中国通货膨胀对全球产出缺口的敏感性研究 ——基于经济政策不确定视角

基于附加预期的菲利普斯曲线,研究了我国和全球经济政策不确定性在改变我国通货膨胀(以下简称"通胀")对国际因素敏感性方面的作用.研究发现:(1)相比于全球产出缺口,我国产出缺口对国内通胀的影响较大;动态分析显示,全球产出缺口对我国通胀的影响呈现下降趋势,而国内产出缺口的影响较为稳定;(2)我国或全球的经济政策不确定性不会显著改变我国通胀对全球产出缺口的敏感性,但二者协同程度的高低会负向影响我国通胀对全球产出缺口的敏感性.建议科学研判国际因素的外溢性和国内外经济形势的协同性,保持政策定力,注重引导市场预期,维持物价基本稳定,以支持经济高质量发展.     

开放条件下产出缺口型菲利普斯曲线的再验证——基于中国省际季度动态面板数据北大核心CSSCI

本文采用系统广义矩估计方法基于2001～2009年中国省际季度面板数据对开放条件下产出缺口型菲利普斯曲线进行再验证,通过三种通胀率指标以及四种滤波测算的产出缺口的稳健性检验,我们发现开放条件下混合型菲利普斯曲线能够较好地解释中国的价格波动。进一步子样本分析表明:适应性预期和理性预期始终对通胀率有显著的影响;从地域上看,供给冲击对沿海地区的作用明显高于内陆,而产出缺口对内陆的影响则更重要;从时间上看,产出缺口和供给冲击对通胀率的影响都在不断加强。我们的研究证明管理好通胀预期对当前反通胀政策具有重要意义,以及强调在利用传统需求管理的手段实现国内宏观经济均衡的同时,应密切关注外部供给冲击因素对我国宏观经济稳定的影响。     

中央银行信息披露与通货膨胀预期管理——我国央行信息披露指数的构建与实证检验北大核心CSSCISSCI

本文从中国人民银行各期货币政策执行情况报告中筛选出有关物价判断的措辞,并通过方差分析方法构建了我国央行信息披露指数。随后利用SVAR模型实证检验了产出缺口、传统货币政策工具、央行信息披露行为等变量对公众通胀预期的影响。结果表明:除物价变动、产出缺口、传统货币政策工具以外,央行信息披露行为同样可以对通胀预期产生显著的影响,并且效果要优于传统的价格型以及数量型货币政策工具。央行可以通过加强与市场的沟通,达到管理通货膨胀预期的效果。     

基于NKPC框架的我国通货膨胀动态机制分析北大核心CSSCISSCI

本文以新凯恩斯菲利普斯曲线(NKPC)理论为基础,研究了中国通货膨胀动态形成机制,并据此构建SVAR模型以分析实际通胀对各影响因素的冲击反应。研究发现,自2008年金融危机以来,通胀预期和通胀惯性对实际通胀的影响力持续增强,而产出缺口的影响力则没有明显的时变特征。值得关注的是,本文发现通胀预期对实际通胀的影响效果缺乏稳定性,暗示我国目前的通胀预期粘性程度可能较大。中央银行在进行预期管理时首先要厘清通胀预期与实际通胀的关系,疏通预期传导机制,以便更好地服务于防通胀任务。     

通胀预期影响因素的理论与实证研究——基于SVAR模型的动态分析

通过构建SVAR模型,借助2005—2015年宏观经济季度数据,对影响通胀预期形成的主要因素进行理论分析和实证检验,并据此提出相关的政策建议。结果显示:通货膨胀预期形成过程中存在一定的预期锚定;实际通胀率是影响通胀预期的重要因素,保持低而稳定的实际通胀率是关键;产出缺口对通胀预期的影响是一个由正向转为负向的过程,保持适度合理的产出缺口对稳定通胀预期具有重要作用;货币供应量变化对通胀预期具有时滞性,新增货币的精准使用和经济结构的优化升级应当是需要特别重视的问题。     

菲利普斯曲线与中国通货膨胀动态拟合北大核心CSSCISSCI

围绕着菲利普斯曲线的争论从未停止过,对旨在对具体环境下的通胀行为做出有用总结的菲利普斯曲线来说,重要的在于探寻导致曲线变动的深层原因何在。本文认为生产率和潜在产出的增长是解释菲利普斯曲线位移的核心变量,生产率快于名义量的调整以及潜在产出比以往更高的增长率均会形成化解通胀压力的力量。本文对简单预期增强的菲利普斯曲线做出修正,将价格调整的生产率与名义增长缺口加入模型,所得结果较好地拟合了中国的通胀动态,凸显了修正后的菲利普斯曲线对于中国反通胀措施的现实意义。     

