Local impacts of industrial tree plantations: An empirical analysis in Indonesia across plantation types

The values ascribed to industrial tree plantations are often controversial. Hence knowledge of their perceived impacts is important for improving their integration in rural landscapes. In 2016 we conducted household surveys with 606 respondents living in villages adjacent to acacia, teak and pine plantations across three islands in Indonesia (Java, Borneo, Sumatra). Results show that perceptions toward pine and teak plantations tend to differ from those toward acacia pulpwood plantations in several ways. Pine and teak plantations are perceived to have a higher number and variety of benefits and services, a higher number of positive impacts, a better environmental record, and to present more opportunities to local people for use of plantation land and products for improving rural livelihoods. In addition, we find that villagers around acacia pulpwood plantations tend to seek economic development and infrastructure to open up remote areas, yet their expectations were often only partially met. Recommendations from our analysis include: the role of the State in plantations must be clarified and potentially reinforced; the role of institutions as intermediaries is fundamental; and contributions by communities to design of management plans should be accommodated.     

Analysis of the potential socio-economic impact of establishing plantation forestry on rural communities in Sanga district,Niassa province,Mozambique

This study assesses the livelihoods of rural households in a proposed green field forestry area located in Sanga district of Niassa province, Mozambique. The livelihood analysis was used to analyze potential socio-economic impacts of introducing forest plantations to rural households located within the proposed afforestation area. The study made use of household interviews, key informant interviews and secondary data. The sustainable livelihoods framework was used in the research process to develop the household questionnaire and to identify livelihood strategies. Data were analyzed using 331 household questionnaires collected throughout the proposed afforestation area in various communities in the study area. Findings from the study indicated that there is minimal wealth gaps between rural households; but that the introduction of the forestry industry and the subsequent employment created thereof may result in larger wealth gaps between wage earning and non-wage earning households. The study further concludes by linking the potential socio-economic impacts with mitigation recommendations that could be harmonized with FSC Standard requirements for forestry companies interested in developing a forest industry in the study area.     

Notions of justice in payments for ecosystem services: Insights from China's Sloping Land Conversion Program in Yunnan Province

China's Sloping Land Conversion Program (SLCP) pays millions of farmers to convert cropland in upper watersheds to tree plantations. It is considered one of the world's largest payments for ecosystem services (PES) scheme for its reliance on financial incentives. This paper examines the outcomes of the SLCP by way of a case study from the Yangliu watershed in Yunnan province. It focuses on the notions of justice embedded in state policy and held by villagers and local state officials in order to understand the observed outcomes in terms of people's participation in the implementation of the SLCP, land use changes and livelihood effects. Villagers, local state officials, and state policy share a primary concern about distributive justice despite significant differences in their specific notions. The shared concern underlies the villagers’ positive reactions to the SLCP, which among other factors, have led to the intended expansion of tree plantations and a livelihood transition in Yangliu since 2003. The insights from Yangliu suggest the need to consider justice for a fuller understanding of the dynamics and outcomes of the SLCP and other PES schemes worldwide as the notions of justice applied by the involved actors may influence land use and livelihood dynamics in addition to the other factors considered in research this far.     

Trees,agroforestry and multifunctional agriculture in Cameroon

Modern agriculture has deprived local communities in the tropics of their natural life-support system—the forest resource and the traditional knowledge about indigenous species—and this has not been replaced by employment opportunities or social services. This project in the west and northwest regions of Cameroon takes an innovative three-step approach to improving the lives of local people by establishing rural resource centres (RRCs) to: (i) Rehabilitate degraded land and promote food security through the use of nitrogen-fixing trees to restore crop yields and then the diversification of the farming system with new crops; (ii) Create income generation opportunities from village tree nurseries and the domestication of indigenous fruits and nuts for local and regional trade. Income is rising annually and currently averages $150, $16,000 and $21,000 per RRC after 2, 5 and 10 years, respectively; (iii) Encourage the processing and marketing of food crops and tree products in order to create employment and entrepreneurial opportunities for community members. Income is currently $2400 per enterprise. The project's philosophy is one of helping smallholder farming communities to help themselves: first to become self-sufficient and economically independent, and then to be a hub for the dissemination of knowledge and skills to neighbouring communities.     

