环境管理与中国能源资源的开发利用

文章对我国能源资源开发利用的现状及对环境的负面影响进行了全面的分析 ,指出能源资源的开发利用对环境的负面影响除了自然的、科学技术方面的原因外 ,大多是管理上的问题 ,认为通过加强环境管理 ,很多问题可以得到解决。在此基础上提出了能源资源环境管理的概念、内容和原则。     

Improving value transfer through socio‐economic adjustments in a multicountry choice experiment of water conservation alternatives

This study tests the transferability of the nonmarket values of water conservation for domestic and environmental purposes across three south European countries and Australia applying a common choice experiment design. Different approaches are followed to test the transferability of the estimated values, aiming to minimise transfer errors for use in policy analysis, comparing both single‐ and multicountry transfers, with and without socio‐economic adjustments. Within Europe, significant differences are found between implicit prices for environmental water use, but not for domestic water use. In the Australian case study, alleviating restrictions on domestic water use has no significant value. Pooling the three European samples improves the transferability of the environmental flow values between Europe and Australia. Results show that a reduction in transfer error is achieved when controlling for unobserved and observed preference heterogeneity in the single‐ and multicountry transfers, providing additional support for the superiority of socio‐economic adjustment procedures in value transfer.     

森林公园游客环境行为管理模型之构建——以大熊山国家森林公园为例

游客环境行为对森林公园生态环境的影响日益凸显,一方面通过大熊山国家森林公园的实证分析,以问卷调查方式实地调研了该森林公园游客环境行为及其管理的现状,运用SPSS软件的相关性分析发现游客不良环境行为发生的频度和公园游客管理现状存在显著相关性;另一方面结合"刺激-反应"原理以及"破窗效应"的理论研究,尝试性的构建了森林公园游客环境行为管理模型,并以此为框架提出了大熊山国家森林公园游客环境行为管理的优化建议,如管理资源层面的突破,管理原则层面的提升等,以期为改进森林公园游客环境行为管理实践提供借鉴参考。     

会计理论在水资源精细化管理中的应用原理与关键问题

针对新时期下的水资源精细化管理需求,从会计核算的微观过程化控制原理入手,以会计恒等式、复式记账法、责权发生制等会计学原理为基础,解析会计理论在水资源精细化管理中应用的基本原理和关键问题,提出构建包含水资源会计凭证、水资源会计账簿和水资源会计报表的水资源会计核算体系框架,以及一套既遵守会计报表基本原则,又突出水资源特点的水资源会计报表制度。研究表明,水资源会计核算是以水权益实体或国家(地区)经济体为核算主体,评估涉水活动质量,描述涉水活动对水资源、水环境、水生态带来的影响。这既是创新水资源管理思路的发展需求,也是落实最严格水资源管理制度的现实需求,将为水资源开发、利用、节约、保护全过程的宏观分析奠定基础,为水资源会计核算主体内部和与虚拟环境主体之间关于水资源数量和质量、水资源存量和流量、水资源实物量和价值量,以及水资源债务和债权的变化提供定量分析依据。     

Rapid land use change by coastal wind farm development: Australian policies,politics and planning

The siting of both onshore and offshore wind farms has caused controversy in a number of countries, particularly in Europe, which currently has the world’s largest array of offshore wind turbines. Like the rest of the world there has been a dramatic increase in wind farm development In Australia over the last two decades but none of this has occurred in the offshore environment. Australian wind farms are predominantly located onshore around the southern part of the continent where wind energy is high. This has specifically affected rural coasts where it has created planning and land use policy issues along with environmental impacts and associated public and political reaction. This paper examines the geographic spread, timing and concentration of Australian wind farms around the coast. It also examines the extent to which scientific knowledge on wind farm impacts is incorporated into different state and federal land use and environmental policy and legislative frameworks. The paper concludes that the rapidity in the expansion of the Australian wind energy sector has outpaced strategic land use planning resulting in a piece-meal and cumulative wind farm development on rural coasts.     

