水匮乏指数及其在水资源开发利用中的应用

通过介绍水匮乏指数的结构组成、计算方法,并通过实例,揭示水匮乏指数在提供水资源开发利用方面的进步、确定区域提高水资源状况行动的优先次序的作用.     

Optimal Use of Irrigation Water in the Jordan Valley: A Case Study

Water shortage is a serious problem in most countries in theMiddle East. Irrigation water consumes about three-fourths of theavailable fresh water resources in Jordam and many othercountries in the region. This article presents a practical approachto manage and optimize the irrigation water use in the region.The ultimate objective is to minimize the outside water and tomanage the irrigation water use under geographic,socio-economic, and demographic constraints. This approach usesthe added value (net revenue) of one cubic meter of waterconcept in evaluating different irrigation water use management.This concept has been demonstrated, based on a case study in theJordan Valley.This case study shows that water scarcity can be incorporated inirrigation water management by proper choice of crops andfarming patters. The objective function is to maximize the netrevenue from the agricultural production process subjected tolimitation on water and other production and marketing factors.Results of analysis showed that a net water saving of about9%occurred if the objective function is to minimize water useunder the same level of profitability. This example shall beuseful for water and agricultural planners. Sometimes virtualwater is widely exported in form of crops that consumes largeamounts of water without full economic consideration to theadded value of water. In some cases, food imports may be afeasible option in water-poor countries instead of water import.     

新疆灌区灌溉水利用系数影响因素研究

新疆地区各灌区灌溉水利用系数的影响因素有灌区渠系防渗长度、高效节水灌溉面积、井灌排面积、渠道建设长度、总灌溉面积、渠道防渗率等.基于柯布-道格拉斯模型方法,分析计算了各灌区主要因素对灌溉水利用系数的影响效应,并对其发展预期进行了评估.结果表明:节水灌溉面积、渠道防渗长度和井灌排面积三个生产要素,对新疆绝大多数灌区灌溉水利用系数产生正效应,即边际收益大于边际投入;新疆2015年、2020年规划灌溉水利用系数分别为0.520和0.570,已超过国家大型灌区灌溉水利用系数不应低于0.50的要求.     

The Potential for Calculating a Meaningful Water Poverty Index

Abstract

One of the most significant failures in the development process has been our inability to match water demand to its supply. For a large portion of the world's population, this has meant a lack of provision of adequate water for domestic use, resulting in a significant loss of time and effort, especially on the part of women. While science can now provide us with detailed assessments of water resource availability, little to date has been done to link this to our knowledge of human resources and their geographical distributions. In order to manage these resources better, it is essential that they be addressed in a more holistic way. This paper provides a preliminary discussion of possible ways in which an interdisciplinary approach can be taken to produce a more holistic assessment of water stress, in such a way as to link physical estimates of water availability with the socio-economic drivers of poverty. To this end, some approaches to creating a Water Poverty Index are discussed, and it is hoped that this paper will generate interest and debate among a wide range of readers.     

Mapping water poverty in Africa using the improved Multidimensional Index of Water Poverty

This article details the application of the improved Multidimensional Index of Water Poverty, which associates human economic welfare with physical water availability to point out the degree to which water scarcity impacts African populations. The index and its components vary widely across the African continent, suggesting the need for location-specific policy interventions. These findings highlight more specifically a significant disparity in water poverty between more developed but water-scarce countries, located mainly in northern and southern Africa, and water-rich but lower-income countries in sub-Saharan Africa.     

指标变换值表示的水安全评价的普适指数公式

为了建立普适、通用的水安全评价的指数公式，在适当设定水安全指标的参照值和指标值的变换式，并对各指标值进行变换基础上，用变换值表示的不同指标的某类水安全评价指数公式皆可以用一个“等效”指标相应的水安全评价指数公式替代。在满足设定的优化准则条件下，采用猴王免疫进化算法对公式进行优化，分别得到优化后对23项水安全指标皆适用的5个水安全评价的普适指数公式。对公式的可靠性进行了理论分析和实用性进行了效果检验，其评价结果与其他方法评价结果相一致，并与实际相符合。结果表明：水安全评价的多种形式的普适指数公式皆具有形式简洁、计算简便和普适通用的特点。     

