Russian market of transport services in international container transportation

The paper analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of the corridor of Euro-Asian transport links in comparison with other international routes and identifies the factors constraining the development of transit container transportation and establishment of effective mechanisms ensuring the competitive advantages of the Russian route.     

链接1：义乌国际商贸城

义乌国际商贸城是义乌市面向21世纪实施的市场国际化战略扩张的龙头工程。义乌国际商贸城建设共分三期：义乌国际商贸城一期义乌国际商贸城一期市场坐落于义乌繁华的稠州路上,东侧为义乌海关办事处,北连国际商贸城二期工程,毗邻梅湖会展中心、国际物流中心、江东联托运市场、篁园市场、宾王市场,投资6亿多元,于2002年9月28日建成并投入使用。该工程占地420亩、建筑面积34万平方米,市场内设中央空调、大型电子信息屏、     

The political economy of services trade liberalization: a case for international regulatory cooperation?

Little progress has been made since the creation of the WTOon expanding and deepening the coverage of services liberalizationcommitments. This paper identifies and discusses five hypothesesthat may explain the absence of dynamism: (i) technologicalchanges allowing ever more services to be traded cross-borderunaffected by policy; (ii) strong incentives to pursue liberalizationon an autonomous basis (unilaterally); (iii) perceptions thatbilateral or regional cooperation are a good substitute forthe WTO; (iv) standard political-economy factors, such as adjustmentcosts and resistance by incumbents to erosion of rents; and(v) concerns that the WTO will affect the ability of regulatorsto enforce national norms. We argue that all of these explanationsplay a role, and that some of these factors significantly impedethe scope for reciprocal exchanges of ‘concessions’—theengine of WTO negotiations.     

Preferential trade agreements and the structure of international trade

In this paper we examine the impact of membership in preferential trade agreements (PTAs) on trade between PTA members. Rather than considering the impact of PTA membership on the volume of trade we consider the impact of membership on the structure of trade. For a large sample of countries over the period 1962–2000 we find that membership in a PTA is associated with an increase in the extent of intra-industry trade. Our results indicate that this is especially the case for PTAs formed between richer countries, with the effects of PTAs between poorer countries found to be smaller.     

Heterogeneous workers and international trade

In this paper, I survey the recent theoretical literature that incorporates heterogeneous labor into models of international trade. The models with heterogeneous labor have been used to study how talent dispersion can be a source of comparative advantage, how the opening of trade affects the full distribution of wages, and how trade affects industry productivity and efficiency via its impact on sorting and matching in the labor market. Some of the most recent contributions also introduce labor market frictions to study the effects of trade on structural unemployment and on mismatch between workers and firms.     

浅论国际服务贸易中的交易费用

与其它市场交易一样，国际服务贸易的发展要受到交易费用的影响。本文首行分析了这种影响，然后着重论述了影响国际服务贸易交易费用的因素，最后对可能减少国际服务贸易交易费用的因素进行了说明-其中包括GATS对之所作的贡献。     

Modeling complex network patterns in international trade

Review of World Economics - This paper examines the role of complex network patterns in determining international trade. The author proposes two empirical approaches to better identify the...     

Explaining liberalization commitments in financial services trade

The paper examines the determinants of market access commitments in international financial services trade in the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS). Based on a theoretical model, it empirically investigates the role of domestic political economy forces, international bargaining considerations, and the state of complementary policy. The empirical results confirm the relevance of the model in explaining banking and (to a somewhat lesser degree) securities services liberalization commitments. The findings imply that those who seek greater access to developing country markets for financial services must do more to counter protectionism at home in areas of export interest for developing countries. JEL no. D78, F13, G20     

国际环境公约中的贸易条款初探

一、国际环境公约中贸易条款的存在基础环境与贸易问题已成为全球性的问题,仅仅依靠单个国家和单个地区的力量单枪匹马地干,是不会取得预期效果的。因为从自然属性上讲,空气、水等流体是全球流动的;某国的生态系统是全球生态系统不可分割的重要组成部分;珍惜的物种虽然按主权原     

中、美国际贸易差额探析

中、美贸易中中国持续顺差的地位引起了美国对中国的强烈不满,从此,中、美贸易摩擦不断。本文以2006年为例,从中美贸易微观视角上分析了外汇成本和出口成本、从贸易理论上探析了贸易利益分配,从中、美贸易统计方法的不同等几个方面对中美贸易的实际利益进行了分析,得出中、美贸易顺差对中国来说只是数字,美国才是实际获利者。     

