Conversion of agricultural and forest land to other purposes in the context of land protection: Evidence from Polish experience

The protection of agricultural land and forests is a relatively new concept in Poland, and it began with forest protection in the 1920s. The first regulations on the protection of agricultural land were introduced only in the 1960s. Agricultural land and forests received comprehensive protection pursuant to the provisions of the Act of 26 October 1977 on the protection of agricultural land, forests and land recultivation. This legal act set the foundations for the protection of farmland and forests in successive decades.The aim of this study was to determine the influence of farmland and forest protection on spatial planning and to highlight the loss of agricultural and forest land resulting from conversion to other purposes. Legal regulations pertaining to spatial planning and the protection of agricultural and land forests were analysed. The scale of the problem was identified, and future land-use types were forecast based on the data developed by Statistics Poland (GUS). The existing spatial plans (municipal master plan - MMP) were analysed to determine the conversion loss index (CLI) associated with the conversion of agricultural land and forests to other uses. Legal regulations pertaining to the protection of agricultural land and forests were also analysed, and the extent of the relevant conversion measures was determined. The study demonstrated that urban development and the inevitable urbanization of rural areas contribute to the loss of agricultural and forest land that are converted to other uses.     

Spatial and temporal analyses of potential land use conflict under the constraints of water resources in the middle reaches of the Heihe River

With the rapid urbanization in China, land resources are becoming increasingly scarce. Identifying and resolving land use conflict is essential for reasonably using land resources and achieving land sustainability. Taking the middle reaches of the Heihe River as an example, we included the constraints of local water resources to construct a multi-criteria evaluation system for assessing land use competitiveness in 2000 and 2015 based on land use, socio-economic, and nighttime light data. By comparing the competitiveness of cultivated land, construction land and ecological land, we then derived the spatiotemporal patterns of potential land use conflicts. Actual land use changes supported the hypothesis that land use tended to convert into the type with higher competitiveness at areas with intense conflict, which better indicated that our assessment model was effective. The results showed that the potential land use conflict was more acute in the central and northwest but weak in the southeast and northeast, and its pattern showed a significantly positive spatial autocorrelation. The conflict between cultivated land and construction land was most prominent and mainly occurred in the transitional zone from urban to rural areas. Rapid urban development and water shortage were the main causes of the potential land use conflict. Assessing land use multi-functions and making a tradeoff among ecological, economic, and social services will be an effective way to guide future land use to solve land use conflict. Our research provides scientific evidence for sustainable land use planning and management in the arid areas.     

Planning consistency and implementation in urbanizing China: Comparing urban and land use plans in suburban Beijing

The evaluation of the extent to which urban and land use planning have achieved their objectives is crucial to better management of urban land development. China’s urban and land use plans have the common purpose of controlling urban sprawl. This research aimed at comparatively assessing the consistency and implementation of these plans, considering the Changping District in suburban Beijing as a case study. Three main findings were obtained: (1) each plan used different strategies to control new developments, and there were several quantitative and spatial conflicts between the two plans; (2) neither plan has been well implemented or effective in controlling urban sprawl, despite the slightly better performance of the land use plan; (3) core-periphery decreasing trends were revealed in land quota allocation and effectiveness of planning implementation. Remote regular towns received the least land resources from the top-down planning system but also developed fast, mainly through informal and illegal approaches. Further investigation into the double failure of China’s current spatial planning system in quantitative and spatial control over urban land development requires a deeper integration of various spatial management systems, a fundamental transformation of planning philosophy, and a higher respect for peripheral areas in urban-rural integration. The planning assessment approach and reform recommendations developed on the basis of the Chinese practice are probably referable for other developing countries facing similar processes of rapid urbanization and imperfect spatial management.     

