The role of government in land registry and cadastre service in Turkey: Towards a government 3.0 perspective

Within the scope of the developments in public administration after the 1990s, “Good Governance” approach has been preferred instead of the traditional public management approach. Good Governance is a fair, impartial and egalitarian management model that is based on co-management and envisages the participation of all actors (e.g. public and private sector, civil society) in decision-making processes. With this new management model, public institutions in Turkey began to realise good governance based reforms, especially in areas where they establish a close relationship with citizens. In this article, changes in the public administration in Turkey together with good governance and the effects. The effects change on the land registry and cadastre processes are discussed. In this regard, a situation is evaluated in the context of the future Government 3.0 process by discussing the successful and incomplete aspects of good governance in land registry and cadastre practice in Turkey.     

Determining strategies for the cadastre 2034 vision using an AHP-Based SWOT analysis: A case study for the turkish cadastral and land administration system

This study aimed to identify the current land management and cadastre system in Turkey and determine the most appropriate strategy for integrating the current structure with the principles of the Cadastre 2034 vision. In this work, the legal, institutional, and technical (LIT) status of the existing land management and cadastre system in Turkey was determined using a method based on Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats (SWOT) and Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). Initially, the advantages or weaknesses of the existing land management and cadastre system in Turkey in terms of LIT aspects, opportunities, and threats arising from the external environment were determined by the SWOT matrix. Then, the information obtained concerning the existing land management and cadastre system in Turkey using this matrix was integrated into AHP and the most appropriate strategy was determined in terms of LIT aspects. For the existing land management and cadastre system in Turkey, from the legal point of view, the best strategy with a weighting of 30% was to ‘update the land administration legislation according to the conditions of the day’. The best strategy in terms of institutionalization was to ‘disseminate in-vocational training for the training of qualified personnel (28% weighting)’ and the best strategy from the technical perspective was identified as, ‘the use of technical and technologically advanced measurement techniques in spatial data collection (38% weighting)’. The goal in implementing the AHP-Based SWOT method is to improve the quantitative information basis of strategic planning processes. So, SWOT provides the basic outline within which to perform an analysis of the decision situation, and the AHP assists in carrying out SWOT more analytically and in elaborating the analysis so that alternative strategic decisions can be prioritised.     

Legal aspects of synchronising data on real property location in polish cadastre and land and mortgage register

In recent years, many attempts have been made in Poland to enable automatic data exchange between the system of the Cadastre, being the responsibility of local government units, and the system of Land and Mortgage Register, maintained by the judicial administration (supported by the state apparatus represented by the Ministry of Justice). Such exchange is necessary as it is dictated by the establishment of the Integrated Real Estate Information System. These actions, however, are hindered by the different approaches of the users to the designs and functions of the two systems, as well as by the data incompatibility between the two registers.The article discusses various categories of problems related to the need to synchronise the terms corresponding to spatial objects between individual groups of users. Then, it outlines the difficulties associated with the unambiguous assignment of spatial objects to specific objects of a higher hierarchy level, resulting from the different priorities of the operators of both systems.The author also points out to the fact that ensuring coherence of the data on real property location is yet another condition allowing automatic data exchange between the systems and a full data modernization process in the base systems for the Integrated Real Estate Information System. Due to significant discrepancies between the assumptions of the systems and the data actually stored in them, such systematisation of attributes is necessary. The process of making the data on real estate consistent must take into account the conditions related to both historical events, often dating back to the times of partitions, as well as errors repeatedly committed on current basis, related to the incorrect entry of new data. The article has also pointed to the problems in data standardisation, resulting from multi-level administrative divisions, carried out due to various social needs.     

The application of the social tenure domain model (STDM) to family land in Trinidad and Tobago

Family land is a form of communal tenure found in some of the countries of the English-speaking Caribbean inclusive of Trinidad and Tobago. It has been problematic to administer, is sometimes the source of land conflict and litigation, it has been seen as the cause of many land-related problems such as land degradation and fragmentation, and has therefore been targeted for eradication by land title registration programmes. Informal occupation of many years standing on state and private land is also widespread in Trinidad and Tobago. Recording the existence of these extant extralegal but legitimate rights would go a long way to improving the land administration and the security of tenure on these lands.     