WPI指数及其在松辽流域的应用研究

本文针对水安全评价中涉及到的资源、环境、生态、社会、政治、经济等多方面因素难于量化的难题,介绍了一种国外用于反映水行业发展的监测指数(水贫穷指数——WPI指数),并结合松辽流域实际情况,在指数计算依据方面进行了改进,应用于松辽流域水安全评价。评价结果表明该指数基本能够清晰地说明影响流域水安全的各因素的威胁程度,并给出合理的各流域水安全分级。研究结果能够为制定水安全预警机制提供依据。     

浙江省各地市水资源压力指数评价

从人口数量压力、水资源数量压力、水环境压力、水资源技术压力、水资源经济压力和水资源紧缺压力 6 个方面提出了水资源压力分项指标以及水资源综合压力指数的计算方法,并对 2008 年浙江省各地市的水资源压力指数进行了计算和分析。分析评价结果表明：浙江省嘉兴、温州、舟山等地面临着较大的水资源压力,而丽水、杭州、湖州、衢州压力较小;嘉兴、舟山市人口和水资源数量压力较大,绍兴市水环境压力较大,温州市水资源技术压力较大,衢州市水资源经济压力较大。各地有关部门应有目的地调整区域水资源利用方式,缓解水资源供需系统存在的压力,实现以水资源可持续利用来支撑和保障区域经济社会可持续发展。     

水利普查对象和指标编码初探

水利普查是一项重大的国情国力调查,是国家资源环境调查的重要组成部分。水利普查对象和指标的编码对于普查工作非常重要,编码是否科学直接关系到普查工作的成败。对水利普查编码任务、目的,编码方案,以及普查对象、指标编码进行了初步探索。     

基于综合水质标识指数法的湟水水质评价

综合水质标识指数法是一种既相对简单又能综合反映河流水质整体水平的方法。采用综合水质标识指数法对2000—2010年湟水干流4个断面的水质监测数据进行评价,结果表明:湟水各断面的综合水质类别达到或优于水功能区的目标要求。将综合水质标识指数法评价结果与国标推荐的单因子标识指数法评价结果进行比较表明,单因子标识指数法评价结果(水质类别)要差于综合水质标识指数法评价结果,表明单因子标识指数法以最差的水质类别作为水质综合评价的结果,不能全面反映水质的整体状况,而综合水质标识指数法能综合反映河流水质的整体状况。     

Wastewater Reuse as Means to Optimize the Use of Water Resources in the West Bank

Abstract

The increase in demand for the limited raw water resources in the Palestinian Territories has led to the proposals for use of treated wastewater as one alternative for alleviating water shortages and for optimizing the use of water resources. Wastewater reuse is a multi-discipline and important element of water resources development. Wastewater usage releases high quality water for drinking and other purposes. Quantitative, economic, and social aspects related to wastewater reuse in the West Bank are discussed. Through analyses of the estimated cost and expected water quantities, the paper investigates the economic feasibility of wastewater reuse. Social acceptance is elicited by means of questionnaires, which have been applied to farmers and inhabitants in different areas of the West Bank. Wastewater reuse can compensate for about 10 percent of irrigated agriculture, which contributes 35 percent of the total value of the Palestinian agricultural sector. The paper presents an analysis of the main aspects of wastewater reuse and defines an approach to the beneficial use of wastewater as a component that should be considered in the strategy for the overall management of water resources in the Palestinian Territories.     

基于水质指数法的城市河流水质综合评价研究

依据江门市泥海水水质2020年9月的5个断面的监测数据,以溶解氧(DO)、高锰酸盐指数(CODMn)、化学需氧量(COD)、氨氮(NH3-N)、总磷(TP)作为CWQI模型的5个主要变量对河道水质进行综合评价.分析结果表明:各监测点的CODMn和 COD均满足Ⅳ类水质要求,TP基本满足Ⅳ类水质要求,DO污染较为严重,N...     

水贫困指数在河西走廊三大内陆河流域的应用

水贫困指数提供了一种简单、易行的水资源评价方法,它通过资源、途径、能力、利用和环境5个方面来定量评价区域水资源的相对水平。运用主客观组合赋权法确定各分指标的权重,对河西走廊三大内陆河流域的水贫困指数进行了研究。结果表明:黑河流域、疏勒河流域、石羊河流域的水贫困指数分别为39.4、66.0、36.6,评价结果与客观情况基本相符。     

试论山东省居住区雨水在景观水系中的利用

居住区的景观水体以其独特、多样性的表现形式成为城市居住区的亮点,但水资源的短缺已成为限制小区水环境建设的重要因素,山东省是资源性缺水大省,利用雨水补充景观水系水源已是势在必行.本文从不同角度分析了山东省居住区雨水用于景观水系的可行性,介绍了居住区雨水收集和处理的方法及过程,论证了利用选择、搭配合理的水生植物群落的人工湿地处理后的雨水,不但可以有效的补充居住区景观水系的水源,节约水资源及居住区建设、管理资金,还可以创造丰富多彩的水体景观,丰富居住区的景观内容,提高居住区的景观效果.     

