Revisiting the risk-return relation in the Chinese stock market: Decomposition of risk premium and volatility feedback effect

The empirical results of the risk-return relationship are mixed for both mature and merging markets. In this paper, we develop a new volatility model to revisit the risk-return relation of the aggregate stock market index by extending the Realized GARCH model of Hansen et al. (2012) with the Wang and Yang (2013) framework, in which the overall risk-return relation is decomposed into a risk premium and a volatility feedback effect. An empirical analysis of three major Chinese stock indices reveals positive risk premium and negative volatility feedback effect, and those findings are stable across different markets and sub-samples. However, their relative magnitudes differ between markets and varies through time.     

Credit risk – Return puzzle: Evidence from India

Although asset pricing theories predict a positive relation between risk and returns, empirical findings on credit risk-return relationship are mixed. And, observed negative relation between the two in this regard is referred to as credit risk-return puzzle. Using credit rating as a measure of credit risk, we have investigated into the existence of this puzzle in India during July 2011 to March 2019. We have used information for the companies listed on the National Stock Exchange for this purpose. Our results validate the presence of this puzzle in the Indian stock market. Moreover, credit risk is observed to be a systematic risk, which has not been captured in the traditional asset pricing models. We have also observed partial evidence favoring both behavioural and rational pricing explanations—the two widely acknowledged explanations in the literature behind this puzzle. On our further query in this connection, we have not seen any significant change in the puzzle due to the recent enactment of the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code.     

The risk-return relation and VIX: evidence from the S&P 500

A significantly positive risk-return relation for the S&P 500 market index is detected if the squared implied volatility index (VIX) is allowed for as an exogenous variable in the conditional variance equation of the parsimonious GARCH(1,1) model. This result holds for both daily and weekly observations, for extended conditional mean and variance specifications, and is robust to sub-samples. We show that the conditional variance obtained from the GARCH model with VIX has better predictive ability for realized volatility than the conditional variance from GARCH without VIX and VIX itself, thereby documenting an important information content of VIX for conditional variance. The results are interpreted as evidence that adding VIX squared in the conditional variance equation yields a better measure of conditional variance which, subsequently, uncovers a strong risk-return relation.     

International outsourcing and the demand for skills

This paper explores the impact of international outsourcing on the demand for skills in three small and open EU economies. A model of variable costs and factor demand functions for different skill levels and imported as well as domestic materials are constructed. International outsourcing is treated directly as a substitution process between labour of different skills and imported inputs. The direct consequence of international outsourcing for labour is measured by the cross price elasticities. These cross price elasticities indicate a negative outsourcing impact on low- and medium-skilled labour in the three countries and on high-skilled labour in two out of the three countries. This outsourcing effect on labour is compared with the direct effect of embodied technical change and of the technical change bias. International outsourcing has a more unambigous and significant negative impact on labour than technical change. Technical change is either labour using (embodied technical change) or only slightly biased in favour of high-skilled labour. When the cost savings effect of international outsourcing is taken into account, an indirect positive stimulus for all skill categories arises from a greater demand for goods. It can be shown, that this indirect positive effect can compensate for a large part of the negative substitution impact of international outsourcing on labour.     

Momentum or market? Determinants of large stock price changes in an emerging market

The aim of this study is to investigate the determinants of large price changes in Turkey. We also provide additional evidence on determinants of large price changes in different macroeconomic environments, specifically on the pre-crisis and post-crisis periods. Using recurrent event analysis with stratified observations and frailty effects, our findings suggest that momentum has a significant impact on large price changes during both pre-crisis and post-crisis periods. However, the impact of market is more significant on the estimation of large price declines in the pre-crisis period and of large price increases in the post-crisis period. Additional findings suggest that liquidity and market-to-book ratio have positive, firm size has a negative impact on likelihood of large price changes regardless of the direction of the stock price change and macroeconomic environment. Findings of this study provide new insights into the understanding of large price changes in an emerging market.     

