Audience involvement and film tourism experiences: Emotional places, emotional experiences

This study attempted to investigate the extent to which audience involvement or engagement with a serialised TV drama affects their actual on-site film tourism experiences at its former filmed locations. As an empirical study, an on-site survey was conducted at Daejanggeum Theme Park, the main filmed location of Jewel in the Palace, known in Korean as Daejanggeum, in Yangjoo, South Korea. The results indicated that audience’s emotional and behavioural involvement was the main driver that positively affected their on-site film tourism experiences. Cognitively oriented audience involvement including cognitive interaction and critical reflection, however, was not considered as one of the major vehicles to construct and influence audience viewing experiences and their subsequent on-site film tourism experiences. The results also identified that the more emotional involvement audience develops through viewing the TV drama, the greater the likelihood of them visiting film tourism locations.     

中国城市居民旅游需求函数的实证研究

旅游需求问题是旅游研究的核心问题之一,中国居民旅游需求函数是旅游需求问题研究的基础,旅行成本模型广泛地被用于估计居民旅游需求函数。文章基于停留时间内生的旅行成本模型,在考虑游客动态出游行为的情形下,使用中国39个城市2000~2007年间国内旅游抽样调查数据,采用广义矩估计方法对中国居民旅游需求函数进行了估计。研究表明,旅行成本、时间成本和居民收入是影响居民旅游需求的关键因素;旅游需求收入弹性的绝对值大于旅行成本弹性的绝对值,城市旅游产业发展的居民收入激励政策较之于成本竞争策略更有效;旅游需求的旅行成本弹性和时间成本弹性差异显著,减少旅行成本政策较之于缩短旅行时间政策更能提高城市的旅游收入;旅游需求和停留时间的影响因素存在异同,扩大旅游需求和延长停留时间的选择面临"两难",但也可"两顾"。     

Environmental psychology and tourism

The relationship between environmental psychology and tourism is outlined. Relevant research from environmental and social psychology is reviewed and implications for understanding tourism behavior are discussed. A five-phase recreation travel framework is applied to tourism and socioenvironmental processes are discussed for each phase. The five phases are anticipation, travel to the destination, on-site behavior, return travel, and recollection. Topics discussed include proxemics, environmental perception, environmental imagery, behavior settings, perceived authenticity, and secondary explorations. Some future research questions are suggested for each tourism phase.     

基于人工神经网络的国际入境旅游需求的定量分析与预测--以日本对香港的国际旅游需求分析为例

旅游需求预测研究研究一直是旅游学研究的一个重要课题。本文尝试用人工神经网络模型的的3层BP模型来仿真模拟国际入境旅游需求，并以日本对香港的国际旅游需求为例进行模型验证。其输入层结点为SP、FR、POP、GDE、AH、MK，旅客量为输出节点，得出3层前馈反向传播神经网络模型。最后将模拟结果与目前常用的几种模型利用相同的数据源进行对比，最后发现人工神经网络模型模拟结果与目前常用的几种模型利用相同的数据源进行模拟的结果进行对比，最后发现人工神经网络模型的模拟结果与实际情况最为逼近。     

Inspiring awe through tourism and its consequence

Awe is a positive emotion of particular relevance for tourism, although thorough studies of its behavioural outcomes are rare. This research investigated the experience of awe accessed through tourism and its influence on environmentally responsible behaviour (ERB). Three studies, including an on-site survey and two experimental studies across different populations, were conducted to test our theory and proposed hypotheses. Our results show that by diminishing the emphasis on the individual self, evoking awe through tourism experiences may encourage people to conduct ERB. The robustness of the results was verified through multiple methods. Finally, theoretical contributions and managerial implications are discussed along with recommendations for future research.     

The mediation of information technology on visitors’ experience at a cultural heritage site

This study identifies perceptual differences between the experiences of using an interactive ubiquitous access tourism service (U-tourism service) at a cultural heritage site and on-site participation-driven services. An interactive U-tourism service, “Hwaseong Haenggung Histour”, a smart phone application, was developed and implemented for this study. The study found (a) visitors who experienced the U-tourism service showed higher recognition on such dimensions as education, novelty, entertainment and fellowships, regarded as important components of on-site experiences, than those who joined on-site participation-driven services and (b) young visitors who used the interactive U-tourism service recorded higher in the dimensions of both education and novelty than those who joined on-site participation-driven services and showed higher satisfaction. These findings provide strong justification for the introduction of U-tourism services, particularly for young visitors. This study contributes to the understanding of a fast-growing and influential electronic tool for cultural heritage sites.     

Developing disaster resilience: A processual and reflective approach

This study takes a processual view of resilience to investigate how tourism organisations utilise dynamic capabilities to develop resilience in a disaster context. A longitudinal qualitative research design was used to gain insights into the process. The study uses on-site observation, secondary documents, and in-depth interviews with representatives from 25 tourism organisations and industry stakeholders across two years to provide a longitudinal understanding of disaster resilience. A dynamic resilience framework is developed based on three dynamic capability steps (sensing, seizing, transforming) and helps to explain how tourism organisations develop resilience elements at each disaster management stage. Two notable contributions include (i) a new resilience element added to the existing list of resilience development, which illustrates disruptive changes of tourism facilitated by transforming dynamic capabilities, and (ii) a trial-and-error process used by tourism organisations to improve decision-making for future disaster events. These help to explain the cyclical nature of resilience building.     