北京市浅山区土地可持续利用的困境与出路

研究目的：重新审视北京市浅山区乃至山区土地利用传统规划思路,走出盲目保护的误区,提出规划新战略。研究方法：文献分析法,归纳综合法。研究结果：（1）浅山区的资源特征具有一定特殊性,不论从生态保护还是从开发利用的角度,浅山区对北京市都具有非常重要的战略地位;（2）北京市浅山区生态保护和开发间的矛盾是由不合理和不明确的空间保护战略导致的;（3）在新的社会经济发展形势下,浅山区面临巨大开发压力,其土地利用需从空间格局、利用性质和利用强度三个方面,在总体规划和土地控制性规划两个层面加以明确。研究结论：北京市浅山区应实施“精明保护,高效利用”的土地利用战略,即基于“反规划”指导思想,通过构建浅山区景观安全格局,确立清晰的开发和保护边界,明确开发模式、功能定位和强度,从被动保护走向主动保护和利用相结合的土地监护和规划管理,实现浅山区土地可持续利用。     

How feasible is regional integration for reconciling land use conflicts across the urban–rural interface? Evidence from Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei metropolitan region in China

Competition among different uses for land is becoming acute under the process of urbanization, and conflicts related to this competition are becoming more frequent and more complex. This article presents a methodology for confronting this issue. By applying an integrated framework, we explore the implicit role of the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei Regional Integration (BRI) policy in land use conflicts by focusing on the urban-rural interface, and try to address the research question: “How feasible is BRI for reconciling land use conflicts across the urban-rural interface?” An original structure of the analysis is developed based on the identification of three types of conflicts, namely, conflicts over land use structure, conflicts over land conversion and conflicts over landscape pattern. According to the interactions and relationships among these conflicts, we define broad categories of land use conflict areas. Indeed, these conflicts are all related to the unplanned use of agricultural land reserves, which competes with other more immediate uses, and the over-exploitation of land resources caused by unsustainable urban practices. This policy is clearly a critical objective for optimizing the land use structure. It, however, fails to reconcile the conflicts over land conversion and landscape pattern, especially for considerable agricultural land conversion to non-agricultural uses, and low-density development pattern with mixed residential and industrial land uses. Hence, alternative strategies involving public participation, spatial equity, rural revitalization, land-use system reform, and new type of urbanization, can be identified as viable solutions for land use conflict management, which may be complementary to regional integration. The findings of our paper may also contribute to the policy debate on BRI concerning land use planning and regional sustainability.     

Co-ordination of land exploitation,exploitable farmland reserves and national planning in China

Land exploitation, as an important strategy to mitigate farmland loss and stabilize grain production, has been adopted to compensate farmland loss due to rapid urbanization in China. Bounded by the limited capacity and obvious spatial variations of national farmland reserves, it is essential to arrange land exploitation activities timely and reasonably. In this study, we propose an indicator for the status of regional land exploitation, the Exploitation Degree, to facilitate an overview of land exploitation programs in China at both provincial and prefectural levels based on project data from 2006 to 2012. To further our understanding of the regional features of land exploitation activities, we employ the Lasso model to identify and quantitatively assess influencing factors on land exploitation. Our study shows that: (1) contemporary land exploitation practices in China are significantly inconsistent across exploitable farmland reserves. Some areas are greatly over-exploited and such irrational land exploitation has been persistent; (2) related national land plans designed to guide land exploitation efforts centered on resource-rich regions and critical areas do not function as intended. Therefore, we suggest that China⿿s land exploitation policy shall be improved by reconsidering the orientation of land exploitation policy, coordinating land exploitation activities with productivity improvements and eco-system protection, and enhancing the power and scope of the plans in controlling and guiding land resource management.     

生态文明建设的国土空间开发战略选择

生态文明是对工业文明经济增长范式的革命性思考,党的十八大将优化国土空间格局作为生态文明建设的首要任务。生态文明建设指导下国土空间开发应遵循七大原则：以资源环境承载能力评价为基础,以集聚开发提升空间效益为重点,以点轴开发促进面上保护为主线,以重点开发促进区域均衡为目的,以促进陆海统筹和纵深开发为导向,以综合整治优化空间格局为平台,以节约集约缓解资源瓶颈约束为手段。贯彻落实生态文明建设、优化国土空间开发格局的要求,必须适度创新,加大对现行空间规划的集成力度,开展国土规划,将“开发、保护、整治”三项主要内容融为一体。     

