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1.
刘峰涛  赵袁军 《科技和产业》2011,11(12):160-163
公理性假设条件是解决阿罗悖论的突破口,本文以混沌学的视角来对其进行解读。通过文献梳理,三个特点说明混沌学可以用来研究社会选择过程。通过对社会选择过程的系统动力学建模与分析,证明在阿罗不可能定理的假设下,社会选择动力学系统存在混沌。进而发现,对阿罗不可能定理的假设条件,经济学家所提出的放松约束的路径与用混沌学解析得出的结论具有一致性,得到三方面启示:①在简单的假设条件下,社会选择过程依然表现出一定的复杂性。②社会选择过程存在混沌是阿罗不可能定理的一种表现形式。③混沌学可能是寻求阿罗不可能定理成立的本质原因的另一条路径。  相似文献   

2.
3.
P. Van Veen 《De Economist》1979,127(4):539-550
Summary In this article it is shown that expenditure-switching policies, like exchange rate protection, tariff protection and export subsidizing, might increase the level of employment and welfare in the short run (when indexation of factor prices is absent). Complete indexation of factor prices, however, makes exchange rate protection senseless. In the case of tariff protection, complete indexation will even worsen employment and welfare (protection becomes impoverishing). Only a policy of export subsidies makes sense if employment is to be improved in an indexed economy. This additional employment, however, is paid for with a deterioration of the terms of trade and the risk of retaliation. Therefore, taking the long run view, expenditure switching policies should be rejected for macro-economic purposes. The author is professor of international economics at Tilburg University. He would like to thank Dr. G. van Roij of the department of economics at Tilburg University and an unknown referee for their remarks, which led to an improvement of this article. The author is professor of international economics at Tilburg University. He would like to thank Dr. G. van Roij of the department of economics at Tilburg University and an unknown referee for their remarks, which led to an improvement of this article.  相似文献   

4.
方钦 《南方经济》2018,37(12):98-128
文章的主旨是梳理当代经济学制度分析的思想史。通过文献考据文章主要论证了以下四个观点:第一,虽然凡勃伦的《有闲阶级论》通常被认为是第一部经济学制度研究著作,但是他的理论本身实际上是"反制度主义";第二,美国制度学派(旧制度经济学)内在的思想渊源之间的冲突决定了其无法建构起有效的理论体系;第三,"科斯定理"是一个被过度诠释的概念;第四,"交易成本"概念的形成是经济学内部不同研究领域之间相互影响的结果,并且正因为如此,才使得新制度经济学融入了主流理论。文章的结论是,应当抛弃以交易成本为中心的制度解释,转向"深描"的经济学制度分析。  相似文献   

5.
Summary This article provides an overview of Tinbergen's economic writings, comprising well over 900 publications. Six broad areas have been distinguished to allow for the classification and discussion of Tinbergen's economic work. These six areas embody the change in Tinbergen's areas of interest apart from the shift from physics to economics early in his career. Tinbergen's work, however, is not only characterised by change of areas but also by continuity in approach. To mark this continuity four main characteristics of Tinbergen's work have been elaborated. The article concludes with Tinbergen's observations on the achievements to be expected from scientific research.J. Kol is Associate Professor of International Economics and Economic Integration at the Faculty of Economics of the Erasmus University in Rotterdam; P. de Wolff is Emeritus Professor at the University of Amsterdam and was Director of the Central Planning Bureau in The Hague as successor of J. Tinbergen. The authors are grateful to Mrs. I.M. Lageweg and Mr C.J. van Opijnen for their assistance with references.  相似文献   

6.
Summary We show that the results of the Constant-Market-Shares analysis are influenced by the — arbitrary — choice of the currency in which the data have been expressed. The so-called static competition effect is not influenced by the exchange rate. The Dutch export performance in 1989–1991 disaggregated by 17 OECD countries and five product groups serves as an empirical illustration of our findings.Harry Oldersma is at the Directorate-General for Foreign Economic Relations, Department for International Economic Analysis and General Affairs, and Peter van Bergeijk is at the Economic Policy Directorate. This article should not be attributed to the government of The Netherlands.A preliminary version of this paper was presented at the ECOZOEK workshop on international economics, Rotterdam, June 3, 1992. Comments by Steven Brakman, Catrinus Jepma, Charles van Marrewijk, Ed Westerhout and the referees of this journal were very useful.  相似文献   