The Influence of Innovativeness on On-Site Smartphone Use Among American Travelers: Implications for Context-Based Push Marketing

This study investigates the relationships between traveler innovativeness traits and the patterns of smartphone use during the experiential stage of travel. Using data collected from 1126 travelers residing in the United States (US), it was identified that tourism and technology innovativeness have significant positive effects on on-site use of smartphones for trip management, social networking, and searching deals, online reviews, and push recommendations. Technology innovativeness also influences smartphone use for navigation within destinations. The results suggest that highly innovative travelers are open to recommendations and influences when making on-site decisions, making them an effective target for context-based marketing.     

Hit close to home: the moderating effects of past experiences on tourists’ on-site experiences and behavioral intention in post-earthquake site

Echoing calls for further empirical research of exploring complex mechanism of dark tourism experiences, as well as following the series of studies on post-disaster recovery (Wenchuan earthquake in China), it takes an earthquake-ruined country town Beichuan as a study case to explore relationships between dark places, on-site experiences, and behavioral intentions. By using structural equation modeling, it proves that the framework of aroused memory, cognition-affection, satisfaction, and behavior intention (place protection) is an effective new approach to understand visitors’ psychological experiences in the contest of dark tourism. Most importantly, it innovatively proves in quantitative way that aroused memory (either firsthand or secondhand) is the antecedent factor that influences the on-site cognition and emotion, and past experience plays the moderating role affects both the extent and the inner relation of dark experiences between visitors who were exposed/not exposed to a specific dark event. The findings are also beneficial in guiding post-disaster site planning and management.     

Factors influencing social capital in rural tourism communities in South Korea

This study aimed to identify the factors influencing social capital as it affects community conflict management for community residents in rural tourism villages. An on-site survey consisting of self-administered questionnaires was conducted with residents of rural tourism communities. These self-administered surveys were obtained from 380 community residents in the study area. A factor-clustering method identified distinct segments: high social capital (52%) and low social capital (47.7%). The estimation of a binary logistic regression model determined the characteristics of community residents who were most likely to be associated with each type of social capital. Results indicated that fruit, vegetable and rice farmers who also operated farm-stay businesses and rural activity programmes for tourists had the most social. We suggest that certain types of government policy programmes are helpful for increasing social capital and managing community conflicts by means of involvement in the tourism business.     

Co-Integration and Error Correction Estimation to Forecast Tourism in El Salvador

Using co-integration and error correction models, the objective of this study was to systematically analyze the factors affecting the international tourism demand for El Salvador. The results indicate that the degree of responsiveness of tourist arrivals to El Salvador due to a change in income is elastic and quite differs from country to country. Residents from Honduras appeared to be less responsive to prices than residents from the other origin countries. The dynamic specification of error correction models further confirms the majority of the results obtained in the co-integration relationships. The findings are useful for private developers and public tourism planners in El Salvador. Marketing of specific tourism attributes could enable El Salvador to gain comparative advantage over its competitors.     

Entrepreneurial strategies and tourism industry growth

This paper investigates the relationship between entrepreneurship strategies and industry growth. Drawing on a longitudinal database of 481 tourism strategic planning documents, a sampling framework is used to map tourism strategies, tourism entrepreneurship strategies and tourism entrepreneurship strategic themes to tourism region by year (across a 10-year cycle), as well as to compile corresponding tourism jobs and visitation growth data. Exploratory bibliometric visuals and logistic regression reveal that regions with a tourism strategy and targeted strategies to support entrepreneurs predict tourism growth, specifically strategies for human capital development and tourism incubation programs. Future research should focus on the efficacy of tourism incubation programs for stimulating entrepreneurial activity in regional areas and as a mechanism to stimulate recovery from global crises.     

Impact of exchange rates on air travel

The impact on the travel and tourism industry of changes in exchange rates has not obtained the same level of interest as that enjoyed by manufacturing. However, U.S. tourism competes with the world economy for travelers in the same way that the automobile manufacturers must. Increases in the value of the dollar make foreign travel more attractive to U.S. citizens and U.S. travel less attractive to foreigners. This paper provides some estimates of the impact on air travel of changes in the U.S. rate of exchange for 22 countries. The findings are that exchange rates have been important in nearly all cases, with most demand elasticities ranging between 1.0 and 1.5. Estimated demand elasticities can be used to estimate the impact on net air travel of percentage changes in exchange rates.     

