Transport Policy and Transport Tax Reform

We are now entering a new phase of transport policy fiscal instruments. Rather than reforming existing measures, the UK and several other countries are moving towards replacing the whole transport taxation regime. This article reviews the ways that car taxation is used internationally to promote fuel economy, cleaner fuels and reduce traffic growth. Fiscal measures to manage traffic growth in the UK have faced political difficulties and, since 2000, have given way to a somewhat random set of policy decisions, together with a shift in focus towards the dominant issue of congestion reduction. An eventual replacement of existing car taxation measures with a new national road user charging regime is now contemplated, but there is a danger that the confusion in purpose that now characterizes transport taxation policy could be carried over to the new regime.     

Professor Mirrlees' Contribution to Economic Policy

This paper looks at Professor Mirlees' important contribution to the theory and practice of project evaluation. Despite the apparent relevance of this work to practical policy making, the approach has had only limited application. The paper explores why the Little-Mirrlees' technique of project evaluation has been less widely used than was initially anticipated. Given this disappointing use, the paper argues that Professor Mirrlees' main contribution to economic policy lay in the powerful support his work gave to trade liberalization.     

Policy Instruments and Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Transport in the UK

‘There is now general recognition that a continuing upward trend in road traffic would not be environmentally or socially acceptable. The need is to find transport policies for the UK and Europe which will be sustainable in the long term.’ Transport and the Environment (Eighteenth Report of the Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution, 1994), para. 14.1.     

从可持续发展视角谈“整合报告”对企业价值的贡献

＂整合报告＂代表了企业报告发展的最新趋势。2010年8月,全球报告倡议组织（GRI）与威尔士王子可持续会计项目（A4S）联合成立了国际整合报告委员会（IIRC）,便旨在推动全球建立统一的整合报告框架,该框架建议企业提供一份将财务、环境、社会责任和治理信息经整合的报告,由此掀起了一场关注整合报告的热潮。本文另辟蹊径,从可持续发展理论出发,诠释了整合报告与企业价值创造和可持续发展之间的传导问题。     

The Behavioural Critique of Accounting

This note examines the implementation of the true and fair view requirement into the laws of Austria, Finland, Norway and Sweden. It builds on an earlier analysis of the 12 EU member states that had previously implemented the requirement. It is found that three of the four countries depart from the wording of the appropriate language versions of the Fourth Directive. Also, two of the countries do not implement the ‘override’, and the other two implement it in a way not done before, by reserving to the member state the specification of the allowed departures.     

论可持续发展与科技税收政策

我国要实施可持续发展战略,必须制定一整套符合可持续发展要求的税收政策--可持续发展税收.科技税收政策是可持续发展税收政策的重要内容.文章分析了我国现行的鼓励科技发展的税收措施,通过比较与借鉴国外促进可持续发展的科技措施,提出了有关建立和完善我国科技税收政策的建议.     

可持续发展与我国的税收政策选择

资源枯竭、环境污染、生态恶化等问题已成为经济社会可持续发展的严重阻碍,实施可持续发展战略成为解决经济与环境矛盾的根本方法,建立和完善我国绿色税收体系势在必行.     

External Debt, Inflation, and the Public Sector: Toward Fiscal Policy for Sustainable Growth

Which tradeoffs are involved in formulating an external debtstrategy? Should expenditure be cut to improve the current account,or will this reduce future output growth, thus undermining thebenefits of any debt reduction? Are there alternatives thatallow satisfactory output growth without jeopardizing creditworthiness?How can the necessary surplus of savings over investment bebrought about at levels of investment high enough to sustainoutput growth? Should the government contribute to the internal adjustmentby reducing its deficit? Macroeconomic targets for inflationand growth, and creditworthiness constraints on debt issue,impose restrictions on the extent to which deficits can be financed.Can the government cover the deficit within these targets andconstraints? The absence of such consistency forebodes futurepolicy change and so undermines the credibility of the adjustmentprogram. The author uses empirical work on Turkey to illustratethe interactions between fiscal deficits and the macroeconomicvariables upon which fiscal consistency hinges.     

Behavioural Finance: A Review and Synthesis

I provide a synthesis of the Behavioural finance literature over the past two decades. I review the literature in three parts, namely, (i) empirical and theoretical analyses of patterns in the cross‐section of average stock returns, (ii) studies on trading activity, and (iii) research in corporate finance. Behavioural finance is an exciting new field because it presents a number of normative implications for both individual investors and CEOs. The papers reviewed here allow us to learn more about these specific implications.     

贷款额度对政策利率变动的敏感性——来自澳大利亚的经验

本文采用澳大利亚1997年第3季度到2010年第4季度的数据,研究了不同额度贷款对利率变动的敏感性。我们的研究发现,政策利率的变化对不同额度贷款的影响不同,对中小额度贷款余额的影响较明显,而对大额贷款无显著影响。同时,相对于小额贷款,政策利率变化对中等额度贷款的影响程度更大。因此,中央银行在调整基准利率时,必须注意到各类贷款额度对利率敏感性的不同,以有效的控制信贷规模和方向。     

论促进内蒙古产业可持续发展的税收政策

内蒙古在全国具有特殊的经济地位和独立的研究内涵,它地域辽阔,资源丰富,自然条件复杂多样,经济发展潜力很大。如何围绕生态文明,使经济发展与资源、环境相协调,实现良性循环,促进经济社会健康发展,是内蒙古面临的重大课题。本文基于内蒙古特殊的区情分析了促进内蒙古产业发展的税收政策存在的问题,并提出了相应解决对策。     

论促进经济可持续发展的税收调控机制

可持续发展战略的提出虽然有了较长一段时期,但税收在可持续发展中的功能并没有引起人们足够重视。在可持续发展战略中,税收政策应该发挥其应有的重要作用。有必要调整并完善现有税收制度政策,以调节和影响市场主体的行为,调动各经济主体的积极性,激励他们走可持续发展的道路。     

开发行走向开发性金融之路

从1998始,作为我国三大政策性金融机构之一的国家开发银行,开启了由政策性银行向开发性银行的转变。这一过程的基本脉络及其机理是什么?国家开发银行总会计师刘大为用翔实的资料和数字演绎了这一过程。     

货币政策和宏观审慎政策的关联及启示——基于英格兰银行的经验

时至今日,宏观审慎政策在内涵、工具和框架等方面快速发展,不仅政策目标更加清晰,工具类型更加丰富,相关理论基础也在不断完善。作为危机后形成的新政策框架,宏观审慎政策在工具有效性、作用机制、政策框架设计及与货币政策的关系方面都还有待深入研究。特别是在制度框架中,如何考虑宏观审慎政策与货币政策的关联,合理设计政策决策框架均已成为关键。对中国而言,系统风险识别、监测与分析更加复杂、困难,需要对宏观审慎政策开展更加精细、深入研究,尤其应吸收借鉴国际经验,建立、完善适合中国的宏观审慎政策框架。基于此,本文首先对宏观审慎政策的理论基础、政策目标及工具等进行系统综述,而后从两类政策关联中涉及的三个重要问题出发,着重分析宏观审慎政策与货币政策之间关系,并分别从组织架构设计、货币政策框架改革、金融政策框架设计等方面,系统介绍了英格兰银行在货币政策和宏观审慎政策框架改革的经验,重点阐述英格兰银行如何实现理论发展与制度设计的较好融合。最后,给出我国宏观审慎政策发展的若干启示和政策建议。