7.
Summary This article deals with three models of complete systems of demand equations (Rotterdam model, AIDS and CBS model). After the models and the theoretical restrictions have been described the parameters are estimated subject to an increasing number of restrictions and using aggregate time series for the Netherlands on five commodity groups. As the initial results are not altogether satisfactory an attempt is made to improve the estimates by combining the time-series information with cross section data from the Dutch 1974/1975 budget survey. While the revised estimates of the income elasticities are more plausible than the initial ones, the reverse is true for the estimated price elasticities. This paper originated when I was a student of economics at the University of Amsterdam. I am greatly indebted to J.G. Odink who never failed to support and inspire me while I worked on this paper. Also I thank J.S. Cramer, D.A. Kodde and J. van Driel for their comments on an earlier draft, and G. Ridder for his econometric advice. Finally the comments of two anonymous referees are gratefully acknowledged. Of course all remaining errors and omissions are my own.  相似文献   

8.
Arnold Heertje 《De Economist》1995,143(4):433-456
Summary This article brings together two major topics of economic theory: technical change and Paretian welfare economics. Until now, the tendency has been to study these topics separately. By introducing economic search behaviour in the first phase of technical change, the analysis of technical change is broadened by means of a link between this behaviour and so-called virtual goods. The concept of Pareto optimality is broadened by expanding the space of goods with new and virtual goods. The question is whether the generalized Paretian theory makes it possible to compareex post equilibria after the process of technical change with theex post situation before this process takes place. Although generalized Pareto optimality does not allow a welfare judgement on aprocess of technical change, the theory still provides us with an explanation for the allocation of resources of R&D in terms of consumer preferences and with an analytical device to compare actual economic structures with a generalized Pareto optimum in a static setting.If they (i.e. economists) are to perform their guiding task as conscientiously as possible, it is first necessary that they themselves have proper insight into the regrettably narrow limits of what economics has to offer to politics in terms of purely economic criteria; secondly, that they are aware of the foundations and the substance of their additional sociopolitical valuations and finally, that they do not fail to make these known when advising society. (Hennipman, 1995, p. 174).This article is a condensed revised version of my Prof. dr Pieter Hennipman Lecture of February 23, 1993. Some time after the presentation of the lecture, I had the opportunity to discuss several issues with my beloved teacher. No doubt this version benefited from his comments. 1 A notable exception is K.J. Arrow (1962, pp. 210–228).  相似文献   

9.
Summary The paper attempts to analyze some system specific properties of the Marxian approach. The more conventional strands of economics have a strong praxiological or decision theoretic character, which makes them to identify the economic with a purely conceptual system. They are mainly interested in developments inside the system. Marx deals preferentially with developments of the system itself. His concept of a social system is, therefore, dialectical in the sense that it contains an evolutionary hypothesis. Furthermore, Marx does not start from isolated individuals, as does conventional theory: he rather views society as a totality of people interacting in the process of production. The historical conditions and determinants of this production process are the object of his thinking.This article is based on an inaugural lecture delivered at the University of Groningen on March 16, 1976. The author gratefully acknowledges helpful criticism of earlier versions by F. J. de Jong, S. K. Kuipers and J. Steindl. Many points of dispute remained.  相似文献   

10.
The Mangaung-University of the Orange Free State Community Partnership Programme (MUCPP) is a comprehensive health care project established in April 1991 in the Free State province. It is largely funded by the W. F. Kellogg Foundation, United States. The partnership is a triumvirate consisting of the Mangaung community, the University of the Orange Free State (UOFS) and the Department of Health of the Free State province. The Food Garden Management Programme is a very important programme in MUCPP. In 1996, the MUCPP food garden was awarded 'Peace Garden of the Year' in the corporate class of a national competition. The definition of a food garden in this article is a piece of land ( - 100 m 2 ) at the back of a resident's house that is used for the production of vegetables, chickens and rabbits, mainly for own consumption. The focus here will be primarily on vegetable gardening and its influence on community development programmes.  相似文献   