基于空间开发潜力评价的泰州市建设用地空间配置研究

研究目的：深化对主体功能区的认识,探讨基于空间开发潜力评价的泰州市建设用地空间配置方法,为相关规划和政策研究提供参考。研究方法：GIS空间分析法、层次分析法、相关性分析法。研究结果：（1）计算出6126个网格单元、95个乡镇（街道）、6个市（区）的空间开发潜力指数以及泰州市极限建设用地容量;（2）建设用地预测建立在供给——需求关系之上,根据空间开发潜力指数和建设用地需求预测,计算出泰州市建设用地总量指标区域分配方案、城镇用地指标区域分配方案、建设用地城乡统筹方案。研究结论：空间开发潜力评价是主体功能区规划的基础,也是建设用地空间配置的重要依据;建设用地空间上的拓展与空间开发潜力指数基本呈正相关。     

SEA making inroads in land-use planning in Brazil: The case of the Extreme South of Bahia with forestry and biofuels

In Brazil, incorporating the environmental dimension to the planning process is a challenging process. Planning has historically been carried without considering environmental protection concerns. The country's large development projects have engendered a discussion on the feasibility of these works given the conflicts with environmental policies. The strategic environmental assessment (SEA) is a tool that has the potential to integrate the sectoral, territorial and environmental perspectives to promote sustainable development, as shown by international experience. Its use has not yet been regulated in Brazil, only been voluntary initiatives, both public and private, have been implemented. This paper presents the structure and results of the SEA of the plans to expand silviculture of eucalyptus and biofuels in the Extreme South Region of Bahia state, in the Brazilian Northeast, in a context of sectoral planning dissociated from government guidelines for land use policy and environmental protection. It portrays a practical case of methodological proposal for the use of socio-environmental criteria to establish limits for land occupation by monocultures, for each of the municipalities of the study region, according to their specific climate, soil, relief and environmental preservation characteristics. Various alternatives were identified to ensure areas with greater productivity for small family farming and areas with potential for preservation. SEA helped to a better understanding of the effects of the expansion of the planting areas in each alternative, which was essential to help all stakeholders visualize the consequences of their strategies. Consequently, as results the SEA outlined a series of guidelines and restrictions for the various levels of government and the production sector. For instance, SEA suggested for Federal, State and Municipality governments that areas with better soil and climate conditions could be reserved for public policies to incentive the diversification of the uses of the territory, such as food production. SEA also suggests the adoption of incentive programs to establish multiple-use forests. The SEA recommended that the state government integrate its program for strengthening family agriculture with land-use planning criteria, based on cooperative systems The methodology employed has evidences to be replicable in other regions of Brazil and in developing countries.     

2023年土地科学研究重点进展评述及2024年展望——土地资源利用与空间规划分报告

研究目的：总结2023年国内外土地资源利用与空间规划领域研究进展,展望2024年国内研究趋势。研究方法：文献调查法。研究结果：2023年国内研究主要集中于土地资源配置的影响与优化、土地资源的生态系统服务价值、绿色低碳土地利用模式、土地利用效益评价、国土空间规划方法、国土空间规划管理和保障制度等方面;国外研究侧重于多类型资源协同配置、土地资源保护效果与路径、土地利用变化的生态效应、土地利用功能评价、可持续的空间规划方法、空间规划管理制度与方法等方面。研究结论：2023年土地资源利用与空间规划领域在土地资源优化配置、生态系统服务价值权衡关系、土地资源保护、绿色低碳土地利用、土地利用评价方法与相关机制、空间规划方法与管理保障等方面取得了一定进展。2024年将重点关注土地资源同其他资源的协同机制、土地利用评价方法、土地绿色利用效率影响机制、土地低碳绿色利用模式、服务中国式现代化与高质量发展的国土空间治理与规划等研究方向。     

土地利用规划学30年发展综述

研究目的:系统总结、研究中国土地利用规划学产生以来的发展历程和取得的重要成果,提出中国土地利用规划学的未来发展趋势和土地利用规划学学科建设重点问题及方向。研究方法:文献调研法。研究结果:20世纪80年代以来,土地利用规划学经历了关注全域农地合理利用、以加强耕地保护为关键、以完善土地用途管制为核心的3个演进阶段;土地利用规划理论方法、土地利用规划评价技术、土地利用规划信息技术、土地利用规划协调方法是土地利用规划学的重要研究领域。研究结论:未来应进一步创新具有中国特色的土地利用规划理论和方法、推动由"土地用途管制"向"国土空间用途管制"发展、关注土地利用规划评价体系和方法的系统化和实用化、推进基于生态文明建设视角的空间规划体系创新。     