增加进口 何乐不为——余淼杰论“中国经济的第四条道路”

北京大学国家发展研究院余淼杰副教授认为,二战后所有穷国发展经济的套路,大凡跳不出如下三招：一是坚持进口替代,二是强调贸易自由化;三则是实施出口导向。但时下发展中国经济,这三条道路都行不通。     

On the elasticity of substitution in international trade

Summary Attention for biases in the measurement of the Elasticity of Substitution (ES) in applied international trade flow modelling has a long tradition. It was mostly directed at the issue of the acceptability of the (often implicit) assumptions made on the parameters of the underlying demand model. The purpose of this paper is to prove both theoretically and with the help of some numerical examples that another strong potential source of biases in assessingES's in trade modelling does exist which gained remarkably little attention in the literature, namely, the regional pattern of international trade flows.     

技术性贸易壁垒对我国国际技术贸易的影响分析

一、贸易技术壁垒概述1.贸易技术壁垒是以技术法规、标准、合格评定、认证等技术性的措施对外国出口至本国或本地区的产品进行限制的非关税壁垒随着关税壁垒的减弱,技术性贸易壁垒已经成为多边贸易中最隐蔽,最难对付的一种非关税壁垒,构成当今国际国际贸易中最棘手的问题之一。     

国际贸易中知识产权滥用的反垄断规制

知识经济时代的知识产权滥用现象日益普遍,将反垄断法引入规制知识产权滥用的法律体系之中有着重要的现实意义。本文对反垄断法规制知识产权滥用的正当性进行了初步的论证,提出了关于我国反垄断立法中对知识产权滥用进行法律规制时应明确的问题。     

国际物流成本对国际贸易的影响

无论古典还是现代国际贸易理论都假设没有运输成本,但是运输成本确实是存在的,并且运输成本还经常是一个变量。本文将包含运输成本的物流成本作为影响国际贸易的因素,对国际贸易理论及贸易实践的影响进行分析,确认物流成本对国际贸易有直接的影响,因物流成本的存在削弱比较优势,并证明随着物流成本的改变,贸易流向也会改变。     

服务贸易发展的国际比较及启示

近年来,服务业代替制造业成为推动世界经济发展的主要力量,服务行业的自由贸易不仅能够直接推动服务行业本身的发展,并且对经济体中其他行业产生了巨大影响。本文通过分析服务贸易的国际现状和我国服务贸易发展情况,发现我国的服务贸易发展还存在贸易结构不合理、服务对象过于集中、服务贸易体制法规不健全等问题,我国与服务贸易发达国家如美国、日本、新加坡、印度等还存在较大的差距。这些服务贸易发达国家的发展经验及政策选择为我国发展服务贸易提供了重要的启示。我国应该积极借鉴这些国家的发展经验来解决我国服务贸易自身的问题从而提高服务贸易的国际竞争力。     

Towards new agreements on international trade liberalization

Zusammenfassung Zu neuen Abkommen über Liberalisierung des internationalen Handels. — Die Vielfalt der nichttarif?ren Handelshemmnisse steht ihrem allgemeinen und linearen Abbau—analog den Zollverhandlungen der Kennedy-Runde — bislang entgegen. In der vorliegenden Studie wird daher vorgeschlagen, für jedes Land einen ?Zolltarif der nichttarif?ren Handelshemmnisse? zu berechnen, indem auβertarif?re Maβnahmen in Form von Zoll?quivalenten quantifiziert werden. Dabei ist die zentrale Hypothese, daβ jedes Handelshemmnis die Differenz zwischen heimischen Erzeugerpreisen und Importpreisen vergr?βert; diese Differenz—gemessen in vom Hundert des Importpreises—ist das Zoll?quivalent. Die Methode der Quantifizierung sollte je nach Art der statistischen Daten gew?hlt werden. Drei M?glichkeiten werden vorgeführt, und zwar für homogene Produkte ein direkter Preisvergleich am Beispiel des Steinkohlebergbaus, für heterogene Produkte ein Elastizit?tsansatz am Beispiel der feinkeramischen Industrie und ein Vergleich von Warenk?rben am Beispiel der Textilindustrie. Abschlieβend werden m?gliche Divergenzen zwischen Protektionswirkungen und Protektionsabsichten untersucht.