要素扭曲、技术研发与效率损失

运用2008-2016年中国29个地区面板数据，测度资本要素市场和劳动力要素市场扭曲程度，采用基于超越对数生产函数的随机前沿模型，分析要素市场扭曲对我国高技术产业技术研发效率的影响。结果表明：考察期内，我国资本要素市场和劳动力要素市场均呈现显著的反向扭曲，且资本要素市场扭曲程度更高；从全国层面看，两种要素市场扭曲在全国层面均对高技术产业技术研发效率产生抑制作用；分地区看，资本要素市场扭曲对东部地区存在负向影响，对中西部地区影响不显著，而劳动力要素市场扭曲对东中西部地区均有负向影响，且影响程度由东向西递增。反事实计量结果表明，资本要素市场扭曲是造成高技术产业技术研发效率损失的重要原因。     

Market Underreaction and Overreaction of Technology Stocks

Several studies have assessed stock market under- or overreaction of stocks and there is some agreement among them. However, there is much disagreement about what constitutes market underreaction or overreaction, and the conditions that cause it. The substantial variation in results among studies may be partially attributed to the types of firms that are contained in any sample. We investigate this premise by focusing on a sample of technology stocks that experienced an extreme change in stock price, along with a corresponding control sample of non-technology stocks that experienced a similar extreme change in stock price on the same day.

Based on the subsequent stock price behavior of each sample, we find a greater degree of overreaction within extreme positive changes in technology stock prices (winners) than in non-technology stock prices. In addition, we find a greater degree of underreaction within extreme negative changes in technology stock prices (losers) than in non-technology stock prices. When considering winners and losers collectively for technology and non-technology firms, it appears the market is overoptimistic when it initially revalues technology stock prices relative to non-technology stock prices.

The degree of under- or overreaction of technology stocks varies within the sample of technology stocks, and is conditioned on firm-specific characteristics. Overall, our results suggest that technology stocks exhibit unique stock price behavior subsequent to an extreme change in price, and that this unique behavior can even vary among technology firms according to firm-specific characteristics.     

劳资关系对当代中国社会的影响

改革开放以来对社会触动最大的变革莫过于企业劳动关系的变动.劳资关系从无到有并成为劳动关系的主体对中国社会的影响有积极和消极两个方面.积极影响主要表现在牵引和带动了公有制企业市场化改革、缓解了中国工业化进程中的人口难题和广泛吸纳投资推进了中国工业化进程;消极方面主要表现为带来了利益大分化的劳动关系、天生不平等的社会关系、倾斜性的初次分配关系.从总的来看,其积极影响大于消极影响.但是,目前积极影响下降而消极影响上升,因此,构建劳资关系的制衡机制是一项十分紧要的工作.     

董事长—总经理校友关系对公司创新投入的影响——公司内部控制与机构投资者持股的调节作用

作为社会关系的重要一环,校友关系会对管理者决策产生影响。选取2012—2017年中国沪深两市A股上市公司为研究样本,利用固定效应模型检验董事长—总经理校友关系对公司创新投入的影响,通过考察公司内部控制和机构投资者持股对上述影响的调节作用,进而揭示其中相关作用机制。结果显示：董事长—总经理校友关系会促进公司创新投入;公司内部控制和机构投资者持股均正向调节董事长—总经理校友关系对公司创新投入的促进作用。进一步研究发现,董事长—总经理校友关系对公司创新投入的促进作用在非国有企业、高科技公司中更显著,而地区市场化程度差异对上述促进作用的影响并未表现出显著不同。研究结论能够为公司更有效地植入校友文化、完善选人用人与高管再教育机制等提供管理启示。     

LIFE SATISFACTION AND INCOME INEQUALITY

Do people care about income inequality and does income inequality affect subjective well‐being? Welfare theories can predict either a positive or a negative impact of income inequality on subjective well‐being and empirical research has found evidence of a positive, negative, or non‐significant relation. This paper attempts to determine some of the possible causes of such empirical heterogeneity. Using a very large sample of world citizens we test the consistency of the effect of income inequality in predicting life satisfaction. We find that income inequality has a negative and significant effect on life satisfaction. This result is robust to changes of regressors and estimation choices and also persists across different income groups and across different types of countries. However, this relation is easily obscured or reversed by multicollinearity generated by the use of country and year fixed effects. This is particularly true if the number of data points for inequality is small, which is a common feature of cross‐country or longitudinal studies.     