区域水资源可持续利用评价指标体系及评价方法研究

区域水资源可持续利用指标体系及评价方法研究是水资源可持续利用研究的基础。依据水资源可持续利用的内涵,从水资源、社会经济与生态环境关系出发,构建了区域水资源可持续利用评价指标体系,同时分析了目前水资源可持续利用综合评价方法,指出了各种方法在实践操作中存在的不足。     

Spatial Water Use efficiency Index towards resource sustainability: application in the island of Crete,Greece

This paper introduces a new index to test water resource sustainability in regions where groundwater is the main source of water supply. The Spatial Water Use efficiency Index (SWUI) is a geographical information system (GIS) environment index which expresses the ratio of potential available water volume (groundwater recharge minus water needs) to the respective water needs. Its low and/or negative values indicate water stress. SWUI is applied in the island of Crete, Greece, where water needs are mainly covered by groundwater abstractions. The annual water mass balance is estimated using the RIBASIM (River Basin Simulation) model. The total freshwater needs in the Cretan region reach 535 hm³ annually according to the model's simulation. SWUI with values ranging from ? 0.8 to 214.3 has proved to be an important visual tool towards depicting the low efficiency of the east part of the island to cover water demand and a useful decision-making tool in the sustainability evaluation of groundwater aquifers.     

沈阳市发展节水灌溉水费价格的支撑体系研究

支撑节水灌溉水费价格的因素很多，本文就我市水费成本、水费价格标准、农民的负担能力、物价上涨指数、水费政策和管理运行机制等因素进行阐述，以期能促进节水灌溉的进一步发展。     

灌区优化配水研究进展

针对我国水资源缺乏、农业灌溉用水低效的现象,介绍了非充分灌溉优化配水技术、灌区水库调度的国内外研究状况,分析了存在的有关问题,提出了可能的解决途径。     

四川省水贫困时空分布格局研究

为厘清水资源约束条件下四川省各市州产业可持续发展适宜模式,通过构建四川省水贫困评价指标体系,采用均衡法赋权,应用水贫困指数(Water Poverty Index,WPI)模型计算2006-2013年全省21个市州的水贫困指数,并基于地理信息系统(Geographic Information System,GIS)技术等,对全省及各市州水贫困时空格局等进行了研究。结果表明:(1)受2008年"5·12"汶川特大地震影响,2008-2011年全省水贫困全面、均衡改善的态势受阻;灾后水利重建、水利精准扶贫等工作的推进,使得全省各市州2006-2013年WPI平均值呈波动下降趋势,水资源管理能力的提升和水环境的改善对缓解水贫困起到了关键作用。(2)21个市州处理水贫困的能力差别较大,且差距逐渐拉大;成都市和雅安市为极微水贫困区,攀枝花市、广元市、阿坝州、甘孜州和凉山州为微水贫困区,泸州市、绵阳市、乐山市、眉山市和宜宾市为中度水贫困区,自贡市、德阳市、南充市、巴中市、资阳市为强水贫困区,遂宁市、内江市、广安市、达州市为极度水贫困区。(3)四川省水贫困问题的解决,应从强化水贫困意识、提升高效用水能力,科学优化配置水资源、提高保障率,严格水资源管理、调控产业结构及生产模式,系统管控水安全风险,提升水管理能力、加大政府财政投入、积极推进水权改革,增强水利扶贫力度、助推扶贫攻坚等方面加大工作力度。     

我国节水灌溉的现状与发展

鉴于我国水资源紧缺的现状，我国十分重视节水灌溉技术的研究和推广，取得了显著成效。当前适合我国推广应用的节水灌溉工程技术有渠道防渗、低压管道输水、喷灌、微灌、田间地面节水灌溉和简易节水灌溉等。我国目前正在大规模发展节水灌溉，应注意：预先作好充分论证，严格掌握标准；与农业增产技术结合，开发多种水资源；选择优质设备；提高管理水平等。