UTILITARIAN AND RIGHTS-BASED ALTERNATIVES FOR PROTECTING SITES OF SPECIAL SCIENTIFIC INTEREST

Current legislation in Great Britain has set up a class of protected land under the designation Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI). However, what values are to be protected, and how, are questions largely left unanswered. Areas which are designated as worthy of protection can still be threatened by gradual erosion due to rural development. The designation of a site as being of conservation value requires an agency which enforces protection from development. We highlight the conflicts which have arisen between landowners and conservationists over SSSI management and analyse the role of a conservation agency under alternative environmental philosophies. We show how the values underlying the motive for conservation will affect the environmental management process chosen. This provides contrasting views as to the future for countryside management, and focuses concern on the current trend towards the free market in which trade-offs based upon the anthropocentric usefulness of nature are fundamental.     

自然保护区管理体制创新:两个维度的思考

自然保护区是典型的生态型公共产品。经过多年的发展,自然保护区在保护生态环境,促进生物多样性的作用日益突出。当前需要从宏观及微观两个维度完善自然保护区管理体制。宏观层面需要调整不同级次政府自然保护的职能,加强和完善环境保护行政主管部门的综合管理职能,同时明确自然保护区主管部门的管理职能。微观层面需要发挥管理机构、当地居民、市场主体及社会组织的协同作用,提升自然保护区管理的有效性。     

森林认证促进生态环境保护的路径——基于顺昌县国有林场的调查

在对福建省顺昌县国有林场开展森林认证情况进行调查的基础上,对开展森林认证活动促进生态环境保护的路径调研结果表明:森林认证是通过森林资源经营管理单位开展认证知识培训、环境影响评估、生产作业监管、废弃物清理、认证年度审核、不符合项整改、野生动植物监测、高保护价值森林经营等生产经营管理活动来促进生态环境保护的,强化生产经营过程的监管,可以使所有生产作业都操作规范、安全环保,确保生产活动对环境的破坏降到最低程度。此外,顺昌县国有林场近年来采用的一种特殊的经营模式——不完全采伐保留阔叶树的主伐、在中幼龄阔叶树下营造杉木林、不炼山"耙带"式造林,可以减少水土流失,有利于生态环境保护。针对开展森林认证会增加森林生产经营成本但却能显著促进生态环境保护而提出政府应该加大森林认证宣传力度、建立森林认证补偿激励机制等建议。     

福建生态旅游区环境管理研究——基于生态文明建设视野

在分析了生态文明建设理论对生态旅游区环境管理的指导的基础上,从环境保护意识、环境管理技术、环境管理制度3个方面分析了福建生态旅游区环境管理存在的主要问题,提出福建生态旅游区应加强环境宣传教育,树立生态文明意识;利用绿色科学技术,提高环境管理质量;制定环境管理制度,提升环境管理功效的环境管理对策。     

“Community developed and farmer delivered.” An analysis of the spatial and relational proximities of the Alternative Land Use Services program in Ontario

In Canada, the Alternative Land Use Services (ALUS) program aims to support conservation projects by financially compensating farmers for ecosystem services. The program advocates a bottom-up approach that allows farmers to decide which projects to implement. In this respect, ALUS distinguishes itself from more traditional agri-environment schemes, which are often managed in a top-down fashion. Other unique features of the program include a governance structure based on stakeholder confidence; the provision of annual compensation to members for supplying ecosystem services; and a private, community-based approach to conservation. Using the proximity analysis framework, our research explores whether this model can reshape the values of farmers and encourage them to adopt and maintain environmentally friendly practices. Our results reveal a close proximity among ALUS members in terms of their values, both environmental and economic. However, the ALUS program fails to take full advantage of the geographic and organized proximity of its participants. Specifically, individual projects are not integrated into a spatially coordinated, collective strategy that could have a greater environmental impact. While ALUS has been successful in encouraging farmers to adopt new practices, it mostly attracts participants who already agree with the values it promotes. In this regard, the program is not very different from standard agri-environment schemes.     

