An empirical study on FDI international knowledge spillovers and regional economic development in China

This article has constructed a framework to analyze the relationship between national innovation investments, international knowledge spillover due to FDI and regional technological progress. We use the panel data sample in 1992–2006 from China’s 29 provinces (municipalities or autonomous regions) to test the impact of China’s regional R&;D investments, international knowledge spillovers of FDI on its regional technological progress. It reveals that the local investments in science and technology are the most important factors to promote technological progress; for the structure and quality of China’s current FDI, the knowledge spillover effects from FDI, especially through the FDI enterprises’ manufacturing activities, are not obvious; the local gains in its technology development from FDI depends on its economic and technological level. Based on the above conclusions we give the corresponding policy recommendations for China’s FDI policy and regional economic development.     

中国软件产业效率的测度及时空动态演进

本文基于Global超效率DEA模型全面测度2009—2018年我国软件产业效率,并采用条件Kernel密度从静态和动态双重视角揭示中国软件产业效率的时空动态演进特征.研究发现,我国软件产业效率整体较低,东部、中部、西部地区间存在较大差距,并且该差距逐步扩大;东部、中部、西部三大地区内部省份间软件产业效率差距呈现不同程度的缩小;整体上我国省份间软件产业效率不存在空间集聚;东部地区内部省份间存在负向空间溢出效应,而中部、西部地区内部省份间不存在明显的空间溢出效应.为实现我国软件产业的高质量发展,本文建议进一步增强软件企业技术创新能力,各地区继续挖掘优势并着力补齐短板,构建软件产业协同发展格局.     

不同类型技术进步的节能减排绩效及其动态变化

运用非参数SML生产率指数模型,测算了1994—2014年中国35个工业行业的基于绿色增长的技术进步,并采用面板模型对按能耗与碳排放分组的行业分别进行能耗强度和CO_2排放强度回归。结果表明:生产前沿的科技创新是推动中国工业绿色全要素生产率提高的主动力,前沿科技创新的节能降耗绩效最高,纯技术效率的CO_2减排绩效最高;技术进步的节能降耗效应与CO_2减排效应具有非对称性,技术进步的CO_2减排绩效大于其节能降耗绩效;能源消费结构调整的CO_2减排绩效大于其节能降耗绩效。     

环境规制对FDI溢出效应的影响 ——来自中国市场的证据

本文利用中国39个工业行业2000-2009年的相关数据,考查FDI水平、前向、后向技术溢出效应、环境规制强度对各工业技术进步的影响以及环境规制强度对FDI溢出效应的影响,结果发现：FDI水平技术溢出效应没有促进各工业行业的技术进步;FDI前向技术溢出效应对促进各工业行业技术进步的作用不稳定;FDI后向技术溢出效应促进了各工业行业的技术进步;环境规制强度的提高有利于促进各工业行业的技术进步。进一步研究还发现,加强环境规制会促进FDI垂直技术溢出效应。     

Technological change and China's regional disparities — A calibrated equilibrium analysis

We in this paper assess the impacts of technological change on China's regional disparities using a general equilibrium model of multiple regions and multiple sectors. We use the most recent available Chinese interregional data to calibrate the model parameters for 1987 and 2000. We then assess the impacts of neutral, biased, and aggregate technological changes on China's regional disparity by conducting counterfactual experiments. The results generally suggest that China's overall technological change between 1987 and 2000 has increased China's regional disparities. The results also suggest that neutral technological change reduces China's regional disparities while biased technological change increases disparities and the influences of the latter outweigh those of the former and the net effects of technological changes on regional disparities are increasing.     