11.
在当前全球化及区域经济合作的发展趋势下,部分国内外学者把经济学上的公共产品理论应用到解决区域性国家间的公共事务,形成了区域性国际公共产品理论。本文借鉴了区域性国际公共产品概念,分析其供给的主体及融资方式,并应用于中国-东盟自由贸易区基础设施的建设中。  相似文献   

12.
The theme of academic anti-Semitism has been widely discussed recently in histories of the interwar period of the University of Vienna, in particular its Faculty of Law and Policy Sciences. This paper complements these studies by focusing on the economics chairs of this faculty and, more generally, on the fate of the younger generation of the Austrian School of Economics. After some introductory remarks the paper concentrates on three case studies: the neglect of Mises in all three appointments of economics chairs in the 1920s; the anti-Semitic overtones in the conflict between Hans Mayer and Othmar Spann, both professors of economics in the faculty; and on anti-Semitism as a determinant of success or failure in academia, and consequently of the emigration of Austrian economists. Finally, we have a short look at the development of economics at the University of Vienna during and after the Nazi regime.  相似文献   

13.
Keynes is usually interpreted as proposing, or intending to propose an original theory of employment and income. However, this paper shows that Keynes was actually proposing more than a theoretical alternative. He saw himself breaking away from the ‘Classics’ at the connected levels of theory and methodology. This paper thus argues that modern economists going back to the old story of the relation between Mr. Keynes and the ‘Classics’ can learn something about several controversial issues in macroeconomics and methodology like for instance the role of experiments and formal arguments in economics.The paper is the development of a chapter in my Ph.D. thesis and has greatly benefited from discussion with Mark Blaug, Anna Carabelli, Bill Gerrard, Marc Lavoie, Tony Lawson, Roy Rotheim, and especially Geoff Harcourt and Malcolm Sawyer. Errors and omissions are, of course, solely my responsibility. A first draft of the paper was presented at the UK Autumn HET Conference (Glasgow Caledonian University, September 1999) and the AISPE Conference (University of Florence, September 1999). Finally, the paper was completed when I was visiting Research Professor at the Economics Department and C-FEPS, University of Missouri Kansas City (UMKC), Kansas City (USA) and Visiting Fellow at Clare Hall College and CCEPP, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (UK). I would like to express appreciation to members of those institutions for providing a stimulating and pleasant working environment.  相似文献   

14.
Economics in China has been neoclassicalized in the past few decades. In this article, I argue that neoclassical economics is not a good theory of the market. It misleads both economists and government in understanding the economic issues. China is particularly vulnerable to its defects. In contrast, the Austrian School of economics is a better theory of the market since it studies the real market, not an imaginary market. The most important difference between the two economics paradigms is their understandings of the entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship is missed in neoclassical economics. In the Austrian School economics and Schumpeterian economics, entrepreneurship is the soul of the market. The paradigm shift of economics is urgently needed but it will be a slow process. Chinese economists should play a role in this transformation.  相似文献   

15.
While several authors have examined gender as a determinant of student performance in introductory economics, few have considered race as a contributing factor. In this study, data collected on over 5,000 students enrolled at the University of Texas at Austin indicate that on average minority students earn significantly lower grades than non-minority students. A probit model is developed to control for a set of variables that measure or proxy student characteristics, academic maturity, previous coursework, and relative high school quality. Race remains statistically significant. A decomposition framework, commonly used in labor economics to study wage gaps, is adapted to predict success in economics classes based on mean variable characteristics. Details on the probabilities of earning specific grades are obtained through development of an ordered logit model and decomposition techniques. Results of these analyses indicate significant and unexplained differences in average grades earned by minority students, relative to non-minority students.  相似文献   