农村 “三权”抵押贷款融资对农户生计策略的影响基于重庆城乡统筹试验区5区县562户调查数据

目的 农村“三权”抵押贷款融资会改变农户生计资本的储量和组合形式,从而使得农户的生计策略发生变化,进而影响其生计结果。研究农村“三权”抵押贷款融资对农户生计策略的影响,为政府更好地精准扶贫,完善农村金融创新制度提供实证依据,具有必要性和现实意义。方法 文章以重庆城乡统筹试验区5个县（市、区）562户农户问卷为样本数据,通过建立Probit回归模型来分析农村“三权”抵押贷款融资对农户生计策略的影响。结果 农村“三权”抵押贷款融资政策实施后,研究区农户务农的比例下降,当地打工的比例有所上升,外出打工和个体经营成为他们的主要生计策略;参与农村“三权”抵押贷款融资的农户进行务农和外出打工的概率显著低于没有参与的农户;参与农村“三权”抵押贷款融资农户进行当地打工和个体经营的概率显著高于没有参与的农户。结论 当地政府在继续推广农村“三权”抵押贷款融资的同时,应帮助农户了解和认知参与农村“三权”抵押贷款融资的相关政策,提高农户“三权”抵押贷款融资的参与度,并且对“三权”抵押贷款机制进行拓展,使其能够用于更多的产业发展,为农户提供更多的当地就业机会;同时,当地政府应加强致力于教育发展和大力度营造良好的外部基础设施环境,并利用当地区域产业优势资源合理引导农户寻求适合自身情况的生计发展模式,实现农户脱贫致富及其生计可持续发展。     

家庭禀赋对山区农户林业相关生计策略的影响研究

基于浙江省山区315户农户的调查数据,描述了山区农户的生计策略、不同类型农户的家庭禀赋、收入水平及来源,运用mlogit模型就家庭禀赋对山区农户林业相关生计策略的影响进行实证分析。结果表明:家庭禀赋对山区农户林业相关生计策略具有显著影响;在人力资本指标中,劳动力人数、劳动力平均健康程度对农户选择林业专业化型、林业补充型、生计多样化型生计策略具有一定的正向影响;劳动力平均受教育程度对选择林业补充型生计策略有显著的正向影响;在自然资本指标中,林地面积对农户选择林业专业化型生计策略具有正向影响;耕地面积则对于林业补充型生计策略的选择具有正向影响;在社会资本指标中,家族能人数量对于农户选择林业专业化型、林业补充型、生计多样化型具有显著的正向影响。因此,提出促进非农就业,鼓励自主创业;充分利用自然资本;加强山区农户的人力资本建设等建议。     

Resource connectivity for beneficial insects in landscapes dominated by monoculture tree crop plantations

Homogenization of agricultural landscapes affects ecological processes and biodiversity and can affect the community composition of ecosystem service providers. These effects can have particular impact in landscapes dominated by monocultures of pollinator-dependent tree crop plantations, which create both spatial and temporal homogeneity at the landscape scale. I looked for associations between the proportion of nearby unmanaged vegetation and potential wild pollinator groups collected within flowering almond orchards in two types of landscape. In the Complex landscape, characterized by a heterogeneous mosaic of multiple crops, semi-natural grassland and natural woodland, insect pollinator groups were not associated with unmanaged vegetation. In the Simple landscape, dominated by monoculture almond plantations, most pollinator groups showed positive relationships with the two unmanaged vegetation types (grassland and woodland). In particular, all wild bee and all but one hoverfly individual were found in remnant native vegetation patches within almond plantations, rather than within rows of almond trees. More research is necessary to identify how structural differences created in monoculture landscapes, between crops and the native vegetation they encroach on, influence ecological communities and the provision of ecosystem services.     

Community forests for forest communities: Integrating community-defined goals and practices in the design of forestry initiatives

Community forestry can deliver economic, socio-cultural, and ecological benefits to rural communities, yet criticisms have arisen that community forestry remains dominated by the decision-making of offsite experts and management techniques inappropriate for some communities. We use a case study approach to ascertain the needs, wants, and current realities of selected forest communities in Brazil and Mexico, to inform bottom-up approaches to community interventions. In identifying community-defined goals, we found that other livelihood strategies, particularly agricultural practices, need to be better integrated in the planning of forestry interventions overly focused on timber production. Site-specific intervention models need to take into account the variety of contexts and community interests, rather than replicating models that have been successful in other jurisdictions. A better understanding of local perspectives can aid in the design of community forestry interventions brought by conservation and development agencies, by adding an important and under-studied perspective to the problems that face community forestry.     

