农村居民点综合破碎度评价及影响因素探测*——以山东日照市为例

[目的]尝试借鉴景观格局的研究思路,对农村居民点破碎化程度进行评价及其影响因素分析,为当前"新农村建设"中合理进行土地整治提供辅助依据。[方法]充分考虑农村居民点的规模、形状和分布特征,构建了乡镇尺度上的农村居民点综合破碎度评价模型,并利用多元回归模型对其影响因素进行了分析,提出了居民点整理模式的针对性建议。[结果]以沿海平原地区——山东日照为例的研究结果表明:(1)农村居民点破碎度综合指数(FCI)能够较好地反映沿海平原地区农村居民点的空间分异特征;沿海地区FCI大于内陆地区,形成了"阶梯状"的空间分布格局。(2)多元回归模型可以较为准确地探测出破碎度影响因素;研究区FCI的显著影响因素包括距海岸线的距离、距县城的距离、坡度、道路密度等。[结论]通过分析不同等级破碎度的分布特征及其影响因素,可以为各地政府因地制宜开展土地整治、城乡协调发展和新农村建设的土地利用决策提供参考依据。     

干旱区内陆河流域农村居民点时空格局演变及影响因素

[目的]从宏观层面量化分析石羊河流域1987~2016年农村居民点空间分布格局、时空演变趋势、规模和形态结构,探究自然因素和社会经济因素对农村居民点分布变化的影响,以期为农村居民点整理提供参考依据。[方法]该文以1987年、2001年、2016年3期遥感影像目视解译提取的研究区农村居民点时空分布信息为数据源,并借助GIS空间统计分析技术、景观指数等研究方法。[结果]1987~2016年农村居民点整体空间分布格局未发生明显变化,呈低海拔、小坡度、近水系分布的空间特征,但局部集中趋势进一步加强,其中河流和城市周边是农村居民点集聚较明显的区域。农村居民点斑块复杂性减弱、破碎度降低,形态趋于规则,但由于斑块蔓延扩张引起的居民点斑块两极分化趋势加剧。农村居民点规模分异特征明显,呈小斑块高密度集聚与大斑块低密度分布的格局。[结论]石羊河流域农村居民点空间分布及演变是多种因素共同作用的结果,其中河流和地形对农村居民点分布变化的影响最为突出。     

Indicators for assessing changing landscape character of cultural landscapes in Flanders (Belgium)

The increasing pace and scale of landscape change initiated a renewed interest in cultural and heritage values of the landscape. Efforts are made in inventorying, monitoring, and evaluating landscapes, needed for developing management and conservation plans, and also new concepts emerged. Landscape character became a new paradigm, as well as time depth and landscape change trajectory or path. Also, the use of landscape indicators for describing character and assessing changes has been widely tested. In Flanders, the rich landscape diversity is degrading rapidly due to extreme urban pressure and severe fragmentation by transport infrastructures. In this study a series of spatial data layers was used to describe and map the transformation of landscape character. Historical topographical maps and orthophotomaps from different periods were used to define landscape character types, which were mapped as polygons in a GIS. Map overlaying allowed analyzing the time depth and landscape constancy. The landscape character types were used as patches for the spatial and structural analysis and defining indicators of character change. A selection of class and landscape-based landscape metrics were used as such indicators, as well as the openness of the landscape. This selection was based upon the presumed relationship between the indicator and perceivable (visual) properties relating to landscape character. The landscape indicators express change very differently and several indicators are necessary to assess changes in the landscape character.     

Impacts of fragmentation and neighbor influences on farmland conversion: A case study of the Edmonton-Calgary Corridor,Canada

Under heavy development pressure, farmland is rapidly being converted to non-agricultural uses such as houses, roads, and industrial uses. A great deal of research has investigated these farmland losses and their associated drivers. However, the existing empirical studies have neglected two important issues related to farmland conversion: spillover effects from neighboring areas and the impacts of farmland fragmentation. This study incorporates fragmentation and neighboring impacts into the farmland conversion analysis and provides new insights for the land-use/cover change literature. Empirical results indicate that increases in fragmentation further encourage farmland conversion to urban uses, but the effects are not linear with decreasing marginal influences. Land-use activities and decisions have strong spillover effects on neighboring areas. Ignoring this externality could result in biased estimates and marginal effects and thus misleading policy decisions and recommendations.     