基于Web的省域旅游地品牌符号表征比较研究

在网络时代,网络宣传对于旅游地品牌的构建发挥了不可忽视的作用。文章在旅游地品牌符号“三位一体”系统构建基础上,基于政府旅游网站对中国各省域旅游地品牌符号表征进行比较研究。网站上研究的符号主要包括当地的旅游宣传口号、视频影像、图片及网站的语言设计等。首先,根据荣格原型理论把各研究样本旅游地的旅游宣传口号分成4大类;其次,随机抽样进一步探讨各旅游地所有品牌符号的匹配性;最后,通过政府官方网站和商业网站旅游地口号的对比研究,分析旅游地宣传口号的流行趋势。结果显示,部分旅游地网站旅游地宣传口号缺失,同时网站上各符号表征内容存在不和谐之处。目前,中国省域旅游地口号反映了3种不同知觉原型,并且官方网站旅游符号的打造反映了权力的操作,意识形态发挥主导作用。通过官方网站与商业网站的对比发现,整体上旅游地品牌口号愈来愈趋向于抽象“生活方式”的诉求,在商业旅游网站中意识形态的竞争日渐让位于意象形态的主导。     

Innovation Management in Cultural Heritage Tourism: Experience from the Amphawa Waterfront Community,Thailand

This paper examines how innovation management could bring greater opportunities for cultural heritage tourism at the community level. A two-stage investigation using in-depth, semi-structured interviews with key informants and random, on-site, short, structured interviews with tourists was conducted to uncover the preconditions and categories of innovation that support cultural heritage tourism in the Amphawa Waterfront Community, a renowned tourist destination in Thailand. The results from the study suggest that the “willingness” and “capability” of those involved in a community-based cultural heritage initiative are key to fostering a multitude of innovations but may not guarantee its long-term success. A mind-set towards sustainability that considers economically, socially, and environmentally viable innovations is required for sustainable growth. A call for innovation management from this sustainable angle is proposed at the end.     

Celebrity fan involvement and destination perceptions

The purpose of this study was to investigate the extent to which people’s involvement with a celebrity affects their perceptions of tourism destinations (familiarity, image, and visitation intentions). An on-site survey was conducted in Japan to examine Japanese’ perceptions of Korea in relation to their involvement with Korean celebrities. The results corroborated several hypothesized relationships. Celebrity involvement positively affected familiarity and visitation intentions. The results also indicated destination images and familiarity were positively related to visitation intentions. This study furthers researchers’ understanding to an emerging form of tourism whose creation is based on the powerful impacts of mass media and popular culture in post-industrial societies.     

Elucidating the relationships among destination images,recreation experience,and authenticity of the Shengxing Heritage Recreation Area in Taiwan

A destination's image and on-site recreation experience can be regarded as precedents of the authenticity perceived by heritage tourists. Historic images attract tourists to experience the authenticity of a heritage destination. This study examines the linear relationships among destination images, recreation experience, and the perceived authenticity experienced by tourists at the Shengxing Heritage Recreation Area in central Taiwan. In total, 536 usable questionnaires were collected. Analytical results indicate that the cognitive and affective images of a destination directly and significantly affect the recreation experience of tourists at a heritage recreation area. Additionally, recreation experience directly and significantly affects perceived authenticity. Moreover, recreation experience has a significant mediating effect on the relationship between cognitive image and perceived authenticity. We conclude that when tourists visit a heritage-based tourism destination, such as the destination under consideration, these tourists gain tourism image and recreation experiences, which strengthens their perceived authenticity of heritage tourism; as a result, these tourists are more likely to contribute to the development of heritage tourism. Applying this theoretical framework to research on heritage tourism further extends our understanding of the behavioural model of heritage tourists. Finally, this study provides a valuable reference for managers striving to develop heritage tourism.     

游客满意度测评体系的构建及实证研究

游客满意度测评体系旨在以旅游者视角来评价“城市旅游综合服务质量”软环境.该研究根据满意度理论和扎根理论,结合提升旅游服务质量的实践需要,构建了游客满意度调查体系,并以2010年全国50个城市的大规模调查数据为基础,较全面、系统地探讨中国游客满意度的总体及区域特征.游客满意度测评体系包含现场问卷调查、网络评论调查及旅游投诉与质监调查,2010年全国整体处于78.95的“基本满意”水平,呈现显著的区域差异性和正向空间集聚特征.建议推广“大旅游”的产业发展理念,切实提升涉旅行业服务质量和城市综合配套服务.     

Modelling substitution between domestic and outbound tourism in Australia: A system-of-equations approach

This study uses a system-of-equations approach to model the substitution relationship between Australian domestic and outbound tourism demand. A new price variable based on relative ratios of purchasing power parity index is developed for the substitution analysis. Short-run demand elasticities are calculated based on the estimated error correction almost ideal demand systems. The empirical results reveal significant substitution relationships between Australian domestic tourism and outbound travel to Asia, the UK and the US. This study provides scientific support for necessary policy considerations to promote domestic tourism further.     

试论北京郊区旅游业重复建设

旅游产品的重复建设已经成为北京旅游业，乃至中国旅游业的一个焦点问题。防范与治理不合理的重复建设，就是经济结构调整的重要内容。通过实证研究，文章对北京郊区旅游产品的重复建设作出定量和定性的判断，并给出进一步的政策性和战略性的建议。