不同工作价值追求对创新行为的影响研究

基于工作价值观视角,探讨了创新行为的产生机制。采用层级回归法对352名企业员工的调查数据进行了分析,结果表明,工作价值观对创新行为具有显著影响。其中,舒适与安全对创新行为具有显著负向影响;能力与成长对创新行为具有显著正向影响;地位与独立对创新行为具有显著正向影响。同时,创新氛围对舒适和安全与创新行为之间的关系具有调节作用,创新氛围越浓,舒适与安全对创新行为的负向影响越弱;创新氛围对能力与成长与创新行为之间的关系具有调节作用,创新氛围越浓,地位与独立对创新行为的正向影响越强。     

Cellular automata modeling of resistance to innovations: Effects and solutions

It has long been accepted that word-of-mouth (w-o-m) communications play a key role in new product adoption and much interest has been directed to the positive impact of interpersonal communications on new product dissemination and adoption. Limited attention, however, has been given to the adverse effect of negative w-o-m and consumers' resistance to change, primarily since these negative forces are less visible, leaving no traces in sales data. In this paper, we explore how resistance may shrink market size. In light of the covert nature of negative w-o-m, we use cellular automata modeling to simulate and gain insights into possible resistance scenarios and their implications. We found that, once resistance is enrolled, advertising provides no more than a limited compensating effect, and positive opinion leaders have only low impact on market growth. In a second study, we explore an approach that undermines the effect of resistance leaders through the direct activation of positive opinion leaders prior to the initiation of unfocused marketing efforts.     

农村金融发展与农村经济增长——一个动态演化分析视角

农村金融发展对于农村经济增长具有重要的推动作用.运用1978-2010年的相关数据和时变参数模型估计方法,就我国农村金融发展与农村经济增长之间的动态关系进行探寻.首先,协整检验与误差修正模型的估计结果显示:无论是长期还是短期,农村金融发展规模对于农村经济增长具有正向促进作用,而农村金融中介效率却对农村经济增长起到了负向抑制作用.时变参数模型的估计结果则进一步发现:农村金融发展规模对农村经济增长的促进作用在整体上呈现弱化趋势,当前的正向作用机制比较微弱;而农村金融中介效率对农村经济增长的抑制作用经历了一个先减弱后增强的“倒V”型变化过程.     

Conditional risk and return in Asian emerging markets: evidence from the banking sector

Previous studies reach no consensus on the relationship between risk and return using data from one market. This study argues that the market factor should be noticed in assessing the risk-return relationship in a partially integrated emerging market. The analysis aims to provide new insight into the nature of the risk-return relationship by a conditional factor GARCH-M framework that controls for time-series effects, to investigate the banking sector in five Asian emerging markets of China, Hong Kong, Indonesia, Malaysia and Taiwan during the period 1995 to 2004. Finally, the study provides evidence on these relations before and after the Asian financial crisis of 1997. The results are generally consistent across the markets and with expectations, and have implications for empirical assessments of the risk-return relationship and diversification.     

市场需求、创新政策组合与企业创新绩效——企业生命周期视角

以北京A股上市公司为研究对象,基于创新驱动理论,运用多元回归分析方法,探索市场需求与政府干预对处于不同生命周期企业创新绩效的影响。结果表明：①研发补助和税收优惠政策组合协同互补效应显著,但组合效果会因企业所处生命周期不同而呈现显著差别。具体来说,对成长期企业二者组合竞争效应显著,组合效果为负协同。对成熟期企业,二者组合互补效应显著,组合效果为正协同。对衰退期企业,二者组合效果无显著影响,组合效果为无协同;②总体来说,市场需求显著促进企业创新绩效提升,但对于成长期和成熟期企业的正向促进效应显著,对于衰退期企业抑制作用显著;③市场需求在创新政策组合与企业创新绩效之间起负向调节作用,且对处于不同生命周期的企业结论一致。对成长期企业,政府干预优于市场调节,对成熟期企业,市场调节优于政府干预,对衰退期企业,政策引导效果更优。最终,提出促进创新高质量发展的对策建议。     

Bidding in an Electricity Pay-as-Bid Auction

One of the main elements of the recent reform of electricity trading in the United Kingdom is the change from a uniform price auction in the wholesale market to discriminatory pricing. We analyze this change under two polar market structures (perfectly competitive and monopolistic supply), with demand uncertainty. We find that under perfect competition there is a trade-off between efficiency and consumer surplus between the two auction rules. We also establish that a move from uniform to discriminatory pricing under monopoly conditions has a negative impact on profits and output (weakly), a positive impact on consumer surplus, and ambiguous implications for welfare and average prices.     