Sources of economic growth in China from 2000–2013 and its further sustainable growth path: A three-hierarchy meta-frontier data envelopment analysis

This study, which considers both energy input and CO₂ emissions, develops both theoretical and empirical models to account for the sources of China's economic growth from 2000–2013. The proposed models decompose China's economic growth into five components: the technological change effect, the industrial structure effect, the regional balance development effect, the management effect, and the production factors effect. The empirical results show that during the sample period, the production factors effect increased from approximately 70% in 2001 to nearly 99% in 2010, indicating that economic growth in Mainland China relied heavily on factor accumulation, which was not sustainable. Fortunately, this situation has gradually improved since 2011 because of technological progress and industrial structure optimization. However, the current total-factor productivity in Mainland China remains relatively low because of an inefficient industrial structure, regional balance development, and management inefficiency. In other words, there is a great deal of room for further industrial structural optimization, regional balance development, and management improvement to realize further sustainable economic growth. Because the causes of total-factor production inefficiency and the distribution of economic growth potential show a distinct spatial difference, the focuses for the Chinese provinces to achieve sustainable economic growth should be quite different in the future. Based on the results of this study, recommendations have been made for the Chinese provinces to realize further sustainable economic growth.     

有偏技术进步、要素替代与创新溢出效应——2000—2017年中国工业经验分析

在要素替代框架下,构建一个有偏技术进步的超越对数成本函数模型,利用2000—2017年中国工业面板数据估计有偏技术进步对创新溢出效应的影响。结果发现：资本和能源有偏技术进步对创新溢出存在显著负向效应,劳动有偏技术进步对创新溢出存在显著正向效应,而中间品有偏技术进步对创新溢出的正向效应不显著。进一步将要素替代弹性变量纳入模型后发现,当资本、劳动、能源和中间品替代弹性临界阈值分别高于2.864 0、5.234 1、6.453 2及4.163 9时,有偏技术进步对创新溢出具有显著正向效应。上述发现表明,技术进步遵循具有比较优势的创新资源,本质上有利于提升创新溢出效应。     

城市群功能分工、工业技术进步与工业污染——来自长三角城市群的数据检验

2003年起,我国城市群由专业化分工快速转向功能分工,但优化城市群功能分工是否有利于改善环境污染问题？运用2003-2017年长三角城市群面板数据,采用仅包括自变量空间滞后的SLX模型,研究城市群功能分工与工业技术进步对工业污染排放强度的影响效应。结果发现：在城市群层面,功能分工与工业污染排放强度呈正“U”型关系;功能分工结构效应和工业技术进步均能够显著降低工业污染排放;在城市群内部,功能分工空间溢出效应和工业技术进步空间滞后效应均有利于邻近城市减轻环境污染;但城市群功能分工技术效应和技术溢出效应均未体现出预期减排效应,城市群内部各城市间功能分工与协作需进一步加强。     

长三角城市群的经济集聚、技术进步与碳排放强度——基于空间计量和中介效应的实证研究

以长三角26个城市的面板数据为样本,运用空间计量模型研究经济集聚对碳排放强度的影响,并采用中介效应模型检验技术进步能否作为经济集聚影响碳排放强度的中介变量,稳健性检验保证结果可靠性。结果表明:(1)长三角地区的碳排放强度具有显著的空间正向溢出效应,经济集聚与碳排放强度之间呈显著的倒“U”型曲线关系。(2)长三角城市群的技术水平能在地区之间相互溢出,经济集聚可以促进技术进步。(3)经济集聚不仅对碳排放强度产生先促进后抑制的直接影响,又能通过技术进步对碳排放强度发挥间接的抑制效应,技术进步具有显著的中介效应。     

能源企业技术创新能力对财务绩效的影响——基于企业规模的门槛效应研究

能源消费和供给的重要性使得政府给予能源企业技术创新更多关注和支持,能源企业经营存在较大风险使得能源企业技术创新能力对财务绩效的影响呈现一定特殊性。以我国能源企业2013-2018年技术创新投入与产出能力指标为样本数据,采用因子分析法和动态面板门槛效应模型,在评价能源企业技术创新能力的基础上,分别研究能源企业技术创新投入和产出能力对财务绩效的影响及企业规模门槛效应。研究结果表明,能源企业的技术创新投入和综合能力对财务绩效的影响存在显著的门槛效应,而产出能力的表现并不显著。研究结果可为国家和能源企业的技术政策制定和创新投入决策提供参考。     

Measuring the size of the shadow economy in 30 provinces of China over 1995–2016: The MIMIC approach

