand differentiated by supplying country. We employ the Rotterdam demand system and a switching regression procedure to estimate import demand and compare results across different media variable specifications. Results consistently show that negative reports disproportionately affect French wine regardless of how the media variable is specified. This is not surprising because most fraudulent events involve French wine counterfeits.     

An evaluation framework for earthquake-responsive land administration

In recent years earthquakes and their secondary hazards have claimed the largest number of lives of all large natural disasters. Some of the world’s most earthquake-prone zones are also areas of high population density. The impact is magnified by vulnerability factors including non-enforcement of building codes, knowledge gaps, urban poverty and poor governance capacity to manage and reduce earthquake risks. Poor security of land tenure and property rights increases the vulnerability of people and affects their ability to respond to natural disasters.Earthquake recovery and reconstruction provides very significant challenges for land agencies, with these challenges differing from one country to the next due to differences in the local context. Drawing on contrasting case studies in Haiti, Nepal and New Zealand this paper identifies the common post-earthquake land administration functions and challenges that may apply to many contexts. These lessons provide land agencies and other key stakeholders with a summary of the challenges an earthquake poses for land administration at different post-disaster stages. We also discuss the policy and regulatory, institutional, operational and preparedness lessons for land administration. From these lessons we propose a framework for evaluating the earthquake-responsiveness of a land administration system. This framework can be used by a land agency in an earthquake prone region, or where an earthquake has recently occurred, to assess what challenges to land administration might occur in the event of an earthquake, and the preparedness of their land administration system.     

Agrarian Poverty,Nutrition and Economic Class – A Study of Gujarat,India

This paper analyses poverty and calorific undernourishment in the Indian state of Gujarat, where high and market‐led industrial growth has resulted in rapid economic improvement. The study is carried out through a combination of secondary and survey‐based data. We conclude that the neoliberal agenda of uncontrolled, outward‐looking growth has not resulted in significant reduction of poverty or malnourishment in rural areas. Furthermore, while land ownership is officially used as a proxy for wealth distribution, class position appears a better predictor of poverty status in the rural areas than landownership per se. At the policy level, there is a need to revive the agrarian economy and create new non‐agricultural assets, and the primary focus in the state must shift to the distribution of created assets rather than a single‐minded focus on growth.     

Does sustainable agricultural growth require a system of innovation? Evidence from Ghana and Burkina Faso

This paper tests the ‘systems of innovation’ hypothesis for a selection of crops in Ghana and Burkina Faso that have shown significant growth in production over an approximately 20-year period. The question is whether such growth can only occur if supported by a system of innovation. Using two indicators (a common understanding on objectives and priorities, and a high level of interactivity), we find little evidence for the existence of anything that might be considered a high functioning system of innovation.     

Local impacts of industrial tree plantations: An empirical analysis in Indonesia across plantation types

The values ascribed to industrial tree plantations are often controversial. Hence knowledge of their perceived impacts is important for improving their integration in rural landscapes. In 2016 we conducted household surveys with 606 respondents living in villages adjacent to acacia, teak and pine plantations across three islands in Indonesia (Java, Borneo, Sumatra). Results show that perceptions toward pine and teak plantations tend to differ from those toward acacia pulpwood plantations in several ways. Pine and teak plantations are perceived to have a higher number and variety of benefits and services, a higher number of positive impacts, a better environmental record, and to present more opportunities to local people for use of plantation land and products for improving rural livelihoods. In addition, we find that villagers around acacia pulpwood plantations tend to seek economic development and infrastructure to open up remote areas, yet their expectations were often only partially met. Recommendations from our analysis include: the role of the State in plantations must be clarified and potentially reinforced; the role of institutions as intermediaries is fundamental; and contributions by communities to design of management plans should be accommodated.     

Upstream demand for water use by new tree plantations imposes externalities on downstream irrigated agriculture and wetlands*

Large‐scale tree plantations in high rainfall upstream areas can reduce fresh water inflows to river systems, thereby imposing external costs on downstream irrigation, stock and domestic water users and wetland interests. We take the novel approach of expressing all benefits and costs of establishing plantations in terms of $ per gigalitre (GL) of water removed annually from river flows, setting upstream demands on the same basis as downstream demands. For the Macquarie Valley, a New South Wales sub‐catchment of Australia’s Murray‐Darling Basin, we project changes in land and water use and changes in economic surpluses under two policy settings: without and with a policy requiring permanent water entitlements to be purchased from downstream parties, before plantation establishment. Without the policy, and given a high stumpage value for trees ($70/m³), upstream gains in economic surplus projected from expanding plantations are $639 million; balanced against $233 million in economic losses by downstream irrigators and stock and domestic water users for a net gain of $406 million, but 345 GL lower mean annual environmental flows. With the policy, smaller gains in upstream economic surplus from trees ($192 million), added to net downstream gains ($138 million) from sale of water, result in gains of $330 million with no reduction in environmental flows. Sustaining the 345 GL flow for a $76 million (406–330) reduction in gains to economic surplus may be seen to cost only $0.22 million/GL; but this is much lower than the market value of the first units of that water to agriculture and forestry.     

Underpayment of Small Producers of Coffee and Cocoa in Sierra Leone

Fieldwork shows that many Sierra Leonean producers do not receive the official producer price for their coffee and cocoa, due to the concentration of buying stations, credit relations, the small quantities offered for sale, and the lack of marketing knowledge of the numerous and unorganized farmers. To the traders underpayment may seem economically justifiable to a certain extent, but to the farmers it means poverty and debt. A new village marketing centre project aims at remedying this situation and has already led to higher prices. Although no longer allowed to take their "just" share from the producers, traders are still willing to deal with the new centres.     

Malaria incidence and agricultural efficiency in Uganda

The cost of accessing healthcare can be a major determinant of disease prevalence, which in turn has short‐ and long‐term welfare implications on poor households. In response, governments in developing countries often resort to subsidizing the cost of drugs, which, while perhaps easier to administer, may not always be the most effective way of addressing healthcare cost. In this regard, we analyze the impact of different types of household level health expenses on disease incidence and agricultural production efficiency. We use data from the 2006 Uganda National Household Survey, which covered approximately 7,400 households. The results suggest that a 10% increase in consultation, medicine, and hospitalization expenses would reduce malaria incidence respectively by 35.6%, 20.5%, and 21.3 %, which translates into a 1.1%, 0.6%, and 0.6 % decrease in agricultural inefficiency, respectively. The results indicate that helping poor households meet expenses for consultation through subsidies or eliminating consultation fees has a larger impact on malaria incidence and agricultural productivity among poor rural households than subsidizing the cost of medical drugs, the most common avenue chosen by developing country governments in the fight against the disease.