Smart governance based on multipurpose territorial cadastre and geographic information system: An analysis of geoinformation,transparency and collaborative participation for Brazilian capitals

In the information era, cities are connected by data networks and, therefore, solutions to urban problems have been supported by Information and Communication Technologies, which provide the interaction between government and citizens. Thus, information plays a crucial role in Smart Cities, enabling the smart governance, under the precepts of good governance, highlighting the participation and transparency. In addition, Geoinformation turns the Multipurpose Territorial Cadastre into a decision support informational source that is of great relevance in the context of Smart Governance. Based on this context, the present study investigates the geotechnology scenario applied by the governments of the Brazilian capitals, observing the availability of Multipurpose Territorial Cadastre on the Internet and considering the Geoinformation, Transparency and Collaborative participation aspects. In this sense, this paper proposes an exploratory research, with quantitative and qualitative analyzes. In the first stage, it was identified the cities that offer access to territorial information via the Internet, i.e., quantifying cities with active geoportals. Next, the second step qualifies the geoportals of cities according to their existence and access to certain information. The types of information selected for the survey, considered the evolution of the Cadastre, observing three aspects: (i) cadastral information; (ii) thematic information; and (iii) collaborative interface. The results showed that just over half of the capitals keep active geoportals and almost 1/3 of the capitals make available on the Internet a Multipurpose Territorial Cadastre. In terms of Transparency, it was noted that open access data is still lower than non-available or restricted access data. Moreover, the aspect of Collaborative participation is meaningless. Analyzing the results, it can be noted the need to improve both the availability of data and open access to information regarding the aspects of Multipurpose Territorial Cadastre in the geoportals, mainly the cadastral information. These actions could promote the transparency and collaborative participation that, consequently, will improve the effectiveness of smart governance in the Brazilian capitals.     

Deforestation and land use change: sparse data environments

Understanding determinants of land use in developing countries has become a priority for researchers and policy makers with a wide range of interests. For the vast majority of these land use issues, the location of change is as important as its magnitude. This overview paper highlights new economic approaches to modeling land use determinants that combine non‐traditional data sources with novel economic models and econometric techniques. A key feature is that location is central to the analysis. All data elements include an explicit location attribute, estimation techniques include the potential for complications from spatial effects, and results are location‐specific. The paper reviews the theory underlying these models. Since this paper is intended to provide the potential new researcher with an introduction to the challenges of this analysis, we present an overview of how remotely‐sensed data are collected and processed, describe key GIS concepts and identify sources of data for this type of econometric analysis. Finally, selected papers using these techniques are reviewed.     

Development of 3D underground cadastral data model in Korea: Based on land administration domain model

Underground space is being considered as a sustainable development resource, especially in heavily urbanized areas such as Seoul, in Korea. However, regarding 3D underground property, uncertainties and gaps exist between cadastral system and real property registration system. In Korea, cadastral system is able to deal with only 2D surface parcel, on the contrary, real property registration system is able to register and manage legal status of 3D underground properties. The mismatch between these two systems causes various types of problems for underground properties such as a vertical boundary disputes between aboveground and underground ownerships, administrative confusion and dual-compensation problems for new underground construction, reconstruction and haphazard development for underground space due to the lack of systematic registration procedure. In order to overcome these problems, this research proposes a 3D underground cadastral data model, which is associated and integrated with classes in ISO 19152 Land Administration Domain Model (LADM) developed by the Technical Committee 211 of the International Organization for Standardization. The proposed 3D underground cadastral data model comprises two packages: 3D underground parcel package, and 3D underground surveying and mapping package. It would support a better service for land administration by providing reliable and accurate spatial information on 3D underground property. In order to validate the proposed 3D underground cadastral data model, the prototype is developed and implemented in real-world situation for the first time. The proposed 3D underground cadastral data model can register various types of 3D underground properties including architectures such as shopping mall, public walkway, parking lot, and etc., and civil infrastructures such as subway, road, water supply, sewage, common utility tunnel, and etc. The results show that the proposed 3D underground cadastral data model could be applicable for other information system such as land valuation and taxation system, urban planning system, construction and facility management system.     

Urban land administration and planning in China: Opportunities and constraints of spatial data models

China's economic reforms over the past decades have given rise to the development of a rudimentary urban land market. Although one cannot speak of a land “market” in the strict sense of the word, there is an urban land allocation system in which land lease rights can be acquired through the payment of a land-use fee. If the urban land market is to develop in a sustainable manner, new credible institutions need to be established that can safeguard greater legal security and transparency. For these purposes, it is necessary to establish a management system that can support the legal (tenure security), economic (leases, taxes) and broader aspects (spatial and environmental land use policies) of land administration. To make an urban land administration system socially credible and functional, land-related information should be registered and structured at a detailed spatial level, such as parcels. There is no parcel-based information system in China, but the country has developed a population registration system at a detailed spatial level that could be a starting point to develop integrated information systems, or a so-called “local spatial data infrastructure”. This paper reviews China's population registration system and their spatial units and presents a proposal for an information system that can be expanded or adapted to meet the requirements of an effective land administration system.     