环境规制对城镇二元劳动力就业的影响*——基于劳动力市场分割视角

城镇劳动力市场分割决定了环境规制对二元劳动力就业影响存在差异性。基于环境规制对城镇二元劳动力就业影响理论分析,本文首先利用1998—2014年30省份面板数据实证分析了环境规制对城镇二元劳动力就业影响的差异性,进一步采用面板门限模型,考察了环境规制对城镇农民工就业影响的劳动力市场分割门槛效应。研究发现：（1）环境规制对城镇农民工就业负面冲击大于对城镇本地劳动力就业冲击;（2）环境规制对农民工城镇就业存在显著的劳动力市场分割门槛效应,当劳动力市场分割程度高于2002时,环境规制对农民工城镇就业抑制效应为-0116;当劳动力市场分割介于1199到2002之间时,抑制效应较大程度下降,为-0042;而当劳动力市场分割程度小于1199时,抑制效应转变为正向促进效应,为0106。未来应继续深化户籍制度改革,打破劳动力市场分割,加强技能培训,提高人力资本积累,降低环境规制对农民工城镇就业抑制效应,进一步提高城镇化水平,有效发挥城镇化经济增长效应。     

The impact of income,economic openness and interest rates on housing prices in China: evidence from dynamic panel quantile regression

The rapid growth of housing prices has attracted the attention of the whole of society in China. This article adopts the dynamic panel quantile regression to investigate the impact of income, economic openness and interest rates on housing prices in China, based on the panel data of 35 major cities from 2002 to 2012. Compared with previous studies, we can more precisely and reasonably discuss the impact of these variables on different levels of housing prices. The empirical results indicate that the impact of independent variables on housing prices is heterogeneous across quantiles. Specifically, the impact of income is positive and significant across quantiles, and the impact becomes greater at the 90th and 95th quantiles. Economic openness has a positive and significant effect at the 5th–80th quantiles, which support the Balassa–Samuelson effect, but it is insignificant at the 90th and 95th quantiles. The impact of interest rates is positive and significant at low quantiles, but the impact is negative and insignificant at high quantiles. Furthermore, we also find that the coefficients of interest rates at various quantiles are smaller. In addition, the population has a significant positive effect across quantiles. Finally, we provide important policy implications.     

Time-varying beta: a boundedly rational equilibrium approach

The conditional CAPM with time-varying betas has been widely used to explain the cross-section of asset returns. However, most of the literature on time-varying beta is motivated by econometric estimation using various latent risk factors rather than explicit modelling of the stochastic behaviour of betas through agents’ behaviour, such as momentum trading. Misspecification of beta risk and the lack of any theoretical guidance on how to specify risk factors based on the representative agent economy appear empirically challenging. In this paper, we set up a dynamic equilibrium model of a financial market with boundedly rational and heterogeneous agents within the mean-variance framework of repeated one-period optimisation and develop an explicit dynamic behaviour CAPM relation between the expected equilibrium returns and time-varying betas. By incorporating the two most commonly used types of investors, fundamentalists and chartists, into the model, we show that there is a systematic change in the market portfolio, risk-return relationships, and time varying betas when investors change their behaviour, such as the chartists acting as momentum traders. In particular, we demonstrate the stochastic nature of time-varying betas. We also show that the commonly used rolling window estimates of time-varying betas may not be consistent with the ex-ante betas implied by the equilibrium model. The results provide a number of insights into an understanding of time-varying beta.     

区域创新环境是否提高了中国信息技术产业创新效率——基于两阶段创新过程的实证研究

信息技术产业创新过程与一般高新技术产业相比有其特殊之处,且创新环境在不同创新阶段影响不同,然而既有文献对此关注较少。将创新过程分解为技术研发和市场转化两个阶段,运用面板随机前沿模型测度了2011—2016年中国各省份及经济区域信息技术产业创新效率,并实证检验了创新环境对创新效率的影响。研究发现：中国信息技术产业创新效率在两阶段均处于较低水平,且都具有明显的时间趋势,技术研发阶段效率逐年递减,市场转化阶段效率逐年递增;区域产业规模对技术研发阶段效率影响不显著,但对市场转化阶段效率影响非常显著,呈倒U型关系;区域研发资源和区域研发环境正向影响技术研发阶段效率;区域经济资源对市场转化阶段效率有显著正向影响;区域市场环境对市场转化阶段效率影响不显著;创新环境整体上促进了大部分经济区域技术研发阶段创新效率,但没有促进东部沿海和黄河中游地区创新效率;创新环境整体上促进了中国各经济区域的市场转化效率。