Applying the multiple indicators and multiple causes (MIMIC) approach, the present paper measured the size of the shadow economies in China's provinces over 1995–2016. The results show that the average size of the shadow economy in 30 provinces of China increased from 13.55% in 1995 to 14.39% in 2009, and then decreased to 12.30% in 2016. There are obvious variations in the size of the shadow economies in different districts of China. The average size of the shadow economy is lowest in provinces in the eastern district and highest in the western district. In addition, the causes and consequences of the shadow economies in China's provinces have also been analysed using the MIMIC approach, and the results show that tax burden, complexity of the tax system, intensity of regulation, unemployment, employment in the agricultural sector and economic openness have significant positive effects on China's shadow economy, while the ratio of direct taxes to indirect taxes, fiscal autonomy and income levels have significant negative effects on China's shadow economy. Using the growth rate of energy consumption as the benchmark indicator, the MIMIC analysis shows that the shadow economy has significant positive effects on the development of the official economy and income inequality while having a significant negative effect on the labour participation rate.     

基于创新价值链的我国制造业创新效率外溢效应研究

在创新价值链理论的基础上对我国制造业创新活动进行细分，把我国制造业创新活动分为科技产出、物化产出以及价值产出3个环节，并运用DEA模型对我国制造业3个环节的创新效率进行测算，同时构建经济基础空间权重矩阵，运用空间误差模型和空间杜宾模型对我国制造业3个环节创新效率的空间外溢效应及价值链外溢效应进行实证分析。得出以下结论：我国制造业无论是分行业还是分区域普遍存在科技产出环节及价值产出环节创新效率较高，而物化产出环节创新效率较低的情形；就我国制造业各环节创新效率的空间外溢效应而言，我国制造业科技产出效率、物化产出效率以及价值产出效率都表现出显著的空间外溢效应；我国制造业各环节创新效率的价值链外溢效应实证结果表明，科技产出效率与物化产出效率、物化产出效率与价值产出效率之间都表现出明显的价值链外溢效应，而科技产出效率与价值产出效率之间没有形成明显的价值链外溢效应。     

政府创新补贴对中国工业自有研发支出的影响研究 ——基于空间计量模型

从空间关联视角再审视政府创新补贴的效应,并基于2001—2017年我国省际面板数据,运用空间面板模型分析了政府创新补贴对中国工业自有研发支出的影响。结果表明,政府创新补贴显著激励了本省市工业自有研发支出,同时,也正向影响相邻省市工业自有研发支出。在控制了内生性问题后,该结论依然成立。另外,在不同所有制和创新水平下,政府创新补贴对工业自有研发支出的空间影响效果存在差异。根据研究结论,本文提出加大政府创新补贴力度并充分考虑溢出效应、融合政府激励和市场驱动以及营造支持成功创新的环境等4项政策建议。     

京津冀能源强度的空间特征及供给侧降耗路径研究

基于2011—2016年京津冀13个市的面板数据,利用探索性空间数据分析方法研究了京津冀能源强度的空间分布特征,结果表明:京津冀市域能源强度的局部空间分布的相似性和差异性并存且不稳定,使得京津冀能源强度在整体上没有表现出显著的空间相关性。在此基础上,从要素、产业、制度等三个层面提炼能源强度的供给侧因素,并构建了固定效应回归模型,结果表明:能源强度与产业结构、技术进步、产权安排呈显著的正相关关系,与投资、政府调控呈显著的负相关关系。     

How is China's coke price related with the world oil price? The role of extreme movements

This paper focuses on the relationship between the world oil price and China's coke price, particularly with respect to extreme movements in the world oil price. Based on a daily sample from 2009 to 2015 and the ARJI-GARCH models and copulas, our empirical results show that China's coke price and the world oil price are characterized by GARCH volatility and jump behaviors. Specifically, negative oil price shocks lead to falls in China's coke returns on the following day while positive oil prices have no significant effects. In addition, current coke returns positively respond to the very recent oil price jump intensity, and a time-varying and volatile lower tail dependence is found between the world oil price and China's coke price. Our results are expected to have implications for coke producers and users and policy makers.     