我国核心通胀率的决定因素:基于面板数据的实证研究北大核心CSSCISSCI

本文在Gali and Gertler(1999)的理论模型的基础上,将开放条件下进口中间品价格因素引入模型进行扩展,构建了一个开放经济条件下的核心通胀模型,然后采用GMM方法对多种影响因素进行了回归分析,并对结果作了稳健性检验。结果显示,进口中间品相对价格、通胀预期、货币增长速度等对通胀的影响较显著,但对产出缺口的反应不显著,这表明国内实际需求影响并不大,而名义需求和进口品价格影响较大。该结论对运用货币政策、外汇冲销和汇率升值政策来缓解的通胀压力方面具有一定的启示意义。     

高货币增长一定会导致高通胀吗

本文从一个时期以来我国一般消费价格(CPI)对货币波动敏感性有所下降的典型化事实出发,重点分析了货币供应量指标M2结构,发现只有"真实交易货币"能直接对物价起推动作用,分流进入资本市场的货币对物价只形成间接影响。在此基础上综合考虑产出缺口和货币因素在内的计量模型结果表明,真实交易货币对CPI的影响更强,产出缺口是决定通胀的基本力量,短期内不可高估货币对物价的推动作用,但长期内货币高增长可能最终转换为长期的成本推进型通胀压力。     

通胀目标制和名义GDP 目标制的比较

本文引入包含通胀预期和滞后产出缺口的新古典凯恩斯菲利普斯曲线,应用包含通胀偏差和产出缺口的贴现平方和的损失函数,从稳定通胀、稳定产出和损失函数方差的角度比较通胀目标制和名义GDP目标制,分析认为二者有不同的适用情况,不能简单评定孰优孰劣。本文实证结果显示中国货币政策偏向名义GDP目标制。     

基于产出缺口的中国菲利普斯曲线再分析——分位数回归的角度

本文基于1993年到2012年的季度数据,通过分位数回归分析了基于产出缺口的中国菲利普斯曲线特征。结果表明:中国存在依赖于通胀率分位点的菲利普斯曲线,本期的通胀率越高,意味着来自前期的通胀影响越明显;产出缺口对通胀率影响的程度有不对称性,在通胀率的较低分位点显著,而在高分位点不明显;通胀率和产出缺口的关系不仅依赖于前者的分位点,还和后者的正负密切相关。     

Global or Domestic? Which Shocks Drive Inflation in European Small Open Economies?

We investigate which shocks drive inflation in small open economies. In the first step, we use the structural vector autoregressive (SVAR) approach to identify the global shocks. Second, we regress the disaggregated price indices for selected European economies on the global shocks controlling for the domestic variables. We find that the fluctuations of inflation in the analyzed countries are to large extent determined by the cyclical movements of the domestic output gap however the commodity shock also contributes strongly to inflation variability. The role of the non-commodity global supply shock is less prominent, however, interpreted to some extent as a globalization shock, for most of the analyzed period lowers the inflation. Nonetheless, in the aftermath of the global financial crisis, this shock reversed what may be interpreted as the weakening of the globalization process.     

Optimal monetary policy in a small open economy with staggered wage and price contracts

We study optimal monetary policy for a small open economy in a model where both domestic prices and wages are sticky due to staggered contracts. The simultaneous presence of the two forms of nominal rigidities introduces an additional trade-off between domestic inflation and the output gap. We derive a second-order approximation to the average welfare losses that can be expressed in terms of the unconditional variances of the output gap, domestic price inflation, and wage inflation. As a consequence, the optimal policy seeks to minimize a weighted average of these variances. We analyze welfare implications of several alternative simple policy rules, and find that domestic price inflation targeting generates relatively large welfare losses, whereas CPI inflation targeting performs nearly as well as the optimal rule.     

Notes on the Underground: Monetary Policy in Resource‐Rich Economies

The central bank of a commodity‐exporting small open economy faces the traditional trade‐off between domestic inflation and output gap. The commodity sector introduces a terms‐of‐trade inefficiency that gives rise to an endogenous cost‐push shock, changes the target level for output, reduces the slope of the Phillips curve, and increases the importance of stabilizing the output gap. Optimal monetary policy calls for a reduction of the interest rate following a drop in the oil price. In contrast, a central bank with a mandate to stabilize consumer price inflation raises interest rates to limit the inflationary impact of an exchange rate depreciation.     