重庆市低山丘陵区农村居民点分布格局及其影响因素

农村居民点分布格局是研究农村居民点自组织演化规律的重要内容,在一定程度上反映了人类活动与自然环境的相互作用。以研究区1∶2000土地利用现状图、地形图等资料为基础,以ArcGIS 9.3为技术平台,结合景观分析软件Fragstats3.3,选取表征农村居民点用地、规模、形状和分布的11个景观指数指标,应用空间分析法和景观指数分析法,分析了重庆市低山丘陵区农村居民点分布格局及其影响因素。结果表明:①自然条件是影响农村居民点分布格局的重要因素。随着海拔和坡度的不断增加,农村居民点用地面积和平均规模呈现出相对递减的趋势,且分布在阳坡上的多于阴坡。②农村居民点分布格局表现出不同的区域特征。丘陵区农村居民点面积大、分布密度小,其空间分布相对集中;由丘陵向低山过渡区由于微地势起伏不定,农村居民点数量多、单个居民点规模小,其空间分布集中度较低;低山区农村居民点分布比较零碎,并表现出明显的地带性特征。因此,地形地貌是构成农村居民点分布格局的基础框架并制约着农村居民点用地、规模、形状和分布特征。     

山岳风景区景观格局时空变化的比较分析

以泰山的佛爷寺和竹林寺两个山岳风景区为研究对象,采用1986年和2004年两期的遥感数据,研究了两个风景区1980年代中期以来景观格局的时空变化特征以及人类活动对景观格局演变的影响。在分析景观多样性、优势度、均匀度、破碎度、扩展度、伸张度指数时间变化的基础上,对景观的空间格局变化趋势进行了对比分析。研究结果表明,两个景区的斑块数量、面积和斑块密度的变化差异明显;两个地区的景观扩展度均远大于1,说明斑块形状不规则。占据优势的森林类型18年来并未遭受严重破坏,两个景区优势度、均匀度变化趋势基本相似,佛爷寺风景区的破碎度远远高于竹林寺,也表明景区建设等人为干扰是景观格局发生变化的主要驱动力。     

基于遥感影像的城市景观格局变化分析

利用徐州市主城区1990～2005年间四期Landsat TM遥感数据及其它相关非遥感数据,通过处理获取主城区景观空间结构信息和景观格局的各种指数、景观类型转移矩阵和景观演变动态度来定量测评主城区的景观结构在时间维和空间维上的演变。研究结果表明,徐州主城区景观类型格局发生了很大改变。建设用地呈逐步增加的趋势;而以耕地面积呈逐步下降的态势;林地、水体和未利用地变化呈起伏状态,幅度较小,总体上没有太大变化;徐州市主城区景观破碎度增大、优势度指数降低、整体分维数略有增加,城市景观格局趋于复杂化、破碎化和多元化。     

The impact of exurban development on forested areas in Kurgan City,Russia

Exurban communities—a significant form of urban sprawl—can transform natural land cover. Exurban development refers to an expansion of communities located outside a city and its suburbs. One of the main reasons these settlements develop is a desire by residents to live closer to nature and developers’ recognition of the profitability of addressing this desire. Additionally, exurbs can become prosperous regions settled by people with high income. However, exurban development not only directly affects community patterns, but also species patterns, habitat reduction and disconnection, as well as land cover and land use alterations. The purpose of this paper is a quantitative analysis of the land cover transformation and forest fragmentation in Post-Soviet Russia, based on an empirical case study of the city of Kurgan. This case study also contributes to the overall research of urban sprawl in Russian provinces by adding to the discussion of homeowners’ behavior, regional environmental policies, and their role concerning the impacts of exurban settlements on the natural environment. This paper uses remote sensing imagery, census data, and primary data to analyze land cover change due to the emergence of exurban communities around Kurgan, Russia, with specific emphasis on the changes to native vegetation resulting from human behavior and stakeholder preferences.     