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Resumen Hacia un nuevo acuerdo sobre la liberalizatión del comercio international. —La diversidad de barreras no arancelarias existente se ha mostrado como obstáculo a una desarme general y lineal análogo a las reducciones arancelarias en la ronda Kennedy. En el presente trabajo los autores proponen el establecimiento, en cada pais, de un ?arancel aduanero de las trabas no arancelarias? que se obtiene mediante la calculación de equivalentes arancelarios de aquellas trabas. La premisa central es que cualquier barrera a la importatión aumenta la diferencia entre los precios industriales domésticos y los de importación; esta diferencia, expresada como porcentaje del precio de importación, corresponde al equivalente arancelario. El método de cuantificación a aplicar deberá regirse por los datos estadfsticos disponibles. Los autores presentan très posibilidades, a saber: para productos homogéneos una comparación de precios directa, tomándose como ejemplo la industria extractiva del carbón, para productos heterogéneos un concepto de elasticidad, sirviendo de ejemplo la industria de la cerámica, y una comparación de la cesta de productos, utilizándose como ejemplo la industria textil. Finalmente los autores analizan posibles divergencias entre los efectos y las intenciones de medidas proteccionistas.

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Résumé Vers de nouveaux accords sur la libéralisation du commerce international. —La diversité des barrières non-tarifaires au commerce a jusqu’ à présent empêché leur réduction universelle et linéaire—conformément aux réductions tarifaires du ?Kennedy Round?. Dans l’article que voici on propose donc de calculer pour chaque pays un tarif douanier des barrières non-tarifaires en quantifiant les mesures non-tarifaires sous forme d’équivalents de tarifs. L’hypothèse qui en sert de base soutient que chaque barrière au commerce international augmente la différence entre les prix du marché national et ceux du marché mondial; cette différence — exprimée en pourcentages des prix d’importation—représente l’équivalent du tarif douanier. La méthode de quantification doit être adaptée aux données statistiques qu’on possède. Trois possibilités sont discutées en détail: pour les produits homogènes, la comparaison directe démontrée à l’exemple de l’industrie minière du charbon; pour les produits hétérogènes, un calcul d’élasticité demontre à l’exemple de l’industrie de poterie, et la comparaison de paniers de marchandises démontrée à l’exemple de l’industrie textile. Finalement, sont examinées les divergences possibles entre les effets du protectiónnisme et l’intention protectionniste.

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Riassunto Di nuovi accordi sulla liberalizzazione del commercio internazionale. —La molteplicit à degli ostacoli commerciali non tariffari sta finora in opposizione —analogamente aile trattative doganali del Kennedy-Runde—alla sua generale e lineare demolizione. Nel presente studio viene perció proposto di calcolare per ogni Paese una ?tariffa doganale degli ostacoli commerciali non tariffari?, mentre provvedimenti extratariffari sono quantificati in forma di equivalenze doganali. Inoltre l’ipotesi centrale è che ogni ostacolo commerciale ingrandisce la differenza tra prezzi di prodotti nazionali e prezzi d’importazione; questa differenza—misurata in per cento del prezzo d’importazione—è l’equivalenza doganale. Il metodo delia quantificazione dovrebbe essere scelto a seconda del genère dei dati statistici. Tre possibilit à sono presentate, e cioè per prodotti omogenei un diretto confronto dei prezzi sull’esempio dell’industria mineraria del carbone, per prodotti eterogenei un’impiego di elasticit à sull’esempio dell’industria di cerámica fine e un confronto di canestri di merci sull’esempio dell’industria tessile. In ultimo sono analizzate possibili divergenze tra effetti di protezione e intenzioni di protezione.

     

Skill, trade, and international inequality

Heckscher-Ohlin trade theory suggests that greater opennesstends to enlarge inter-country differences in stocks of skill(or human capital), which new growth theory suggests would causeinter-country divergence of per capita incomes. Econometricanalysis of data on about 90 countries during 1960-90 confirmsthat greater openness tends to cause divergence of secondaryand tertiary enrolment rates between more-educated and less-educatedcountries, and also between land-scarce and land-abundant countries.These findings may have implications for the optimal choiceof trade policies by poor countries.