16.
Summary In this article, the results are presented of the estimation of a variant of Leuthold's model of labour supply of married couples in the Netherlands. Both in the case of husbands and in the case of wives the labour supply curve proves to be forward bending. The income effects are negative, but significantly different from zero only in the case of wives. The theorem that the substitution effect is positive is confirmed by the empirical results obtained. The labour supply of wives proves to be more sensitive to wage rate and income changes than the labour supply of wives proves to be more sensitive to wage rate and income changes than the labour supply of husbands. A comparison is made between the results obtained here and those mentioned in studies for the United States. The article is closed with an overview of some policy implications. During the period the author contributed to this article he was at the Economic Institute, State University of Utrecht; The authors wish to thank Dr. C. de Galan, Professor J.M.M. Ritzen, Dr. J.J.M. Theeuwes and Professor F.A.A.M. van Winden for their comments on an earlier draft of this article. Unless when stated otherwise, the data are obtained from theAanvullend Voorzieningengebruik Onderzoek 1979, a national survey carried out by the Social and Cultural Planning Bureau. The authors are indebted to this bureau for providing the data. It should be noted that some of these data (e.g. the yearly wage incomes) are based on computational adaptions of the original figures.  相似文献   

17.
From the studies of the history of economic thought, we can learn that many theorems of the modern general equilibrium theory were well anticipated in the classical economics and the economics of the marginal revolution. For example, first, what Johann Heinrich von Thünen (1783–1850) did, in his strange theory of natural wage, can be interpreted as an early, pioneering attempt to use the so-called Negishi method (1960), which is now intensively used for the proof of the existence theorem and the numerical calculation of a general equilibrium. Second, as is well known, no exchanged transactions are permitted out of equilibria in the famous Walrasian tatonnement adjustment process towards market equilibria. Against this, the importance of transactions carried out at disequilibria is emphasized in the studies of the so-called Hahn–Negishi non-tatonnement process (1962). As a matter of fact, in the classical economics, this is exactly what William Thomas Thornton (1813–1380) insisted against the authority of John Stuart Mill (1800–1873). Finally, subjectively perceived (often kinked) demand curves are considered in my proof of the existence of a general equilibrium in the case of monopolistic competition (1961). To my surprise, however, I found later that such demand curves were already hidden in Adam Smith's (1723–1790) consideration of markets and the division of labor, and that the increase of demand never fails to lower the price of goods.  相似文献   

18.
Summary  Because promotions are an important source of wage growth, we argue that the low incidence of promotions among part-time workers will contribute to the emergence of the part-time wage gap. We test this claim using Dutch employer–employee matched data. We find that the part-time wage gap is absent among young school leavers, but that it is well established among more mature workers. Moreover, we find that promotions account for a wage growth of about eight log points. Finally, workers in part-time jobs experience a lower rate of promotion relative to workers in full-time jobs. We are grateful to the Dutch Ministry of Social Affairs and Employment for granting access to the data. The paper greatly benefited from comments by Daniel Hamermesh, Jonathan Wadsworth, and seminar participants at ZEW in Mannheim, at WPEG conference at York University and Tilburg University. We are also indebted to two anonymous referees for helpful suggestions that substantially improved the quality of the paper. The usual disclaimer applies.  相似文献   

19.
Summary Twenty-five years ago, Dr. Theo van de Klundert was appointed as Professor of Economics at Tillburg University. On the occassion of this jubilee the authors review Van de Klundert's contribution to the study of economic science in the The Netherlands. The article focuses on four topics: (1) growth and income distribution, (2) capital theory, resource economics and trade, (3) controversies between Keynesians and (4) open economy macroeconomics. A short remark is made about his teaching. Van de Klundert is praised for the quality and the comprehension of his scientific work.The authors are grateful to S.K. Kuipers and M. Peeters for their useful comments on an earlier draft of this paper.  相似文献   

20.
On monetary and fiscal policy in an open economy   总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0  
A. Knoester 《De Economist》1979,127(1):105-142
Summary This paper deals with some aspects of monetary and fiscal policy in an open economy. For this purpose we base our conclusions on an empirical macro-model for the Netherlands for the years 1953 through 1975. For monetary policy the principal guidelines seem to be the external position and the inflation rate. The desired composition of expenditures and the rate of economic growth seem to be the principal guidelines for fiscal policy. Ministry of Economic Affairs (Directorate General Economic Policy) Erasmus University Rotterdam (Department of Macro-Economic Policy). This paper is based on Chapter VII of my forthcoming Ph.D. dissertation.  相似文献   

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