基于AHP的四川秦巴山区人居环境的评价体系构建及应用研究

四川秦巴山区是我国连片贫困地区之一,在国家扶贫攻坚政策背景下,对四川秦巴山区人居环境进行评价具有重要意义。在归纳国内城市人居环境评价指标体系的基础上,提出建立四川秦巴山区人居环境评价的原则、指标以及评价方法。运用AHP层次分析法,从居住建设、生态环境和社会经济三大方面提出了26个单项指标,在区县层面对人居环境的建设水平和满意度两方面进行了对比评价,得出四川秦巴山区人居环境整体处于中等偏下水平,其中居住建设和社会经济因素得分较低,生态环境因素得分较高。评价结论可以为四川秦巴山区后续人居环境建设提供科学依据,为贫困地区人居环境评价提供参考。     

近40年来中国农地细碎化研究进展与展望

研究目的:总结近40年中国农地细碎化研究的重点进展,展望未来研究趋势和重点关注方向,以期促进农地资源可持续利用。研究方法:文献计量法,归纳演绎法。研究结果:(1)近40年中国农地细碎化研究受社会经济背景及政策导向影响,可分为3个阶段;(2)研究内容集中在农地细碎化的概念与内涵、测度与评价、成因与效应、治理措施与路径等方面;(3)研究方法由定性探讨向定量评价转变,研究视角及尺度相对独立,亟待耦合性研究。研究结论:(1)农地细碎化内涵包括物理属性(地块)、空间格局(景观)和社会属性(产权)3个层面;(2)受自然、社会、经济、制度、历史背景等多维要素交互共同作用,区域农地细碎化主导成因不尽相同;⑶因研究区背景、研究尺度及视角不同,学术界关于农地细碎化效应方向、强度等存在争议,既存在积极影响,也存在消极影响;(4)未来农地细碎化研究需要在多学科交叉、理论与实践相结合、多维评价指标体系构建、多源数据库建设、农地细碎化治理与乡村振兴联动等方面开展研究。     

The Scops owl (Otus scops) under human-induced environmental change pressure

Biodiversity is declining across Europe. Modern agricultural practices, habitat fragmentation, land abandonment and climate change are key factors causing current trends in environmental change. Mobile organisms such as raptors, positioned high in the food chain, are good indicators of negative or positive landscape dynamics, since their response is fast. This assumption was tested by investigating the Scops Owl (Otus scops) population in a traditional Central European cultural landscape (Goričko Nature Park [GNP]) in Slovenia. The negative trend in male calling Scops Owls was correlated with static and dynamic environmental change variables derived from remotely sensed or field-based, multi-temporal data sources. Key geospatial predictors were identified and used for bird calling and breeding (C&B) suitability modelling. All geospatial models developed predicted a decline in C&B suitability (even by 33%) in almost all areas where the bird is currently active. However, the NE part of the GNP could achieve better C&B conditions for theScops Owl in the coming years (a potential 36% increase in suitability). Predictions indicate that more effort and action, to conserve the Scops Owl in the study area should be implemented in the N, NE and E part of the hilly GNP. Our results are thus highly applicable not just for decision makers in this protected area but rather in all areas across the Scops Owl’s continental population, since the methodology is easily replicable and transferable.     

崇明东部土地利用变化及景观格局分析

本文选择崇明东部为研究区域,利用GIS和RS技术对1988、1997年和2005年卫片和航片进行了提取、分类和分析,并计算了景观格局指数,分析了近20年来土地利用及景观格局变化.结果表明:耕地基本没有变化,河流水体、农村居民点等不断增加,潮滩大大减少,城镇发展缓慢,随着人类活动程度的加剧,景观多样性稍有下降,均匀度上升...     

基于ESDA模型的石漠化地区景观破碎化时空演变研究

［目的］为探究花江示范区景观破碎化的时空动态特征。［方法］研究基于2000—2017年5期时间序列影像获得的一级景观类型的土地覆盖数据,运用探索性空间数据分析（ESDA）模型、景观指数和主成分分析法对景观破碎化的时空变化特征及空间聚集演变规律进行分析。［结果］（1）花江示范区景观破碎化程度在时间跨度上呈缓解趋势,但整体上仍以中度和高度等级为主,其面积占区域总面积的50％以上,在空间格局上呈现出区域差异,中度等级在各个村组都有较多分布,高度等级主要集中分布在峡谷村、查尔岩村和银洞湾村。（2）花江示范区景观破碎化空间分布聚集现象显著,其差异随时间推移逐渐增大,两极化不断增强,且景观破碎化的空间异质性及复杂性增高。（3）脆弱的喀斯特环境及人类活动强度成为景观破碎化的自然和人为因素,石漠化综合治理工程分布区的景观破碎化状况有了一定的好转,而大部分仍处于较低水平,石漠化治理措施力度还远远不够。［结论］研究结果为花江示范区景观格局优化、生态环境保护及可持续发展提供理论依据和决策参考。研究采用探索性空间数据分析（ESDA）模型对研究区的景观破碎化进行空间聚集演变分析,研究表明,其在景观空间相关性研究中具有很好的适用性。     