基于PSO的PPE模型的民生评价研究——吉林森工集团178户职工的调查数据

利用基于PSO(粒子群优化算法)构建的PPE(投影寻踪评价)模型,运用吉林森工集团泉阳、湾沟、三岔子3个林业局178户林业职工的调查数据,根据实证分析的计算结果对吉林森工集团3个林业局民生状况进行全面综合评价,以期对该区域的民生水平进行有效的检测。在研究结果的基础上,对吉林森工集团3个林业局的民生发展提出需要狠抓林区经济社会发展整体水平、加大教育投入力度、提高林区职工的就业质量、提升林区整体社会保障等公共服务水平、打造精品小区等相关对策建议。     

Loss of land and livelihoods from mining operations: A case in the Limpopo Province,South Africa

Loss or degradation of communal lands can have major implications for people’s livelihoods and well-being in rural underdeveloped areas. Mining operations are one driver of land loss with negative implications for people. This study assesses the livelihood effects of open-cast mining on a rural communal land village that lost 8 000 ha of land and compares it to another village nearby that did not. The results suggest that the loss of land and the ecosystem services they provide has negatively affected people’s livelihood strategies and outcomes. On average, only 23 % of households in the affected village had crop fields compared to an adjacent village, that did not lose land to the mine, where 90 % of households had a crop field. This accounts for substantial losses in income through agriculture, both as cash earnings and savings, and negatively affects household food security. As a result of the mine the affected community has also lost access to grazing, and now many households must pay to graze their livestock in other areas. Furthermore, the option to harvest several key natural resources (provisioning services) or non-timber forest products (NTFPs) such as wild fruits and vegetables, edible insects, fuelwood, and to a lesser extent resources like reeds and medicinal plants were lost due to the mine, negatively impacting local livelihoods. NTFPs are important for rural livelihoods as they allow for cash saving, income generation and act as a safety net or fall-back option during times of increased vulnerability. The findings also give a good indication of changes in agriculture and resource use over time and the varying reasons for this. Other negative effects from the mine included; cracking of houses due to blasting, dust pollution, water contamination, social and cultural effects, community alterations and conflicts, and very little was seen to be gained in terms of employment through Social Labour Plans (SLPs) or corporate social responsibility (CSR) initiatives. Households in the village affected by the mine lose approximately R 15 000 per year through losses of agricultural potential and the ability to collect NTFPs, which is larger than the annual cash incomes for most households. This value is likely to be an underestimate of the total value lost, as reductions in grazing potential and the loss of supporting, regulating and cultural ecosystem services were not included in this figure. This study highlights the importance of considering land access and associated land-based livelihoods in rural communal land areas in the context of disturbance and change. Recommendations for future assessments and policy on compensation for rural communities are made and issues relating to CSR are discussed.     

服务经济趋势下中国林业服务贸易的潜力分析

基于服务经济的发展趋势及其贸易表现,对后工业化时代中国林业服务贸易的发展潜力分析,研究结果表明:中国林业服务贸易具有较大的发展潜力;林业研究与实验发展服务、林业工程设计服务、生态旅游服务、教育服务等都是中国未来可以获取贸易比较优势的林业服务;林业服务贸易仍属于传统的产业发展方式;国内外市场尚未充分开发;政府、行业扶持力度持续加大。因此,中国林业服务贸易应循序渐进、分阶段发展。     

伊春市林业产业发展的思考

发展林业产业是促进林区经济结构调整、创造更多的就业机会、增加林区人民收入的必然选择,也是实施以生态立市、产业兴市发展战略的客观要求。针对伊春市产业发展现状、制约因素和存在的问题进行了初步分析,提出了该市林业产业发展的基本思路和建议。     

“林业-旅游”生态产业链构建研究

首先,在林业产业链和旅游产业链相关理论基础上,结合森林旅游发展现状,提出"林业-旅游"生态产业链的理念和理想模型。然后,分析了该产业链对农户可能产生的功能作用:增加就业机会,保持社会稳定;合理优化资源配置,实现资源价值最大化;提高农产品附加值,促进农户收益增加;鼓励农户亲环境行为,促进生态宜居实现。最后,提出提高农户适应产业链发展的保障体系:建立政策保障体系,为提高农户适应性提供明确的制度指引;建立经济保障体系,为提高农户适应性提供稳定的财政扶持;建立服务保障体系,为提高农户适应性提供良好的外部环境;建立信息保障体系,为提高农户适应性提供便捷的资讯网络。     

Small town urbanization in Western China: Villager resettlement and integration in Xi’an

This paper investigates land-related resettlement and integration institutions and policies in small town urbanization from the perspective of affected villagers, focusing on their socioeconomic opportunities and life transformation. Based on the conceptual discourse on rural-urban societal differences, institutional boundaries, and resource redistribution, it examines the process and outcomes of rural villagers’ transformation under land-related local policies and the market, and articulates affected villagers’ viewpoints regarding compensation, resettlement, and integration. By the case of three small towns in metropolitan Xi’an, the paper discusses educational attainments and occupations, household earnings, income compositions, home-workplace commuting patterns and modes, social security programs, and attitudes towards land acquisition and resettlement. The study calls for villager-centered hybrid governance for humanistic planning and management of resettlement communities in small town urbanization.     