城市总体规划与土地利用总体规划的矛盾与协调

城市总体规划与土地利用总体规划的侧重点不同 ,但二者都是以土地作为主要规划对象 ,其核心内容都是为实现土地资源的合理开发、利用和保护 ,其根本目标是实现土地资源可持续利用和城市的可持续发展。由于主管部门、目的内容、用地分类标准、规划期限等方面的不一致 ,两大规划之间存在着脱节甚至冲突等矛盾现象 ,为协调两大规划 ,应做好协调规划编制、统一规划审批、完善规划内容、提高规划权威、统一技术规范、完善规划体系和相关法律体系等方面的工作     

2018年土地科学研究重点进展评述及2019年展望

研究目的：总结2018年国内外土地科学研究的重点进展，展望2019年中国土地科学的发展趋势以及《中国土地科学》重点关注方向。研究方法：文献调研法。研究结果：（1）土地经济领域重点关注城乡土地价格与农地流转影响因素、土地市场化改革与政府行为、土地产权制度变迁与征地冲突等；（2）土地管理领域研究热点主要围绕自然资源管理体制改革、农村土地制度改革与土地法律完善、土地权籍与耕地保护管理等实践问题；（3）土地资源、利用与规划领域研究以探索土地资源资产负债表编制、重视土地生态状况评估、深化土地利用视角下的碳排放研究、创新土地利用模式、探讨国土空间规划体系构建及村级规划为热点；（4）土地工程与技术领域在农地综合整治、复垦技术革新、土地污染修复方法等方面研究逐渐深入，土地信息采集、处理技术不断完善。研究结论：2019年，《中国土地科学》将重点关注国家战略实施下的土地制度改革与土地利用转型、自然资源统一管理下的空间治理体系构建、生态文明建设背景下的土地资源系统科学、信息通讯技术驱动下的土地资源智能管控等研究问题及相关选题方向。     

巴塘县矿产资源与旅游资源开发探讨

巴塘县是甘孜州和四川省重要的矿产资源地,拥有丰富的铅锌铜银资源.同时特殊的地质、地理和人文环境又造就了巴塘"高原江南"的美誉.矿产资源和旅游资源的开发势必加速巴塘县社会经济文化的发展,但两种资源存在分布区域的重叠性,编制时间的异步性,由此制约了规划的实施.为了协调两种资源合理有序开发,避免两者在法律和操作中的矛盾,采用动态调整区域轮廓的方法实现该县矿产资源与旅游资源的和谐开发,同时就多种资源开发空间格局和时间序列协调作了探讨.     

2018年土地科学研究重点进展评述及2019年展望——土地资源、利用与规划分报告

研究目的：总结2018年国内外土地资源、利用与规划领域的研究进展,展望2019年国内研究趋势。研究方法：文献调查法。研究结果：2018年国内研究侧重于土地资源资产、土地生态状况评估、土地利用视角下的碳排放、土地利用及其评价、国土空间规划、村级土地利用规划等方面;国外研究主要集中在土地资源配置与保护、土地生态、土地利用变化与可持续性、土地利用规划实践与应用等方面。研究结论：2018年土地资源、利用与规划研究在基础理论层面探索了国土空间规划体系的重构,深入分析了空间规划、国土空间用途管制与自然资源监管的关系,进一步明确国土空间开发保护制度的科学内涵,构建土地利用研究的框架体系;在实践层面探讨自然资源资产负债表编制中土地资源的核算方法,深化乡村振兴、多规合一视角下的村级土地利用规划研究,提出国土空间规划体系建立的构想。2019年的重点研究方向为：构建国土空间规划体系、加强土地资源理论研究、探索自然资源资产负债表和村规划编制研究、深化节约集约用地和农村土地利用问题研究等方面。     

Managing logging compensation payment conflicts in Ghana: Understanding actor-empowerment and implications for policy intervention

Forest resources outside permanent forest reserves form a substantial part of the overall natural forest biodiversity resources in Ghana. However, timber exploitation in off-reserve areas has been problematic as loggers and farmers have often been involved in conflicts over payment of crop-damage compensation. The paper examines 81 cases of this conflict which were reconstructed chronologically to investigate patterns of actors’ use of power resources and strategies and their effectiveness. The study employed an actor-empowerment conceptualisation of power and used a two-actor game model for the reconstruction of the conflicts. While several strategies and resources were mobilised and employed by the actors, their effectiveness were context-bound. The paper makes a case for areas where actors’ conflict capabilities could be built, why mediated bargaining can be more effective for managing such local conflict constellations and the need to interlock actor interests for mutual interaction by institutionalising mediated bargaining.     