基于聚落—坡耕地—果园空间耦合的三峡库区腹地人—地—业多样性分析

[目的]探讨中国山区乡村农业景观空间耦合关系有利于解析乡村系统中人—地—业发展变化及状态，对于深刻认识山区农业体制的变化及其土地资源管理和规划具有重要意义。[方法]文章选择三峡库区腹地奉节县为研究区，通过建立聚落—坡耕地—果园空间耦合地理机制，以“空间数量比例—空间布局结构—空间功能结构”范式，从全局和局部景观视角剖析山区聚落—坡耕地—果园空间发展模式，以揭示研究区人—地—业多样性。[结果]（1）研究区的聚落—坡耕地—果园空间耦合有6种类型：低低低—较分散型、高低高—较分散型、高低高—较集中型、高高低—较分散型、高高低—较集中型和高高高—较集中型，各类型的空间分布差异显著。（2）研究区聚落—坡耕地—果园空间发展模式有聚落与坡耕地分散增长型、聚落与果园分散增长型、聚落与坡耕地集中发展型、聚落与果园集中发展型和聚落、坡耕地、果园集中发展型；这些模式其分别对应着研究区的人与地较协调发展、人与业较协调发展、人与地协调发展、人与业协调发展和人、地、业协调发展关系。（3）聚落—坡耕地—果园各空间耦合类型在自然因素中受高程、地形起伏度综合影响最大，在经济社会因素中受距县城中心距离、经济密度综合影响最...     

The Index of Function Suitability (IFS): A new tool for assessing the capacity of landscapes to provide amenity functions

Integrating social demands into landscape management has been proven difficult because of a lack of suitable measures. In order to address this issue this article describes the development of the Index of Function Suitability (IFS). This offers an integrated conceptual tool for incorporating social demands into landscape management. The IFS links preferences to land cover spatial patterns as it uses quantitative indicators for gauging differences between the preferred landscape patterns by users, for a certain activity related to an amenity function (e.g. hunting), and the land cover patterns of a given rural area (either at the present or from scenarios developed for the future). Introducing the measurement of the difference between the preferred spatial patterns and the landscape patterns occurring in a given landscape is a fundamental conceptual development represented in the IFS. By using the same set of indicators to quantify different land cover patterns, the IFS gauges quantitatively the differences between their spatial patterns, thus providing landscape managers with an indication of the suitability of changing land covers to support the selected amenity functions. In this paper, the conceptual aspects, as well as the methodological steps of the IFS were explained and further applied to one empirical case study in the Alentejo region of Portugal. This paper also examines both the strengths and weaknesses of the IFS approach along with a discussion for improvement.     

耕地细碎化对农户家庭兼业化的影响及机制

研究目的：探讨耕地细碎化对农户家庭兼业化的影响及机制,为推动土地适度规模化经营和保障农民收入提供决策参考。研究方法：基于全国农村固定观察点2009—2020年的12期面板数据,采用随机森林模型筛选变量,实证检验了耕地细碎化对农户家庭兼业化程度的影响及机制。研究结果：（1）耕地细碎化显著促进了农户家庭兼业化。经过一系列稳健性检验后,该结论依旧成立。（2）机制检验结果表明,耕地细碎化可以通过提高农业生产成本、降低种植业收入影响农户家庭兼业化程度。（3）异质性分析发现,耕地细碎化对农户家庭兼业化的促进作用在二兼农户、“离农”氛围浓郁以及位于丘陵山区的村庄中更为突出。研究结论：应从推动土地适度规模化经营、促进种植业生产节本增效以及因地制宜保障农户差异化生计需求等方面破解耕地细碎零散、农户分化延缓的问题,从而推动农业现代化发展,保障国家粮食安全。     

Impact of land ownership and altitude on biodiversity evaluated by indicators at the landscape level in Central Italy