股票价格具有货币政策指示器功能吗——来自中国1997～2006年的经验证据

本文运用VAR模型考察了以股票价格为代表的金融资产价格对我国通货膨胀的影响。实证分析表明,我国股票价格的变动对产出缺口存在一定的正向影响,但是这种影响不太稳定,说明我国股票价格通过总需求渠道对未来通货膨胀产生的影响比较微弱。同时,我国股票价格的变动能引起未来CPI和WPI的同向变化,尤其与CPI的关系非常稳定,说明股票价格在一定程度上包含了我国未来通货膨胀的信息。因此,我国股票价格可以作为一个帮助判断未来经济走势和通货膨胀变动趋势的货币政策指示器。     

Following the leader? The relevance of the Fed funds rate for inflation targeting countries

In a New-Keynesian model for a small open economy, we derive a CPI inflation-based Taylor rule that implements the flexible price allocation. We conclude that, in this rule, the natural rate of interest should be linked to the foreign interest rate and to domestic productivity shocks. This rule ensures that the CPI real rate moves in order to induce movements in consumption that are coherent with the flexible price allocation. The empirical evidence shows that inflation-targeting central banks respond to movements in the Fed funds rate, besides reacting to expected CPI inflation and to the domestic output gap. This is true for developed and emerging economies. Furthermore, we find that in emerging countries the response to foreign variables is not different from zero, as suggested by theory, when domestic inflation, rather than CPI inflation, is introduced in the policy rule.     

The 1985 to 1994 Global Real Estate Cycle: An Overview

The globalization of financial markets is affecting real estate markets. During the period 1985 to 1994, a large number of countries experienced strong real estate booms that peaked around 1989 followed by severe asset price deflation and an output contraction that usually lasted until 1994. Global finance appears irreversible. Should we also expect the recurrence of real estate cycles of strong amplitude? Or does this first global cycle represent a one-time adjustment to global integration happening in many countries simultaneously? To facilitate further comparative analyses, this article inventories the international and domestic factors, in their macroeconomic and intrinsic real estate cycle dimensions, that contributed to this strong global cycle. This overview has three threads: What triggered this first global cycle? What has been its impact? Are there lessons for countries that are not yet fully integrated into global capital markets such as semireformed socialist economies, newly industrialized economies, and other developing countries?     

The Effects of Oil Price on the Korean Economy: A Global VAR Approach

This article empirically explores the effects of oil price on the Korean economy using a Global VAR model. First, we evaluate the average connectedness of oil price with the Korean domestic variables over the precrisis period. We then investigate the time-varying contribution of oil price to the Korean financial and real sectors during and after the global financial crisis through recursive estimation. It is found that the contribution of oil price becomes very large in the case of real exports, equity prices, and real output, but plays a much less prevalent role in the remaining cases. In the meantime, the time-varying contribution of oil price to the Korean economy has not changed during and after the global financial crisis. Interestingly, we find that the Korean economy is affected mostly by overseas financial conditions in the short-term but it becomes more susceptible to oil price fluctuations in the long run, suggesting that Korea’s reliance on energy imports leaves the economy exposed to volatility in energy prices.     

Implications of domestic price insulation for global food price behavior

Rapid changes in global food prices in recent years are widely viewed as a serious threat to global development. While various sources of price instability in agriculture have been identified, little attention appears to have been given to the importance of changes in trade policies that insulate domestic prices from world markets as a source of volatility in world prices. A contribution of this paper is to show that these interventions are dynamically more complex than simple proportional insulation. Insulation against an initial price increase in world prices increases the magnitude of that increase, while subsequent adjustments to the level of protection change the fundamental nature of price volatility. We find such policies are widespread and increase the volatility of world prices while not reducing the volatility of domestic prices because of the collective action problem involved in this form of policy intervention.     

On Targeting Frameworks And Optimal Monetary Policy

We show that speed limit policy, a monetary policy strategy that focuses on stabilizing inflation and the change in the output gap, consistently outperforms flexible inflation targeting and flexible price level targeting in empirical medium‐scale DSGE models under discretionary policymaking. In contrast to small‐scale New Keynesian models, this welfare ranking of the targeting frameworks is not overturned when inflation dynamics are mostly backward‐looking. Importantly, the performance of the speed limit policy shows less sensitivity to its parameterization than other frameworks that target the inflation rate or the price level.     

An alternative explanation of the price puzzle

This paper proposes an explanation for the frequent appearance of a price puzzle in VARs designed for monetary policy analysis. It assumes that the data are generated by a model in which output and output gap are not equivalent, while an econometrician follows the common practice of including only output in the VAR. The omission of the output gap is shown to spuriously produce a price puzzle (and several other incorrect conclusions) in a class of commonly used models. This can happen even if the model admits a triangular identification and if the forecasts produced by the misspecified VAR are optimal. When the model is tested on US data, all predictions are supported. A commodity price index is not needed to solve the puzzle.