Factors influencing adoption of conservation tillage in Australian cropping regions*

The purpose of this research is to improve understanding of conservation tillage adoption decisions by identifying key biophysical and socio‐economic factors influencing no‐till adoption by grain growers across four Australian cropping regions. The study is based on interviews with 384 grain growers using a questionnaire aimed at eliciting perceptions relating to a range of possible long‐ and short‐term agronomic interactions associated with the relative economic advantage of shifting to a no‐tillage cropping system. Together with other farm and farmer‐specific variables, a dichotomous logistic regression analysis was used to identify opportunities for research and extension to facilitate more rapid adoption decisions. The broader systems approach to considering conservation tillage adoption identified important determinants of adoption not associated with soil conservation and erosion prevention benefits. Most growers recognised the erosion‐reducing benefits of no‐till but it was not an important factor in explaining whether a grower was an adopter or non‐adopter. Perceptions associated with shorter‐term crop production benefits under no‐till, such as the relative effectiveness of pre‐emergent herbicides and the ability to sow crops earlier on less rainfall were influential. Employment of a consultant and increased attendance of cropping extension activities were strongly associated with no‐till adoption, confirming the information and learning‐intensive nature of adopting no‐till cropping systems.     

“I like to conserve the forest,but I also like the cash”. Socioeconomic factors influencing the motivation to be engaged in the Mexican Payment for Environmental Services Programme

Two of the main motives for people to be engaged in the Mexican Payment for Environmental Services (PES) programme are forest conservation and the income received from the programme. We explore the socioeconomic conditions that support choosing these motives. We used data from a 2012 nationwide survey, processed through logit models. Significant factors influencing the desire to conserve as a motive were family welfare improvement, land use change intention, and training. Those affecting income as a motive were formal education, indigenous people participation and training. Finally, factors related to both conservation and income, as a motive, were formal education, training, PES influence in water management, and land boundary conflicts. Income and conservation are not mutually exclusive motives for engagement in the programme, given that in developing countries income from PES may reduce the socioeconomic pressures triggering land use change, and has a role in conservation efforts, already present in many rural communities.     

Back to the Forest’s future: Guiding principles of German forest stakeholders and their impact on the forestry sector

Long-term planning is an important aspect of forestry. The future-oriented guiding principles of forestry stakeholders impact their decisions and therefore the future of the sector. Forestry faces major challenges due to global changes. At the same time, the ability of traditional forestry stakeholders to manage uncertainty and ensure sustainable management is increasingly being questioned from both within and outside the sector. To study the shared and conflicting guiding principles followed by forestry stakeholders and how these might shape stakeholders’ actions, we conducted 49 semi-structured qualitative interviews with different German forestry stakeholders, mostly from Bavaria. We used a qualitative approach and linked the “Leitbild analysis” (Leitbild = German for guiding principles) and the sensemaking concept to derive a typology of six guiding principles followed by forestry stakeholders. Results show that the guiding principles of forestry stakeholders are mostly formed around policy conflicts between traditional forest users and nature conservationists. Differences were mainly based on the question of which side would dominate future forest management. In all the groups, the views reflected were mainly negative, and traditional forestry stakeholders saw themselves losing power and authority in the future. We argue that these negative future expectations might narrow stakeholders’ perspectives on potential chances and opportunities due to the low self-efficacy that we observed. In line with the assumption that by guiding today's actions, future images have a real-world impact, we find that current problems might be perpetuated through the expectation that they will remain unchanged in the future. Based on our findings, we emphasize the need for a stronger focus on potential future chances and shaping options within the German forestry sector and the need to embrace new ways of cooperation between stakeholders.     

加强稀土管理的法律思考

由于稀土在地球上的相对稀缺性、开采过程中对环境造成的巨大破坏性,以及对国家安全的重大影响性等特点,针对我国稀土行业的现状以及存在的诸如资源浪费严重、出口秩序混乱,走私猖獗、节能环保问题突出、监控管理困难等问题,建议国家进一步加强稀土行业的管理和调控.通过规范矿业秩序,加强资源保护,提高稀土资源利用率;加强出口管理,加大走私刑罚力度;严格执行环境法律法规,加强污染治理;尽快建立稀土战略资源储备制度等切实有效的政策措施,实现稀土产业良性发展.     