This study analyzed the ecological role of agroecosystems in maintaining landscape diversity and sustainability using selected indicators and indexes in Central Italy. The study focuses on analysing ecological systems at the landscape level to assess the environmental sustainability in terms of land cover composition and diversity. We used geographical information systems, landscape fragmentation and heterogeneity to determine the ecotone types and patch characteristics and gather useful information based on ownership (private and public areas) and altitude (plain, hilly, and mountain areas).The results showed that private areas had major landscape heterogeneity, which increased both the presence of ecotones and land cover diversification. There was a higher level of landscape heterogeneity and land cover diversification in plain and hilly areas, where agriculture was mostly present. There was also an increase of margins and/or hedgerows. Publicly owned areas generally had permanent land cover types, such as woods and pastures with low human influence, that induce biodiversity conservation. Privately owned areas were mainly characterized by cultivated land with high human influence that requires careful biodiversity management. However, most important ecological structures, such as ecotones, occurred where human land use intensity was at its highest level (plain-hilly areas and private ownership areas), and this could help to maintain and increase the biodiversity of the agricultural landscape. In Central Italy, there is an acceptable level of landscape sustainability achieved by integrating both private and public types of management.     

A cellular automata-based land-use model as an integrated spatial decision support system for urban planning in developing cities: The case of the Bogotá region

Bogotá and the 17 neighboring municipalities make up one of the biggest metropolitan areas in Latin America. However, despite strong functional interactions within the area, there is no official government body at this level in charge of coordinating authorities and providing solutions to the wide variety of issues arising in the regional urban land system. Aiming at providing an insight on future land-use developments linked to new transport infrastructures and at offering a tool to support territorial decision-making, this paper presents a cellular automata-based (CA) model based in Metronamica® software, that allows testing different scenarios based on potential land-use policies, environmental suitability and transport alternatives.There has not been, so far, an urban planning tool that accounts for the complexities of this region. CA-based land-use simulations constitute a useful approach to understanding the impacts of urban planning policies and regulations. This tool can help to improve inter-territorial and inter-institutional coordination, which through planning and management policies seek a spatially integrated development, with a long-term perspective.The CA-based model proposed was calibrated to reproduce land-use changes between 2007 and 2016 using different methods and indicators. The model was used to simulate and analyze eight scenarios with different policy directions of transport infrastructure in the future of the region. The results of the simulations reflect the dynamics of territorial occupation. The calibration indices in the experiment indicate a high degree of suitability for the CA Bogotá model, proving its effectiveness and potential as a useful tool for decision-making. The results show that occupation scenarios with restricted developable zones within the city, tend to have the greater dispersion rate in the study area, compared to scenarios where land development plans are promoted in Bogotá, which representing a more compact development.     

大兴安岭北部地区紫貂冬季生境评价

2013年11月-2015年12月,运用样线法调查了黑龙江双河国家级自然保护区紫貂的分布和生境,基于3S技术,利用最大熵模型,对研究区域的紫貂生境进行了评价,结果表明:适宜生境面积为26033hm~2,占总面积的29.3%;不适宜生境面积为62816hm~2,占总面积的70.7%;主要道路、居民点及海拔对紫貂生境质量影响显著。     

新宾县乡村聚落景观格局对于水源涵养的影响

[目的]文章通过对新宾县乡村聚落分布特征、景观格局和土壤侵蚀特征进行分析,探讨乡村聚落布局对水源涵养功能的影响程度和方向。[方法]以1992年、2001年、2010年新宾县卫片为基础,结合土地利用现状以及统计年鉴等社会经济资料,分析乡村聚落分布存在的问题。运用GIS空间分析功能、景观指数对乡村聚落分布特征进行分析,并应用spss软件对土壤侵蚀情况和乡村聚落规模进行相关性分析。[结果]新宾县乡村聚落呈现出平均斑块面积较小,南杂木镇平均斑块面积最大,为3.07hm~2/个;木奇镇平均斑块面积最小,为1.97hm~2。斑块数多永陵镇斑块个数最多,为473个,表明其破碎度较高;斑块个数最少的是响水河子乡,为97个。人均用地面积超标,人均建设用地面积305m~2/人,超出规定的150m~2/人、平均斑块分维数小均在1.16以下,接近于1,斑块具有一的稳定性稳定,分散度较大。土壤侵蚀情况与乡村聚落规模、人口密度在置信度为0.01的情况下相关性显著,并且呈正相关。[结论]新宾县乡村聚落图斑破碎化严重,布局比较分散;土壤侵蚀情况随着距离的增加呈现出递减的趋势;乡村聚落规模越大侵蚀情况越严重。