Trade-related spillovers and industrial competitiveness: Exploring the linkages for OECD countries

This study examines how trade-related spillovers impact the OECD countries' industrial competitiveness; with an emphasis on China's innovative efforts and reintegration into the global economy. In comparison with the major R&D countries, benefits attributable to spillovers are found to be more sizable for the rest of the OECD countries.This result is consistent with the observed convergence of competitiveness between the two groups of countries during 1990–2009.Moreover, our empirical results suggest China's trade-related spillovers can produce both positive and negative effects on OECD countries' industrial competitiveness. The persistence of the spillover effects is found even after controlling for trade openness creating possible spurious association. Finally, our finding TFP growth as the competitiveness driver stresses the consequential role of STI (science, technology, and innovation) policies in supporting sustainable and balanced growth.     

Transportation,economic growth and spillover effects: The conclusion based on the spatial econometric model

This paper tests the external spillover effects of the transportation on China’s economic growth from the theoretical and the empirical perspectives. Based on a logarithm production model, this study first proves the existence of the positive externality in the transportation. After that, the authors collect the data of the 28 provinces in China from 1985 to 2006, and use a relatively advanced spatial econometric method to test the positive externality. After constructing a spatial econometric model, the authors use the Maximum Likelihood (ML) method to estimate this model. According to the theoretical model and the empirical results, this article reaches the following conclusion: (1) The positive externalities in the transportation do exist; (2) From 1985 to 2006, the transportation contributed 24.8 billion yuan to China’s GDP every year: in this 24.8 billion yuan, 19.6 billion comes from the direct contribution and the rest 5.2 billion comes from the external spillover effects; (3) The summation of the direct contribution and the external spillover effects to the economic growth is on average 13.8% every year.     

中国电力行业环境效率及其影响因素研究 ——基于2008—2017年省级面板数据

本文采用SBM超效率模型,对2008—2017年中国30个省份电力行业环境效率进行测度,并开展空间差异和空间自相关分析.结果表明:中国电力行业环境效率还比较低;呈现出东部高于西部、西部高于中部的走势;各年度不同省份的电力行业环境效率差异显著;且存在空间依赖性.通过Tobit回归实证显示:中国电力行业环境效率的影响因素存在区域显著性差异;经济规模水平、电源结构、技术水平、燃煤效率对中国电力行业环境效率具有促进作用;人口水平对中国电力行业环境效率具有反向作用.最后提出了提升中国电力行业环境效率的政策建议.     

驱动经济高质量发展的科技创新要素及时空差异——2009—2017年省级面板数据的空间计量分析

基于2009—2017年中国内地31个省域面板数据,利用空间计量模型分析科技创新驱动经济高质量发展的时空差异,认为中国经济高质量发展指数稳步上升,空间聚集及正向溢出效应显著,空间依赖性强。R&D投入强度、科技研发成果、万人高校在校人数及城镇化率对经济高质量发展的影响均为正,财政教育支出的影响为负;经济地理距离相近省份R&D投入强度、财政教育支出及城镇化率对本省经济高质量发展的影响均为正,科技研发成果、万人高校在校人数及互联网基础条件的影响均为负。西部及中部地区科技创新人力与科技财政支出要素对经济高质量发展的积极影响大于其它地区,而东部地区科技资金投入、科技研发成果及科技成果转化度要素对经济高质量发展的积极影响大于其它地区。     

Changes in carbon intensity in China: Empirical findings from 1980–2003

China experienced sustainable, rapid economic growth over the period 1980–2003 but, at the same time, energy-related carbon intensity showed a downward trend. It begs the question, therefore, what factors were driving this decline in carbon intensity and will this decline be maintained in future? Moreover, what measures can be adopted to ensure a continual decline in carbon intensity? These questions led to increased research in the factors governing CO₂ emission in China. This paper quantifies the driving force behind China's primary energy-related carbon intensity and measures the material production sectors' final energy-related carbon intensity. Our results show that the overwhelming contributor to the decline of energy-related carbon intensity was the reduction in real energy intensity. However, policies that focus only on the decline in energy intensity are insufficient to further decrease carbon intensity. The change of primary energy mix can improve the decline of carbon intensity. This should focus on the material production sectors' development strategies and final energy use. Greater emphasis should be given to secondary industry, which needs national and regional governments' policy support.