4D cadastres: First analysis of legal,organizational, and technical impact—With a case study on utility networks

The increasing complexity and flexibility of modern land use requires that cadastres need an improved capacity to manage the third dimension. As the world is per definition not static, there also will be needs in relation to the representation of the temporal (fourth) dimension either integrated with the spatial dimensions or as separate attribute(s). In this paper, registration of utility networks in cadastre are considered in this 3D + time (=4D) context. A number of countries in the world have developed methods to register utility networks complying with their legal, organizational, and technical structure. We researched the different approaches of three specific countries: Turkey, The Netherlands and Queensland, Australia. These are analysed to evaluate a solution that matches legal, organizational, and technical cadastral requirements in the most optimal way.     

A geometric and semantic evaluation of 3D data sourcing methods for land and property information

Urbanisation, the development of high-rise apartments and the advent of complex building structures creates unique challenges that cannot be met by 2D land and property information. These include inter-related titles and complex plans relating to (i) the land parcel and (ii) the building, both internal (indoor plans) and external attributes (roof and façade). Incorporating the third dimension into the land development cycle can potentially address such challenges by providing data that describes both the land parcel and building in 3D. This move towards 3D data administration requires the development of new 3D data processes, including 3D data sourcing, which forms the focus of this research. Following an examination of current 2D methods in land and property information registration, a framework of the requirements for sourcing 3D land and property information is suggested and potential methods are discussed. Focussing on the geometric and semantic components an evaluation of the methods is developed and applied. The results highlight methods based on photogrammetry, laser scanning, mobile mapping, Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS) and Building Information Modelling (BIM) to source integrated 3D information for both the internal and external attributes of a building and corresponding land parcel.     

Effects of land urbanization and land finance on carbon emissions: A panel data analysis for Chinese provinces

The rapid urbanization in China comes with several economic, social, and environmental issues, most of which are related to land use. This study contributes to research on the land–growth–environment nexus by investigating the effect of land urbanization and land finance on carbon emissions in China from 2004 to 2013 using the Stochastic Impacts by Regression on Population, Affluence, and Technology (STIRPAT) model. Results show that land finance and land urbanization significantly affect carbon emissions. The rate of land urbanization contributes to the reduction of carbon emissions; however, it has less impact compared with other determinants. The effect of land finance and land urbanization on carbon emissions indicates that a local government’s willingness to lease land for revenue aggravates carbon emissions. Economic growth and industrial structure also influence carbon emissions. Furthermore, the land requisition system and rural land conversion market should be enhanced through the guidance provided by the 13th Five-Year Plan (2016–2020) to promote the diversification of land transfer, fully consider regional differences, and establish a distinct policy focus that can contribute to emission reduction and land use.     

Analyzing driving factors of land values in urban scale based on big data and non-linear machine learning techniques

Land value plays a vital role in the real estate market. It is a critical reference for urban planners to reallocate land resources and introduce valid policies. Studying the influential factors on land value can help better understand the spatial-temporal variation of land values and design effective control policies. This attracted a number of scholars to study the spatial and temporal relationships between land value and its possible influential factors from the perspective of macro and micro. However, the majority of the existing studies have the problems of linear assumption and multicollinearity in research models. Limited features and the lack of feature selection procedure are another two commonly seen limitations. To overcome the gaps, this paper adopts non-linear machine learning (ML) methods to investigate the influential factors on land values per square foot based on “big data” in New York City. More than one thousand potential factors are considered, covering from the land attribute, point of interest, demographics, housing, to economic, education, and social. They are further selected using a feature extraction model named Recursive Feature Elimination (RFE). Six ML algorithms, including Random Forest (RF), Gradient Boosting Decision Tree (GBDT), Multi Linear Regression (MLR), Linear Support Vector Regression (SVR), Multilayer Perceptron (MLP) Regression, and K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN) Regression are evaluated and compared. The optimal one with an R-square value of 0.933 is used to calculate the feature importance further. Several important impact features are disclosed, including the number of newsstands, and the vacant housing percentage.     