澳大利亚人力资源管理特点及启示

在日益开放的社会环境下,人力资源管理对于一个企业或单位,乃至一个国家增强竞争力,不断保持良好发展势头是至关重要的。文章介绍了澳大利亚人力资源管理现状、特点及一些重要政策出台的背景。虽然澳大利亚的自然状况、体制和经济社会发展水平与我国有很大的差别,但是澳大利亚结合自身特点,采用以人为本的人力资源管理的理念和一些具体做法,值得我们借鉴。     

基于城镇地籍调查的镇驻地土地利用特征分析——以山东省胶州市胶北镇为例

基于城镇地籍数据,分析镇驻地土地利用特征,提出加强和改进镇驻地土地利用和管理的政策建议,对促进镇驻地土地集约利用有重要意义.以山东省胶州市胶北镇驻地为研究对象,采用文献分析、实地调查和统计分析相结合,分析了土地利用现状和结构、土地利用强度、建设用地、宅基地等土地利用特征.结果表明,研究区人均建设用地、工业用地、道路用地指标值偏大,住宅用地、绿化用地、基础设施用地等指标值偏低,宅基地利用粗放、一户多宅问题突出,土地利用强度有待提高.针对镇驻地土地利用存在的问题,提出了优化土地利用结构、改善生态环境、提高土地利用效率、完善土地管理制度等土地利用和管理建议.     

自然资源环境一体化体系刍议

从自然资源与环境的关系入手，分析了建立资源与环境一体化体系的必要性和基本框架。建立资源环境一体化体系，就要改变资源和环境低价的认识，建立并完善资源和环境有偿使用体系；在环境治理的过程中以提高资源的综合利用率为目标，将环境治理与资源保护相统一；在资源的高效合理利用中保护环境；在资源环境问题特别严重的区域建立以流域为单元的资源环境一体化管理体系。     

珍惜地球资源 保护地质环境 促进绿色发展——理清思路 设计抓手 全面推进地质环境管理工作再上新台阶

地质环境管理工作再上新台阶的总体考虑是理清思路,设计抓手,搞好布局,完善机制。主要通过地质灾害防治"十有县"、"五条线"、"五到位"建设,矿山地质环境治理恢复"年年百矿换新颜"工程,国家地下水监测工程,地质环境保护示范命名活动等,全面推进地质环境管理工作。     

比较法视野下的我国可持续水治理(上)——对水和水情的法律理解

当代的中国水危机需要现代水管理理念。通过对水和水情多角度、多层面的深入分析,指出水不仅是经济物质,同时更是人类生存基础、动植物生存空间和生态系统的组成部分。通过对国际法、欧盟和德国水法中的管理理念比较分析,明确其总的发展趋势,即在生态保护理念下,以环境目标为导向,通过规划措施和综合手段提高水体保护水平。在此基础上,对我国新时期的水管理和水体保护进行法律分析,指出可持续水治理只能以法治为原则,以环境目标为导向,实施综合水体管理。     

An African success: the case of conservation agriculture in Zimbabwe

This paper highlights the limiting factors of agricultural production in Zimbabwe and presents conservation agriculture (CA) as a potential solution to address many of these challenges. CA, based on the three principles of minimum soil disturbance, crop residue retention and crop rotations, targets low soil fertility, moisture deficits and low management standards through the use of soil-fertility-enhancing technologies (precision fertilizer application, crop rotations, sequencing and interactions), improved moisture use efficiency and higher standards of agronomic management practices. The paper also explains the role of CA in natural resource conservation as increasing productivity will reduce the land under crop production and increase the area under natural vegetation. Trends in the development of CA in the past five years and its current status in the country are explained, with the roles of different stakeholders outlined. Evidence on the impact of CA on both food security and the environment is presented. In conclusion, the paper looks at the various factors that may affect the spread of CA to different agro-ecological zones in the country.