我国矿产资源保护政策回顾及未来取向

我国的矿产资源保护可划分为4个阶段,即统一管理阶段、条块分割管理阶段、改革探索阶段和法制化管理阶段。根据国内外资源供需形势及发展趋势我国未来矿产资源保护政策取向,应是科学规划,稳步实施“开源”和“节流”、严格探矿权采矿权管理、从源头遏制矿产资源勘探开发中的私挖乱采和浪费资源现象、完善矿产资源税制改革,全面推行有偿使用制度。     

基于DPSIR模型的市域土地空间配置优化——以天津市为例

研究目的：探索适合城市地域土地空间配置优化的综合定量研究方法,为相关规划与决策提供参考。研究方法：驱动力—压力—状态—影响—响应（DPSIR）模型, GIS空间分析法,综合适宜性评价与景观健康评价。研究结果：基于DPSIR模型分析天津市域土地利用的主要压力与影响因素,评价其综合适宜性状态,基于此划定经济发展优先、生态保护优先和协调发展三个土地空间配置方案,并对三个方案进行景观健康影响评价,发现以协调发展方案进行城市建设对未来景观生态健康的影响最小,因此建议选择协调方案作为天津市域土地空间配置优化和功能分区的首选方案。研究结论：基于DRSIR模型进行市域土地空间配置优化研究,不仅有助于研究者针对不同城市土地利用特点选择评价内容与指标,而且可定量化评价土地空间配置方案的潜在生态影响,在一定程度上减少土地空间配置优化方案选择中的人为主观因素,为合理利用土地资源提供科学依据。     

This land is your land,maybe: A historical institutionalist analysis for contextualizing split estate conflicts in U.S. unconventional oil and gas development

In the 21st century, the U.S. has experienced a boom in unconventional oil and gas development (UOGD). In part due to advances in technology, this rapid increase in UOGD has moved extraction practices into geographic areas that have previously seen little or no oil and gas development. As a result, conflicts over property rights have erupted—particularly in relation to split estate situations. To understand this controversy, we must situate it in the conditions which have shaped land use and mineral rights. We argue that past federal and state level governance decisions have created the conditions for UOGD conflicts today. Here, we utilize historical institutionalism (HI) to review the historical actors, processes, and institutions that have shaped how mineral rights have developed in the context of split estates in the U.S. We suggest that tracing this legislative and judicial history through HI is an essential foundation for exploring issues related to UOGD. Most importantly, we highlight these processes of governance as a bedrock for understanding spatial inequality inherent in current split estate law that grants the mineral estate dominance over the surface estate. We suggest that this codification of spatial inequality is problematic both in and beyond the context of split estates in UOGD.     

Proposed algorithm for the identification of land for consolidation with regard to spatial variability of soil quality

The quality of soil is one of the most significant factors having a real impact on the potential level of agricultural crops. Therefore, it is a significant element shaping the profitability of agricultural production in the specific area. Familiarity with spatial variability of soil quality classes in respective voivodeships has an impact on planning the development of agricultural areas and effective allocation of money to rural spatial restructuring. This element also provides important information in the process of consolidation works programming which takes place at the regional government level. This data is characterised by very long usability due to a small number of changes referring to classification of land entered into the land and building survey. Data on the quality and suitability of soil in the analysed area was acquired from the analysis of data from the land and building survey. Analyses were carried out in 3 poviats of Lublin voivodeship located in the eastern part of Poland covering an area of 501 132.9 ha, split into 610,160 plots. This paper presents an algorithm designed by the author for identifying areas in which land consolidation works should be performed, including its practical application using the adopted sample. The algorithm identifies areas characterised by the highest soil quality, which makes it possible to indicate areas where land consolidation work should first be undertaken.