林业发展与社会主义新农村建设

发展林业可以促进农村生产力的发展,促进农村的生态建设和生态环境的改善,增加农民的收入、调整农村产业结构,也可以扩大农村人口的就业,对新农村的建设起到了积极的作用。同时,社会主义新农村建设也给林业发展带来了新的机遇。发展社区林业有利于林业三大效益协调发展;促进农业、牧业与林业的相互渗透;有利于保护土著居民的文化整体性等,在新农村建设中发挥巨大的作用。     

非农就业对农户农地价值预期的影响研究——来自CHFS的实证分析

目的 在我国农村人口非农就业转移进程不断加深背景下,非农就业活动改变了农户家庭与农地之间的依附关系,研究非农就业活动对农户农地价值预期的影响,既有助于理解农地价值形成机理,又对推进我国农业农村现代化具有重要意义。方法 文章基于2015年中国家庭金融调查（CHFS）农户层面的微观数据,以耕地作为农地的代表,采用OLS回归模型和中介效应模型实证分析非农就业对农户农地价值预期的影响。结果 非农就业并未降低农户对农地的依赖、减少耕地要素投入,相反非农就业增强了土地替代要素的投入、激发了农户农转非的资本积累需求,从而导致农户提高了农地的价值预期。结论 （1）我国农户的非农就业转移并未完成,亟需创新和完善农村土地流转机制;（2）农地依旧是农户生存的重要保证,需积极支撑或培育专业化农业生产性服务业和智能化农业机械制造业的发展,弥补农业劳动力非农转移带来的负面效应,加快推进我国农业农村现代化。     

黑龙江国有林区林业产业生态系统构建及效能评价

基于生态系统及产业生态系统的内涵对林业产业生态系统进行界定,并尝试从生产者企业、消费者企业和分解者企业3个层面构建黑龙江国有林区林业产业生态系统,运用DEA方法以2012年和2013年黑龙江国有林区所辖4个林管局为对象进行产业生态系统效能对比分析。结果表明:在产业经济方面,2012年伊春林业管理局、牡丹江林业管理局和合江林业管理局处于相对有效状态,2013年全部处于相对有效状态;在环境方面,2012年仅有松花江林业管理局达到了相对有效状态,但由于环境指标为负向的,即松花江林业管理局在投入一定的情况下,其对环境的影响相对较大,2013年仅有合江林业管理局没有处于有效状态。基于分析结果及2012年与2013年相关指标值的对比分析为未来黑龙江国有林区林业产业建设提出经济与生态共生、产业结构调整;实现循环经济、构建产业生态系统;达到产业经济、社会和生态的耦合等建议。     

林业产业结构调整与主导产业识别——江西省的实证分析

以2005年的统计数据为依据,对江西省林业产业结构进行了一般分析,运用修正后的区位商指标对该省的13个主要林业产业部门进行了比较优势分析,从而识别出该省具有8个地方化优势林业产业部门和1个二级林业主导产业部门。并对江西未来林业主导产业部门的选择提出建议,对于江西林业产业政策的制定和未来的发展,具有一定的参考意义。     

Facing the gap: exploring research on local knowledge of insect-provided services in agroecosystems

Sustainable agroecosystems must be managed to support biodiversity conservation and food production, which occur at the interface of regional/national policy frameworks, and local knowledge and perspectives. This paper examines the current breadth of research examining farmer knowledge of beneficial insect activities that provide ecosystem services (or benefits) in agroecosystems. We identify patterns and gaps in the literature and opportunities for future research. We found 34 studies that explicitly focused on and documented local knowledge of how insect taxa provided ecosystem services in agroecosystems, the majority of which were immediately observable in farmers’ daily practice: pest control (n?=?26), pollination (n?=?4). We suggest that there is a need for greater investigation of local knowledge of the breadth of ecosystem services provided by insects and identify key research areas that are opportunities for investigation.     

基于区位商法的黑龙江省林业产业集群的测度

采用区位商法,从中观层面测度黑龙江省林业产业集群的聚集程度。首先运用产值区位商和就业区位商法,测度黑龙江全省的林业产业集群的聚集程度,发现目前黑龙江省的林业产业已经初步形成了集群态势,但是整体的产业集群的发展效应不太明显。其次,运用产值区位商法,对黑龙江省各地市(区)的林业产业集群程度进行测度,发现在黑龙江省的大兴安岭地区、伊春、鹤岗、牡丹江等地,林业产业集群的发展已经具有相当的规模,成效明显。最后,提出了未来黑龙江省林业产业集群发展的战略思路,应该以大兴安岭和伊春等地区作为龙头区域,以木制品的精深加工业和森林食品产业等作为龙头产业,充分发挥黑龙江省各地市(区)的优势,进行合理的林业产业集群发展的区域布局,建设生态林业产业园区,构建林业各产业之间的生态循环型共生产业群落。