A model for big spatial rural data infrastructure in Turkey: Sensor-driven and integrative approach

A Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI) enables the effective spatial data flow between providers and users for their prospective land use analyses. The need for an SDI providing soil and land use inventories is crucial in order to optimize sustainable management of agricultural, meadow and forest lands. In an SDI where datasets are static, it is not possible to make quick decisions about land use. Therefore, SDIs must be enhanced with online data flow and the capabilities to store big volumes of data. This necessity brings the concepts of the Internet of Things (IoT) and Big Data (BD) into the discussion.Turkey needs to establish an SDI to monitor and manage its rural lands. Even though Turkish decision-makers and scientists have constructed a solid national SDI standardization, a conceptual model for rural areas has not been developed yet. In accordance with the international agreements, this model should adopt the INSPIRE Directive and Land Parcel Identification System (LPIS) standards. In order to manage rural lands in Turkey, there are several legislations which characterize the land use planning, land classification and restrictions. Especially, the Soil Protection and Land Use Law (SPLUL) enforces to use a lot and a variety of land use parameters that should be available in a big rural SDI. Moreover, this model should be enhanced with IoT, which enables to use of smart sensors to collect data for monitoring natural occurrences and other parameters that may help to classify lands.This study focuses on a conceptual model of a Turkish big rural SDI design that combines the sensor usage and attribute datasets for all sorts of rural lands. The article initially reviews Turkish rural reforms, current enterprises to a national SDI and sensor-driven agricultural monitoring. The suggested model integrates rural land use types, such as agricultural lands, meadowlands and forest lands. During the design process, available data sets and current legislation for Turkish rural lands are taken into consideration. This schema is associated with food security databases (organic and good farming practices), non-agricultural land use applications and local/European subsidies in order to monitor the agricultural parcels on which these practices are implemented. To provide a standard visualization of this conceptual schema, the Unified Modeling Language (UML) class diagrams are used and a supplementary data dictionary is prepared to make clear definitions of the attributes, data types and code lists used in the model.This conceptual model supports the LPIS, ISO 19156 International Standard (Geographic Information: Observations and Measurements) catalogue and INSPIRE data theme specifications due to the fact that Turkey is negotiating the accession to EU; however, it also provides a local understanding that enables to manage rural lands holistically for sustainable development goals. It suggests an expansion for the sensor variety of Turkish agricultural monitoring project (TARBIL) and it specifies a rural theme for Turkish National SDI (TUCBS).     

The identification and assessment of ecological risks for land consolidation based on the anticipation of ecosystem stabilization: A case study in Hubei Province,China

The purpose of this study is to identify and classify the ecological risks in land consolidation, and to develop a framework of the theory and method to assess the change of ecological risk degree before and after land consolidation. Environmental impacts and ecological risks of land consolidation have recently drawn much attention, and there are two opposing viewpoints to assess these impacts and risks in the academia of China. Both viewpoints result from the bias of assessment anticipation. Land consolidation includes four main engineering aspects in China, and ecological succession from start of land consolidation to ecosystem stabilization should pass three phases. Different ecological impacts and risks of land consolidation rise from different phases of ecological successions. According to the climax theory of ecology, we developed a framework of the ecological risk assessment based on the anticipation of ecosystem stabilization (ERABAES) for land consolidation. We applied analytical hierarchical processing (AHP) method to the data resources from the land consolidation project in Southern China to allocate weightings to the indices of ecological risk (ER), and to set up an integrated index system for the ecological risk identification. This integrated index system encompasses the ecological risks with three factors (water, soil and biology) and 14 indices. The results of the project show: (1) The ER is reduced from 58.02 to 28.8 after land consolidation and the degree of ecological risk is down from Degree III to Degree IV. (2) According to the element analysis, the water ER is reduced from 21.53 to 6.16, its contribution to reduce the ecological risk is 53%; the reduced ERs of soil and biology are respectively 12.79 and 1.06, their contribution of ecological risk reduce is lower than water.     

环境资源约束下环渤海经济圈经济增长绩效测度——基于DEA-面板回归模型的实证研究

论文以环渤海经济圈为例,采用DEA-Malmquist模型对环境资源约束下环渤海经济增长绩效进行研究,并进一步利用面板回归模型,对该地区全要素生产率的影响因素进行了实证分析。环境资源约束下,环渤海经济圈总体以及圈内各省市的全要素生产率都大于1,表明经济发展方式都都有一定程度的转变。不同的经济基础、地区工业结构以及对外开放程度会影响地区经济发展速度,同时能源利用和环境污染治理对经济增长绩效有显著负向影响。     

基于历史数据的水利工程建设市场主体信用动态评价与预测模型

针对水利工程建设市场主体信用评价周期不等、评价周期过长、评价方法不够科学等问题,参考现有水利工程建设市场主体信用评价指标,采取综合赋权法确定指标权重,以确保指标权重的合理性;利用模糊综合评价法得到某水利施工企业的综合信用评价值,并基于历史数据得到最终的信用动态评价值,最后,利用马尔科夫模型(Markov Model)计算信用动态预测值。研究结果表明,水利工程建设市场主体信用动态评价模型对水利施工企业的信用评价有效可行,利用马尔科夫模型得到的信用动态预测值可以为选择水利施工企业提供参考。