Enrolment in Higher Education and Changes in Income Inequality

Using a cross‐section of countries, this paper empirically examines whether greater enrolment rates in higher education are associated with increases or decreases in subsequent income inequality as measured by the Gini coefficient. It finds a negative association between the two, suggesting that countries with larger enrolment rates saw their income inequality decrease relative to other countries. These findings are robust to the inclusion of several control variables and to limiting the sample to non‐OECD countries.     

Measuring Income Inequality in Euroland

In this paper we propose an aggregate measure of income inequality for the founding countries of the European Monetary Union. Applying the methodology of the Theil index we are able to derive a measure for Euroland as a whole by using complementary data from the European Community Household Panel and the Luxembourg Income Study. The property of additive decomposability allows us to determine each country's contribution as well as that of each demographic group to overall income inequality. In addition the impact of government transfers on this inequality measure is assessed.     

Measuring Attitudes Towards Inequality

Individuals' attitudes to inequality aversion are measured using survey data, based on the leaky-bucket experiment, for several groups of students in Australia and Israel. Three forms of social welfare function are estimated. It is found that measures of inequality aversion can be obtained with some precision and that these estimates are substantially lower than the values typically used by those measuring inequality and examining optimal tax structures. Furthermore, a welfare function based on the Gini inequality measure is generally found to give a better fit than forms based on constant relative or constant absolute inequality aversion.
JEL Classification : C 91; D 63     

Sources of Inequality: Measuring the Contributions of Income Sources to Rising Family Income Inequality

We develop a simulation method for measuring the impact of changes in the distributions of the main income sources on growth in family income inequality. We simulate the entire distribution of family income under the counterfactual, “What if the distribution of each source had not changed?” The simulation method allows us to evaluate the impact of changes at any point in the distribution as well as with multiple measures of inequality. We incorporate married‐couple and single‐person families, appropriately accounting for changes in the proportion married. We apply the simulation method to investigate the impact of changes in male earnings, female earnings, and capital income on the distribution of family income in the United States between 1969 and 1999. We find that changes in the distribution of male earnings account for more of the growth in family income inequality than do changes in any other source of income. Changes in the distribution of female earnings have reduced family income inequality.     

兄姐上大学对同胞高等教育获得的溢出效应

家庭内部同胞兄弟姐妹之间的相互影响对于个体教育获得具有重要作用。文章基于中国居民收入分配课题组(CHIP)2013年和2018年的城镇和农村住户调查数据,考察了兄姐上大学对同胞高等教育获得的影响。研究发现:(1)兄姐上大学对同胞高等教育获得具有显著的正向影响,且这一影响在二孩家庭和城镇家庭内部更为强烈,同胞间存在教育溢出效应;(2)这种溢出效应受同胞结构和家庭因素的影响,长子(长姐)、相同性别和年龄差4至6岁的同胞间溢出效应更为强烈,婚姻破裂和亲子互动也会在一定程度上影响教育溢出效应;(3)机制探讨结果表明兄姐对同胞的知识传递及榜样效应发挥了重要作用;(4)兄姐上大学对同胞高等教育获得的影响也会进一步传导至就业选择上,有兄姐上大学的同胞就业参与率更高,也更有可能获得稳定性更强和福利待遇更好的体制内工作岗位。     

Expected Life-earnings Paths with and without Higher Education: The case of India

The paper analyses students' expectations of earnings with and without higher education at three career points: at entry to the labour force, at the five year point, and career peak, constructing paths of expected earnings. The estimated expected internal rates of return to investment in different types of higher education are quite high. Considering ratios of expected peak-year to entry earnings, the highest gradient is in the case of specialised/professional education. Similarly for the case of students of urban origin as compared with those of semi-urban or rural origin. Likewise, the gradient is relatively high in the case of students with an English medium of study compared with the case of students with Punjabi or Hindi. As expected, the gradient is higher for those who aspire to higher education than those who do not, in all three types of higher education. The association between expected peak earnings and the proportion of gains in earnings that take place in the first five years is negative in all cases; only expectations of sustained growth in earnings lead to the highest predicted peak earnings levels. The regression results suggest that socio-economic background, social capital, ability, and school-related variables significantly influence the formation of expectations about earnings.     

Gender Inequality in the Provision of Employer-Supported Education

Abstract
Only 27 per cent of females compared with 51 per cent of males undertaking programs of education in Australia do so with financial or other support from their employer. Using data from the How Workers Get Their Training, Australia 1989 survey, an analysis of this differential is undertaken by investigating the effects of dependent children and by controlling for differences in other characteristics between males and females. Although after controlling for these differences the absolute difference between males and females was small, 3.5 percentage points, the estimated bias in favour of males accounts for over 80 per cent of this differential; that is, less than 20 per cent of the differential can be accounted for by differences in male and female characteristics .     

Measuring Efficiency in Higher Education: An Empirical Study Using a Bootstrapped Data Envelopment Analysis

This paper applies data envelopment analysis (DEA) to assess technical efficiency in a big public university. Particular attention has been paid to two main activities, teaching and research, and on two large groups, the Science and Technology (ST) sector and the Humanity and Social Science (HSS) sector. The findings, based to data from 2005 to 2009, suggest that the ST sector is more efficient in terms of quality of research than the HSS sector, that instead achieves higher efficiency in teaching activities. The efficiency estimates strongly depend on the output specification, given that the use of several quality proxies, such as three research and two student questionnaire-based teaching alternative indices, reduce performance and its differentials for both research and teaching activities. A bootstrap technique is also used to provide confidence intervals for efficiency scores and to obtain bias-corrected estimates. The Malmquist index is calculated to measure changes in productivity.     

论高等教育对生产力发展的功效

在深刻领会邓小平关于“科学技术是第一生产力”理念的基础上,本文分析了高等教育在促进社会生产力发展中对提高国民素质、创造科技成果、推动经济发展及促进人的全面发展方面的重要功能,对于认识高等教育的本质具有一定的意义。     

高等教育国际化对我国高等教育发展的启示

文章从当前经济全球化和知识经济以及中国加入WTO等角度,思考当前中国高校在高等教育国际化方面所面临的诸如人才全球性流动、教育信息的“地球村”效应、本土高等教育与国际高等教育的衔接等问题,提出应强化高等教育的前瞻性,树立高等教育的国际意识,加快高校产学研集群化建设,培养国际型、创新型人才,加大高等教育投入,确保高等教育的可持续发展等对策。     

Ability, Education, and Income Inequality

A model of education where the distribution of abilities is the source of heterogeneity is investigated. Ability is a key determinant of human capital accumulated when young, which in turn determines income and its distribution. The assumption of heterogeneous abilities leads to steady‐state income distributions that exhibit income inequality. Of particular interest is the result that symmetric distributions of ability generate positively skewed income distributions. Models of private and public education are analyzed and compared. It is found that private education results in higher incomes and less income inequality than observed in the public education model.     

Asis Kumar Banerjee: Measuring Development: An Inequality Dominance Approach

Journal of Quantitative Economics -     

政府与高等教育投资

本文从高等教育投资的特殊性出发 ,阐述政府与高等教育投资关系 ,建议政府加强对高等教育投资作用。     

对高校创业教育有效途径的思考

高校创业教育是培养大学生创业能力与综合素质的教育。作为一种崭新的教育理念和学科体系,创业教育在创建创新型国家,促进经济建设与发展,推动高校教学改革,提升学生就业能力等方面具有重要的作用。为适应新形势下高等教育培养目标的新要求和人才需求的新变化,高等院校在我国创业人才培养过程中,应着重转变教育观念,完善创业教育课程体系建设,注重创业教育实践性与应用性相结合,构建科学的人才培养体系,充分发挥＂第二课堂＂的作用,培育和搭建创业实践教育的载体和平台,以提升大学生就业竞争力,培养大学生开拓创新精神,满足社会对创业创新型人才的需求。本文在高校教育管理的宏观视角下,从战略实施、方法途径、体系构建、现实意义等层面对高校开展创业教育提出了若干思考。     

教育不公平与马太效应：一个理论模型

从一个理论模型出发,指出民主社会中的马太效应具有内生性。因为社会的贫富差距导致人们接受的教育水平不同,而教育水平的不同又影响了人们政治决策的判断力。穷人有限的政策判断力限制了他们通过投票对政治决策的影响,因此,民主社会同样会存在不民主的政策。     

Child Labour Education and Nutrition in Rural India

Decisions concerning child labour, education and nutrition are taken by parents simultaneously with decisions affecting fertility and infant mortality. This implies that child labour cannot be abolished without altering the conditions that make it optimal for parents to make their children work. Such conditions can be altered not only by educational policies, such as free or subsidized provision of school facilities, but also by more broadly aimed policies, such as sanitation or preventive medicine.     

Measuring income responses: A log-quadratic demand model for consumers in India

This paper attempts to capture the non-linearity of income responses of fairly disaggregated item groups with the help of a quadratic system of demand equations, introduced herein. Empirical performances of the quadratic system and some other models have been examined using Indian consumer expenditure data.The author wishes to thank Professor Dipankor Coondoo and the referees for thei helpful comments. Thanks are also due to Professor A. Deaton for providing the NLFIML computer program.